HSC Physics Sample Exams

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2001

H I G H E R S C H O O L C E R T I F I C A T E E X A M I N A T I O N

General Instructions

• Reading time – 5 minutes • Working time – 3 hours • Write using black or blue pen • Draw diagrams using pencil • Board-approved calculators may

be used

• A data sheet, formulae sheets and Periodic Table are provided at the back of this paper

• Write your Centre Number and Student Number at the top of pages 13, 15, 17 and 21

Total marks – 100

Pages 2–23

75 marks

This section has two parts, Part A and Part B Part A – 15 marks

• Attempt Questions 1–15

• Allow about 30 minutes for this part Part B – 60 marks

• Allow about 1 hour and 45 minutes for this part Pages 25–31

25 marks

• Attempt ONE question from Questions 27–31 • Allow about 45 minutes for this section

Section II Section I

Physics

(68)

– 2 –

Section I

75 marks

Part A – 15 marks Attempt Questions 1–15

Allow about 30 minutes for this part

Use the multiple-choice answer sheet.

Select the alternative A, B, C or D that best answers the question. Fill in the response oval completely.

Sample: 2 + 4 = (A) 2 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 9

A B C D

If you think you have made a mistake, put a cross through the incorrect answer and fill in the new answer.

A B C D

If you change your mind and have crossed out what you consider to be the correct answer, then

indicate the correct answer by writing the word

correct

and drawing an arrow as follows.

correct

(69)

1 A person has a mass of 70.0 kg. What is the weight of the person at the Earth’s surface?

(A) 70.0 kg

(B) 70.0 N

(C) 686 kg

(D) 686 N

2 At a particular moment, a positively charged particle is moving with velocity v in a

magnetic field as shown.

At this moment, what is the direction of the force on the positively charged particle?

(A) To the right

(B) To the left

(C) Into the page

(D) Out of the page

Magnetic field out of page v

(70)

3 The resistance of mercury at various temperatures is shown in the graph.

Between which two temperatures does mercury always act as a superconductor?

(A) 0 K and 4.2 K

(B) 4.2 K and 4.5 K

(C) 4.5 K and 8.0 K

(D) 0 K and 8.0 K

4 Two types of generator are shown.

What type of current is produced by each generator when connected to an external resistance?

(A) Both produce d.c.

(B) Both produce a.c.

(C) Generator 1 produces d.c. and Generator 2 produces a.c.

(D) Generator 1 produces a.c. and Generator 2 produces d.c.

Generator 1 Generator 2 N N S _S Resistance Resistance Temperature (K) 2 0.08 0.00 0.16 4 6 8 0 Resistance ( Ω ) – 4 –

(71)

5 The graph shows the forces experienced by an astronaut during a rocket launch into a stable orbit.

In which time interval was the acceleration of the rocket the greatest?

(A) S – T

(B) T – U

(C) U – V

(D) V –W

6 The signal from a microwave transmitter can be thought of as a beam of photons.

The photons from a particular transmitter have a wavelength of 3.5× 10–2m.

What is the approximate energy of each photon?

(A) 7.73 × 10–44J (B) 5.68 × 10–24J (C) 2.32 × 10–35J (D) 1.89 × 10–32J S T U V W F orces on astronaut Time – 5 –

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7 An astronaut is standing on Mars. The astronaut throws an object of mass 0.30 kg

vertically upward at an initial speed of 9.0 m s–1. It reaches a maximum height of

11 metres.

What is the magnitude of the acceleration of the object?

(A) 1.4 m s–2

(B) 3.7 m s–2

(C) 9.0 m s–2

(D) 9.8 m s–2

8 A light rod has a coil of insulated copper wire fixed at one end and is pivoted at the other

end. The result is a pendulum which is free to swing back and forth. A magnet is placed underneath this pendulum. The arrangement is shown in the diagram.

The pendulum is pulled back and then allowed to swing. Which of the following would cause the pendulum to come to rest most quickly?

(A) Replacing the magnet with a stronger one

(B) Shortening the pendulum

(C) Replacing the rod with a heavier one

(D) Connecting the ends of the coil by a piece of copper wire

Coil Pivot

Magnet Rod

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9 Which is the most suitable means of reliable and continuous communication between an orbiting satellite and Earth?

(A) Light from a green laser

(B) Microwaves

(C) Radio waves

(D) Sound waves

10 An electric motor is connected to a power supply of constant voltage. The motor is

allowed to run at different speeds by adjusting a brake.

Which graph best shows how the current through the motor varies with speed?

11 A transformer has a primary coil with 60 turns and a secondary coil with 2300 turns.

If the primary voltage to the transformer is 110 V, what is the secondary voltage?

(A) 2.4 × 10–4V (B) 2.4 × 102V (C) 1.3 × 103V (D) 4.2 × 103V Speed 0 Current (B) Current Speed 0 (A) Current Speed 0 (C) Current Speed 0 (D) – 7 –

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12 Which of the following statements best describes the reason why some materials become superconducting at very low temperatures?

(A) The ions in the superconductor form a regular crystal lattice. There are long

channels through the lattice along which the electrons can pass without colliding with the lattice.

(B) Vibrations of the crystal lattice are so small that they do not interfere with the

motion of the electrons.

(C) Electrons in a superconductor have very low energy. Their energy is so low that

they cannot transfer energy to the crystal lattice in a collision.

(D) Electrons ‘pair up’. These electron pairs pass through the crystal lattice of the

superconductor without losing energy in collisions with the lattice.

13 A rocket car moves on a straight horizontal track. Half of the initial mass of the rocket

car is propellant. During the run, propellant is consumed at a constant rate and ejected at a constant nozzle velocity.

Which of the following best describes the force propelling the rocket car, and the magnitude of the acceleration of the rocket car while the propellant is being ejected?

Acceleration constant constant increasing increasing Force constant increasing constant increasing (A) (B) (C) (D) – 8 –

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14 Two straight metal rods, P and Q, have the same length. They are each pivoted at one end and rotated with the same angular velocity so that they sweep out horizontal circular paths as shown in diagrams X and Y. A constant current I is flowing along each rod, as shown.

In diagram X, a constant magnetic field is applied at right angles to the plane of the circular path. In diagram Y, a uniform magnetic field of the same magnitude is applied in the plane of the circular path.

Which of the following statements about the forces acting on rod P and rod Q is correct?

(A) The magnitude of the force on P is exactly the same as the magnitude of the force

on Q at all times.

(B) The magnitude of the force on P is constant and the magnitude of the force

on Q is zero.

(C) The magnitude of the force on P is constant and the magnitude of the force

on Q varies with time.

(D) The magnitude of the force on P varies with time and the magnitude of the force

on Q is constant. I P I Q Diagram X Diagram Y – 9 –

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15 A student releases a ball from eye level. The ball bounces several times. Which velocity vs time graph best represents the ball’s motion?

V elocity Time V elocity Time V elocity Time V elocity Time (B) (C) (D) (A) – 10 –

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Section I (continued)

Part B – 60 marks

Attempt Questions 16–26

Allow about 1 hour and 45 minutes for this part

Answer the questions in the spaces provided.

Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.

Marks Question 16 (4 marks)

Muons are very short-lived particles that are created when energetic protons collide with each other. A beam of muons can be produced by very-high-energy particle accelerators.

The high-speed muons produced for an experiment by the Fermilab accelerator are measured to have a lifetime of 5.0 microseconds. When these muons are brought to rest, their lifetime is measured to be 2.2 microseconds.

(a) Name the effect demonstrated by these observations of the lifetimes of the

muons.

...

(b) Calculate the velocity of the muons as they leave the accelerator.

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3 1 2 0 01 H I G H E R S C H O O L C E RT I F I C AT E E X A M I N AT I O N

Physics

– 13 – 434 Centre Number Student Number

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Question 17 (6 marks)

A rocket was launched vertically to probe the upper atmosphere. The vertical velocity of the rocket as a function of time is shown in the graph.

(a) Using either words or calculations, compare the acceleration of the rocket at

t = 20 s with its acceleration at t = 100 s.

... ... ... ...

(b) Account for the shape of the graph over the range of time shown.

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4 2 V elocity (km s –1 )

Time after lift-off (s)

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0 – 14 – Marks ©Board of Studies NSW 2001

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Section I – Part B (continued)

A 30 kg object, A, was fired from a cannon in projectile motion. When the projectile

was at its maximum height of 25 m, its speed was 20 m s–1.

An identical object, B, was attached to a mechanical arm and moved at a constant

speed of 20 m s–1in a vertical half-circle. The length of the arm was 25 m.

Ignore air resistance.

(a) Calculate the force acting on object A at its maximum height.

... ... ...

(b) Calculate the time it would take object A to reach the ground from its position

of maximum height.

... ... ... ...

(c) Describe and compare the vertical forces acting on objects A and B at their

maximum heights. ... ... ... ... ... ... 3 2 1 25 m 20 m s–1 25 m 20 m s–1 Pivot Ground Ground A B 2 0 01 H I G H E R S C H O O L C E RT I F I C AT E E X A M I N AT I O N

Physics

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How does Einstein’s Theory of Special Relativity explain the result of the Michelson–Morley experiment? ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Question 20 (4 marks)

The electrical supply network uses a.c. and a variety of transformers between the generating stations and the final consumer.

Explain why transformers are used at various points in the network.

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4 4 – 16 – Marks ©Board of Studies NSW 2001

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A fan that ventilates an underground mine is run by a very large d.c. electric motor. This motor is connected in series with a variable resistor to protect the windings in the coil.

When the motor is starting up, the variable resistor is adjusted to have a large resistance. The resistance is then lowered slowly as the motor increases to its operating speed.

Explain why no resistance is required when the motor is running at high speed, but a substantial resistance is needed when the motor is starting up.

... ... ... ... ... ... 3 2 0 01 H I G H E R S C H O O L C E RT I F I C AT E E X A M I N AT I O N

Physics

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Two parallel wires are separated by a distance of 0.75 m. Wire X is 3.0 m long and carries a current of 2.0 A. Wire Y can be considered to be infinitely long and carries a current of 5.0 A. Both currents flow in the same direction along the wires.

(a) What is the direction of the force that exists between the two wires?

...

(b) On the axes, sketch a graph that shows how the force between the two wires

would vary if the length of Wire X was increased.

(c) In your Physics course you have performed a first-hand investigation to

demonstrate the motor effect. Explain how your results demonstrated that effect. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4 Length of Wire X F orce 2 1 Wire X Wire Y 2.0 A 5.0 A 0.75 m 3.0 m – 18 – Marks

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Discuss the effects of the development of electrical generators on society and the environment. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 6 – 19 – Marks

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Sir William Bragg and his son Sir Lawrence Bragg shared the Nobel prize for physics in 1915 for their work on X-ray diffraction and crystal structure analysis.

(a) Describe ONE way in which an understanding of crystal structure has impacted

on science.

... ... ...

(b) Outline the methods of X-ray diffraction used by the Braggs to determine the

structure of crystals. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4 2 2 0 01 H I G H E R S C H O O L C E RT I F I C AT E E X A M I N AT I O N

Physics

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A student carried out an experiment on the photoelectric effect. The frequency of the incident radiation and the energy of the photoelectrons were both determined from measurements taken during the experiment.

The results obtained are shown in the table:

(a) Graph these results on the grid, including the line of best fit.

Question 25 continues on page 23

4 Energy of photoelectrons (× 10–19 J) 1.22 1.70 3.70 3.05 3.38 3.91 Frequency of incident radiation

(× 1014 Hz) 6.9 8.2 9.1 9.9 10.6 11.8 – 22 – Marks

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Question 25 (continued)

(b) How could the reliability of the experiment be improved?

... ... ... ...

In the context of semiconductors, explain the concept of electrons and holes.

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 8 2 – 23 – Marks

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Section II

25 marks

Attempt ONE question from Questions 27–31 Allow about 45 minutes for this section

Answer the question in a writing booklet. Extra writing booklets are available. Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.

Pages

Question 27 Geophysics ... 26

Question 28 Medical Physics ... 27

Question 29 Astrophysics ... 28–29

Question 30 From Quanta to Quarks ... 30

Question 31 The Age of Silicon ... 31

2 0 01 H I G H E R S C H O O L C E RT I F I C AT E E X A M I N AT I O N

Physics

– 25 –

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Question 27 — Geophysics (25 marks)

(a) (i) Name the instrument used in local gravity surveys.

(ii) Describe how that instrument is used in resource exploration.

(b) The diagram shows a map of the part of an ocean that includes two chains of

features, a chain of islands and a chain of seamounts.

(i) Name the geophysical phenomenon that accounts for the shape of the

chain of islands.

(ii) Account for the formation and alignment of the chain of islands and the

chain of seamounts.

(c) Describe how you carried out a first-hand investigation to determine the

relationship between the nature of a surface and the radiation reflected from it.

(d) When the theory of plate tectonics was first proposed, some parts of the

scientific community were reluctant to accept it.

Discuss the theory of plate tectonics and the evidence leading to its acceptance.

(e) Discuss how information gathered from seismic observations has led to greater

understanding of the structure of the Earth.

8 6 4 3 1 Ocean

Chain of islands Age

(Ma) Chain of seamounts Continent 54 47 43 28 22 12 7 5 4 2 0 56 63 N 2 1 – 26 – Marks

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Question 28 — Medical Physics (25 marks)

(a) (i) Identify the purpose of a coherent bundle of optical fibres in an

endoscope.

(ii) An optical fibre consists of a central core surrounded by cladding.

Describe the role of the core and cladding.

(b) The table shows information relating to the transmission of sound through some

types of body tissue.

(i) Identify ONE property of ultrasound.

(ii) Justify why, in an ultrasound scan, a boundary between muscle and bone

would show up more clearly than would a boundary between muscle and fat.

(c) You have conducted a first-hand investigation to demonstrate the Doppler effect.

Describe your investigation and conclusions.

(d) ‘CAT scans provide more information than X-rays, so they should be used

whenever possible.’ Discuss this statement.

(e) Explain why MRI can be used to detect cancerous tissues. 8

6 4 3 1 Velocity of sound (m s–1) 1630 1460 3050 Density (kg m–3) 1040 945 2560 Acoustic impedance (× 106kg m–2s–1) 1.70 1.38 7.80 Tissue Muscle Fat Bone 2 1 – 27 – Marks

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Question 29 — Astrophysics (25 marks)

(a) (i) Define the term binary stars.

(ii) Describe the characteristics of its spectrum that identify a spectroscopic

binary.

(b) The table shows information about three stars in the Milky Way galaxy.

(i) Identify which of the stars has the greatest surface temperature.

(ii) If Deneb and Betelgeuse were viewed from the same distance, which

would appear brighter? Justify your answer.

3 1 Apparent magnitude +0.41 +0.47 +1.24 Distance from Sun (parsecs) 184 20 429 Spectral class M2 B5 A2 Name Betelgeuse Achernar Deneb 2 1 – 28 – Marks

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(c) A student carried out an experiment to examine the spectra of various light

sources through spectroscopes as shown in the diagram. The student observed three different spectra.

Account for the differences in the three observed spectra.

(d) A new generation of Earth-based optical telescopes is advancing optical

astronomy. Describe the advances in design that have been incorporated in large telescopes over recent years.

(e) Explain how the data presented in Hertzsprung–Russell diagrams may be used

to understand the evolution of stars.

End of Question 29 8 6 Incandescent lamp Spectroscope X Full range of colours Sodium vapour lamp Spectroscope Y Two yellow lines on a dark background Incandescent lamp Spectroscope Z Sodium vapour Range of colours with two black lines 4 – 29 – Marks

(92)

Question 30 — From Quanta to Quarks (25 marks)

(a) (i) Define nucleon.

(ii) Contrast ONE property of nucleons.

(b) The table shows the quantum numbers of the four lowest states of the hydrogen

atom, together with the energies of those states.

(i) What is the energy of the photon emitted when an electron in the n = 4

level makes a transition to the n= 3 level?

(ii) Use the data to draw the energy level diagram for hydrogen, and indicate

on this diagram where the energy levels lie for quantum numbers greater than 4.

(c) Describe how you carried out a first-hand investigation to determine the

penetrating power of alpha, beta and gamma radiation on a range of materials.

(d) The Manhattan Project is the codename given to the development of atomic

(nuclear fission) bombs during World War II. Discuss the significance of this project for society.

(e) Analyse how Chadwick’s and Fermi’s work resulted in a greater understanding

of the atom. 8 6 4 3 1 Energy (joule) 0 1.63 × 10–18 1.94 × 10–18 2.04 × 10–18 Quantum number, n 1 (Ground state) 2 3 4 2 1 – 30 – Marks

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Question 31 — The Age of Silicon (25 marks)

(a) (i) State the name of the transducer that is commonly used in a light meter

of a camera.

(ii) Describe the relationship between the amount of light incident on the

transducer referred to in part (i), and its resistance.

(b) An ideal differential-input operational amplifier is connected into the following

circuit.

(i) Explain the function of the 500 kΩ resistor in this circuit.

(ii) Determine the output voltage, V_out.

(c) A student constructed the following circuit in which four different logic gates

were used. The circuit had two inputs, A and B, and one output, S.

For each of the possible input states of A and B, construct a truth table showing the output of Gate 1 at P, Gate 2 at Q, Gate 3 at R and Gate 4 at S.

(d) Discuss the possibility that there may be a limit on the growth of computer

power.

(e) Discuss the impact that developments in electronics have had on society.

End of paper 8 6 A B P Gate 1 Gate 3 Gate 2 Gate 4 Q R S Key Gate 1 2 3 4 Function NAND NOT NOR OR 4 3 1 500 kΩ 25 kΩ – + Vout V_in= +0.4 V Op. amp. 2 1 – 31 – Marks

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– 33 –

DATA SHEET

Charge on the electron, q_e –1.602 × 10–19C

Mass of electron, m_e 9.109 × 10–31kg

Mass of neutron, m_n 1.675 × 10–27kg

Mass of proton, m_p 1.673 × 10–27kg

Speed of sound in air 340 m s–1

Earth’s gravitational acceleration, g 9.8 m s–2

Speed of light, c 3.00 × 108m s–1

Magnetic force constant, 2.0 × 10–7N A–2

Universal gravitational constant, G 6.67 × 10–11N m2kg–2

Mass of Earth 6.0 × 1024kg

Planck’s constant, h 6.626 × 10–34J s

Rydberg’s constant, R_H 1.097 × 107m–1

Atomic mass unit, u 1.661 × 10–27kg

931.5 MeV

/

c2

1 eV 1.602 × 10–19J

Density of water,ρ 1.00 × 103kg m–3

Specific heat capacity of water 4.18 × 103J kg–1K–1

k≡    µ π0 2 2 0 01 H I G H E R S C H O O L C E RT I F I C AT E E X A M I N AT I O N

Physics

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– 34 – FORMULAE SHEET F Gm m r r T GM m m r GT M m d I I d p F BIl F l k I I d Fd nBIA V V n n A B m m p s p s B A = − = + = = − _ _ = = = = = = = −

(

)

1 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 2 5 1 2 4 4 5 10 100 1 π π θ τ τ θ log sin cos c f d v v i r E F q R V I P VI VIt v s t a v t v u t F ma E mv p mv p Ft k = = = = = = = = = − = = = =

∝

λ Intensity Energy av av 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 sin sin ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ Σ ∆

(96)

– 35 – FORMULAE SHEET F qvB E V d E h f Z v I I Z Z Z Z R n n h mv V V A V V V r H f i = = = = =

[

−

]

+

[

]

=  −      = = = − + − sinθ ρ λ λ o out in o o Amplifier gain 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 E Gm m r v u at v u v u a y x u t y u t a t s t u v l l v c t t v c p x x y y y x y y v v = − = + = = + = = + = + = − = − 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 ∆ ∆ ∆ o o

(97)

– 36 –

117

9 F

19.00 Fluorine 17 Cl 35.45 Chlorine 35 Br 79.90 Bromine 53 I 126.9 Iodine 85 At _[210.0] Astatine

115

7 N

14.01 Nitrogen 15 P 30.97 _Phosphorus 33 As 74.92 Arsenic 51 Sb 121.8 Antimon

y 83 Bi 209.0 Bismuth 113 5 B 10.81 Boron 13 Al _26.98 Aluminium 31 Ga

69.72 Gallium 49 In 114.8 Indium 81 Tl _204.4 _Thallium

107 Bh [264.1] Bohrium 108 Hs [265.1] Hassium 109 Mt _[268] Meitnerium 110 Uun — Ununnilium 111 Uuu — Unununium 112 Uub — Ununbium 114 Uuq — Ununquadium 116 Uuh — Ununhe xium 118 Uuo — Ununoctium 87 Fr [223.0] Francium 88 Ra [226.0] Radium 89–103 Actinides 104 Rf [261.1] Rutherfordium 105 Db [262.1] Dubnium 106 Sg [263.1] Seabor gium 57 La 138.9 _Lanthanum 89 Ac _[227.0] Actinium 1 H 1.008 Hydrogen

Symbol of element Name of element

PERIODIC T ABLE OF THE ELEMENTS KEY 2 He 4.003 Helium 3 Li 6.941 Lithium 4 Be 9.012 Beryllium Atomic Number Atomic W

eight 79 Au 197.0 Gold 6 C 12.01 Carbon 8 O 16.00 Oxygen 10 Ne 20.18 Neon 11 Na 22.99 Sodium 12 Mg _24.31 Magnesium 14 Si 28.09 Silicon 16 S 32.07 Sulfur 18 Ar 39.95 Ar gon 19 K 39.10 Potassium 20 Ca 40.08 Calcium 21 Sc 44.96 Scandium 22 Ti 47.87 Titanium 23 V 50.94 Vanadium 24 Cr 52.00 _Chromium 25 Mn _54.94 Manganese 26 Fe 55.85 Iron 27 Co 58.93 Cobalt 28 Ni 58.69 Nick el 29 Cu 63.55 Copper 30 Zn 65.39 Zinc 32 Ge 72.61 _Germanium 34 Se 78.96 Selenium 36 Kr 83.80 Krypton 37 Rb 85.47 Rubidium 38 Sr 87.62 Strontium 39 Y 88.91 Yttrium 40 Zr 91.22 Zirconium 41 Nb 92.91 Niobium 42 Mo _95.94 Molybdenum 43 Tc [98.91] Technetium 44 Ru 101.1 _Ruthenium 45 Rh 102.9 Rhodium 46 Pd 106.4 Pa lladium 47 Ag 107.9 Silv er 48 Cd 112.4 Cadmium 50 Sn 118.7 Ti n 52 Te 127.6 Tellurium 54 Xe 131.3 Xenon 55 Cs 132.9 Caesium 56 Ba 137.3 Barium 57–71 _Lanthanides 72 Hf 178.5 Hafnium 73 Ta 180.9 Tantalum 74 W 183.8 Tungsten 75 Re 186.2 Rhenium 76 Os 190.2 Osmium 77 Ir 192.2 Iridium 78 Pt 195.1 Platinum 79 Au 197.0 Gold 80 Hg 200.6 Mercury 82 Pb 207.2 Lead 84 Po [210.0] Polonium 86 Rn [222.0] Radon 58 Ce 140.1 Cerium 59 Pr 140.9 Praseodymium 60 Nd 144.2 Neodymium 61 Pm [146.9] Promethium 62 Sm _150.4 Samarium 63 Eu 152.0 Europium 64 Gd 157.3 _Gadolinium 65 Tb 158.9 Terbium 66 Dy 162.5 _Dysprosium 67 Ho 164.9 Holmium 68 Er 167.3 Erbium 69 Tm _168.9 _Thulium 70 Yb 173.0 Ytterbium 71 Lu 175.0 Lutetium 90 Th 232.0 Thorium 91 Pa 231.0 Protactinium 92 U 238.0 Uranium 93 Np [237.0] Neptunium 94 Pu [239.1] Plutonium 95 Am [241.1] Americium 96 Cm [244.1] Curium 97 Bk [249.1] Berk elium 98 Cf [252.1] Californium 99 Es [252.1] Einsteinium 10 0 Fm [257.1] Fermium 10 1 Md [258.1] _Mendele vium 10 2 No [259.1] Nobelium 10 3 Lr [262.1] La wrencium Actinides Lanthanides

Where the atomic weight is not kno

wn,

the relati

v

e atomic mass of the most common radioacti

v

e isotope is sho

wn in brack

ets.

The atomic weights of Np and

Tc are gi

v

en for the isotopes

237

Np and

(98)

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(101)

(102)

(103)

(104)

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(109)

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General Instructions

• Reading time – 5 minutes • Working time – 3 hours • Write using black or blue pen • Draw diagrams using pencil • Board-approved calculators may

be used

• A data sheet, formulae sheets and Periodic Table are provided at the back of this paper

• Write your Centre Number and Student Number at the top of pages 13, 17, 21 and 23

Total marks – 100

Pages 2–25

75 marks

This section has two parts, Part A and Part B Part A – 15 marks

• Allow about 30 minutes for this part Part B – 60 marks

• Allow about 1 hour and 45 minutes for this part Pages 27–37

25 marks

• Attempt ONE question from Questions 28–32 • Allow about 45 minutes for this section

Section II Section I

Physics

433

2002

H I G H E R S C H O O L C E R T I F I C A T E E X A M I N A T I O N

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– 2 –

Section I

75 marks

Part A – 15 marks Attempt Questions 1–15

Allow about 30 minutes for this part

Use the multiple-choice answer sheet.

Select the alternative A, B, C or D that best answers the question. Fill in the response oval completely.

Sample: 2 + 4 = (A) 2 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 9

A B C D

If you think you have made a mistake, put a cross through the incorrect answer and fill in the new answer.

A B C D

If you change your mind and have crossed out what you consider to be the correct answer, then

indicate the correct answer by writing the word

correct

and drawing an arrow as follows.

correct

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1 The diagram shows the trajectory of a golf ball.

Which set of arrows shows the direction of the acceleration of the ball at points P and Q respectively?

2 A spaceship is travelling at a very high speed. What effects would be noted by a

stationary observer?

(A) Time runs slower on the spaceship and it contracts in length.

(B) Time runs faster on the spaceship and it contracts in length.

(C) Time runs slower on the spaceship and it increases in length.

(D) Time runs faster on the spaceship and it increases in length.

3 The table shows the value of the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of Earth and

on the surface of Mercury.

A person has a weight of 550 N on the surface of Earth.

What would be the person’s weight on the surface of Mercury?

(A) 56.1 N

(B) 213 N

(C) 550 N

(D) 1420 N

Acceleration due to gravity (ms–2) Earth Mercury 9.8 3.8 (A) (B) (C) (D) At P At Q P Q – 3 –

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4 The diagram shows four positions of a car on a roller coaster ride.

At which point during this ride would the occupant experience maximum ‘g force’?

(A) P

(B) Q

(C) R

(D) S

5 The table contains information related to two planets orbiting a distant star.

The orbital period of the planet Ba can be determined by using data selected from this table.

What is the orbital period of the planet Ba?

(A) 3.10 × 107s (B) 5.51 × 107s (C) 1.39 × 108s (D) 2.47 × 108s Orbital period (s) 8.75 × 107 ____ Length of day (s) 9.5 × 104 4.7 × 104 Radius of planet (m) 8.0 × 106 4.0 × 106 Orbital radius (m) 4.00 × 1011 8.00 × 1011 Mass (kg) 1.21 × 1025 1.50 × 1024 Planets Alif Ba P Q R S Direction of travel – 4 –

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6 What is the role of a transformer at an electrical power station?

(A) To reduce heating in the transmission lines by stepping up the voltage

(B) To reduce heating in the transmission lines by stepping up the current

(C) To increase heating in the transmission lines by stepping up the voltage

(D) To increase heating in the transmission lines by stepping up the current

7 A student performed an experiment to measure the force on a long current-carrying

conductor placed perpendicular to an external magnetic field.

The graph shows how the force on a 1.0 m length of the conductor varied as the current through the conductor was changed.

What was the magnitude of the external magnetic field in this experiment?

(A) 0.23 T (B) 1.1 T (C) 2.1 T (D) 4.3 T Current (A) 3.0 0.7 Force (N) – 5 –

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8 A single-turn coil of wire is placed in a uniform magnetic field B, so that the plane of the coil is parallel to the field, as shown in the diagrams. The coil can move freely.

An electric current I flows around the coil in the direction shown.

In which direction does the coil begin to move as a consequence of the interaction between the external magnetic field and the current?

I

B B B B (A)

I

(B)

I

(C)

I

(D) – 6 –

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9 In a student experiment, a bar magnet is dropped through a long plastic tube of length l and diameter d. The time taken for it to hit the floor is recorded.

The experiment is repeated using a copper tube of the same length and diameter. Which of the following statements is correct?

(A) The magnet will take the same time to hit the floor in both cases.

(B) The magnet will come to rest in the middle of the copper tube.

(C) The magnet will take longer to fall through the copper tube.

(D) The magnet will take longer to fall through the plastic tube.

Plastic Copper d d l N S N S – 7 –

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10 The coil of an AC generator rotates at a constant rate in a magnetic field as shown.

Which of the following diagrams represents the curve of induced emf against position?

Position Induced emf (A) P R T Q S Position Induced emf (B) P R T Q S Position Induced emf (C) P R T Q S Position Induced emf (D) P R T Q S P B B B B B Q R S T – 8 –

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11 Which of the following describes an n-type semiconductor?

(A) A semiconductor doped to produce extra free electrons

(B) A semiconductor doped to remove free electrons

(C) A semiconductor doped to produce extra holes

(D) An undoped semiconductor

12 Which of the following graphs shows the behaviour of a superconducting material?

Resistance (Ω) (A) Temperature (K) Resistance (Ω) (B) Temperature (K) Resistance (Ω) (C) Temperature (K) Resistance (Ω) (D) Temperature (K) 0 0 0 0 – 9 –

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13 The diagram shows the side view of a simple cathode ray tube.

What is the function of the components labelled R?

(A) To produce cathode rays

(B) To stop cathode rays striking the screen

(C) To deflect the cathode rays vertically

(D) To deflect the cathode rays horizontally

14 During the early 1950s most transistors were manufactured using germanium.

Why was germanium used instead of silicon?

(A) Silicon is more brittle than germanium.

(B) Germanium could be more easily produced in a purified form.

(C) Germanium is a more abundant raw material.

(D) Silicon does not retain its semiconductor properties at high temperatures.

–

+

R R Fluorescent screen – 10 –

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15 A student carried out an experiment during which light of different frequencies was shone onto a metal surface to produce photoelectrons.

The student measured the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons as the frequency of light was altered.

The relationship between the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons and the frequency of the light incident on the metal surface is given by:

E_k(max) = hf − ø

where

E_k(max) = maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons

f = frequency of light used

h = Planck’s constant

ø = a constant dependent on the metal used.

How could the student best analyse the data to determine a value for Planck’s constant?

(A) Plot E_k(max)against f and find the gradient of the line of best fit.

(B) Plot E_k(max)against ø and find the gradient of the line of best fit.

(C) Plot E_k(max)against f and find the intercept of the line of best fit.

(D) Plot E_k(max)against ø and find the intercept of the line of best fit.

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BLANK PAGE

©Board of Studies NSW 2002

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Section I (continued)

Part B – 60 marks

Attempt Questions 16–27

Allow about 1 hour and 45 minutes for this part

Answer the questions in the spaces provided.

Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.

Please turn over 2 0 0 2 H I G H E R S C H O O L C E RT I F I C AT E E X A M I N AT I O N

Physics

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Two students, Kim and Ali, performed an experiment to determine the acceleration due to gravity (g) using a simple pendulum consisting of a small mass hanging from a light string.

Their procedure was as follows:

1. Adjust the length of the string (L) to measure 0.08 m.

2. Hold the mass to the side to give a small angular displacement,θ.

3. Release the mass and measure the time for one period (T).

4. Record the result in a table.

5. Repeat using a string length (L) of 0.09 m and continue until the string length is

0.19 m (going up in 0.01 m increments, using the same initial angular displacement each time).

6. Calculate g using the relationship .

The results are shown in the table:

Kim used the data in the table to obtain a mean value for g. Kim’s result was g = 9.3 m s−2.

Ali used the results to produce the following graph. Ali’s line of best fit was used to calculate g.

L (m) T 2 (s 2 ) 0.24 0.20 0.16 0.12 0.08 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 0.04

Ali’s line of best fit

0.19 0.89 0.18 0.86 0.17 0.84 0.16 0.81 0.15 0.80 0.14 0.76 0.13 0.73 0.12 0.70 0.11 0.67 0.10 0.65 0.09 0.62 0.08 0.57 L (m) T (s) T L g = 2π L θ – 14 –

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(a) Outline TWO changes that could be made to the experimental procedure that

would improve its accuracy.

... ... ... ...

(b) Compare Kim’s and Ali’s methods of calculating g and identify the better

approach. ... ... ... ... ... ...

(c) Calculate the value of g from the line of best fit on Ali’s graph.

... ... ... ... ... ... End of Question 16 3 3 2 – 15 – Marks

(125)

Describe TWO difficulties associated with effective or reliable communications between satellites and Earth.

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The graph shows the percentage transmission of electromagnetic radiation of various wavelengths through the Earth’s atmosphere.

The Voyager II spacecraft transmits electromagnetic radiation to Earth at a frequency of 2295 MHz.

Use the graph to justify the use of this transmission frequency.

... ... ... ... ... ... 100 80 60 40 20 0 10–1010–9 10–8 10–7 10–6 10–5 10–4 10–3 10–2 10–1 100 101 102 % transmission through atmosphere Wavelength (m) 3 2 0 0 2 H I G H E R S C H O O L C E RT I F I C AT E E X A M I N AT I O N

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In one of Einstein’s famous thought experiments, a passenger travels on a train that passes through a station at 60% of the speed of light. According to the passenger, the length of the train carriage is 22 m from front to rear.

(a) A light in the train carriage is switched on. Compare the velocity of the light

beam as seen by the passenger on the train and a rail worker standing on the station platform.

... ...

(b) Calculate the length of the carriage as observed by the rail worker on the station

platform. ... ... ... ... ... ... 3 1 – 18 – Marks

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A student is investigating inertial and non-inertial frames of reference. The student carries out a series of activities on a boat floating on a large, calm lake. The boat remained level during these activities.

Each activity and the student’s observed results are recorded in the table.

Justify the student’s conclusion that: ‘The boat can be regarded as an inertial frame of reference’. ... ... ... ... ... ... Observation

Ball fell vertically with increasing velocity

Ball rolled across the floor with a constant velocity

Activity

Dropped a ball from a set height

Rolled a ball from one side of the boat to the other

Rolled a ball from the back of the boat towards the front of the boat

3

– 19 –

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In his science fiction novel From the Earth to the Moon, Jules Verne describes how to launch a capsule from a cannon to land on the moon. To reach the moon, the capsule

must leave the cannon with a speed of 1.06 × 104m s−1. The cannon has a length of

215 m, over which the capsule can be assumed to accelerate constantly.

(a) Calculate the magnitude of the acceleration required to achieve this speed using

this cannon.

... ... ...

(b) Referring to your answer in part (a), explain why Jules Verne’s method is

unsuitable for sending a living person to the moon.

(130)

Two types of generator are shown in the diagram.

(a) What is the function of the brush in a generator?

... ...

(b) Which of these generators is a DC generator? Justify your choice.

... ... ... ... ... ...

(c) Outline why AC generators are used in large-scale electrical power production.

... ... ... ... 2 3 1 To external circuit To external circuit Generator P Generator Q B B 2 0 0 2 H I G H E R S C H O O L C E RT I F I C AT E E X A M I N AT I O N

Physics

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(a) State Lenz’s law.

... ...

(b) When the metal rod is moved upwards through the magnetic field as shown in

the diagram, an emf is induced between the two ends.

(i) Which end of the rod is negative?

...

(ii) Explain how the emf is produced in the rod.

... ... ... ... ... ...

(c) Explain how the principle of induction can be used to heat a conductor.

... ... ... ... 2 3 1

N

S

N

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In terms of band structures and relative electrical resistance, describe the differences between a conductor, an insulator and a semiconductor.

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 8 2 0 0 2 H I G H E R S C H O O L C E RT I F I C AT E E X A M I N AT I O N

Physics

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A pair of parallel metal plates, placed in a vacuum, are separated by a distance

of 5.00× 10−3 m and have a potential difference of 1000 V applied to them.

(a) Calculate the magnitude of the electric field strength between the plates.

... ...

(b) Calculate the magnitude of the electrostatic force acting on an electron between

the plates.

... ...

(c) A beam of electrons is fired with a velocity of 3.00 × 106 m s−1 between the

plates as shown. A magnetic field is applied between the plates, sufficient to cancel the force on the electron beam due to the electric field.

Calculate the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field required between the plates to stop the deflection of the electron beam.

... ... ... ... ... ... + − Beam of electrons 1000 V 4 1 1 – 24 – Marks

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Some materials become superconductors when cooled to extremely low temperatures. Identify THREE properties of superconductors.

... ... ... ... ... ... Question 27 (4 marks)

There are two areas in which energy savings can be made by the use of superconductors. These are:

• electricity generation and transmission; • transportation.

Discuss how energy savings can be achieved in each of these two areas.

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4 3 – 25 – Marks

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Section II

25 marks

Attempt ONE question from Questions 28–32 Allow about 45 minutes for this section

Answer the question in a writing booklet. Extra writing booklets are available. Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.

Pages

Question 28 Geophysics ... 28–29

Question 29 Medical Physics ... 30–31

Question 30 Astrophysics ... 32–33

Question 31 From Quanta to Quarks ... 34–35

Question 32 The Age of Silicon ... 36–37

2 0 0 2 H I G H E R S C H O O L C E RT I F I C AT E E X A M I N AT I O N

Physics

– 27 –

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Question 28 — Geophysics (25 marks)

(a) (i) Describe Earth’s current magnetic field.

(ii) The diagram represents the magnetic anomalies of the oceanic crust

located near the island of Iceland in the mid-Atlantic.

Explain the origin of the pattern of magnetic anomalies on either side of the mid-ocean ridge.

(b) (i) Recount the steps involved in gravity data reduction.

(ii) The diagram shows the surface height and gravity anomaly curve in a

region near the Red Sea.

(1) Propose reasons for the difference in the gravity anomaly at the locations marked X and Y.

(2) Predict the likely variation in orbital path for a satellite moving from West to East across the region shown in the diagram.

2 2 X Y 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 km −100 +100 Sea level 1000 2000 0 Gravity anomaly Height (metres) WEST EAST Red Sea

Land mass Gravity anomaly curve

Key 2 Mid-ocean ridge 4 2 – 28 – Marks

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(c) The graph shows the travel time for P waves and S waves at different surface

distances from an earthquake epicentre.

(i) Contrast the properties of P waves and S waves.

(ii) Account for the absence of S waves at distances greater than 11 000 km

from the earthquake epicentre.

(iii) Identify how this graph supports the existence of a solid inner core

of Earth.

(d) Assess the application and advantages of TWO geophysical methods in mineral

exploration. End of Question 28 7 2 2 2

Surface distance from epicentre (km) 10 5 15 20 25 0 5000 10 000 15 000 20 000 S P P'' P' P'' Tr av el time (minutes) – 29 – Marks

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Question 29 — Medical Physics (25 marks)

(a) (i) Briefly describe how an endoscope works.

(ii) Explain how a computed axial tomography (CAT) scan is produced.

(b) Technetium 99m is an artificial isotope which is frequently used to obtain a scan

of the human body.

(i) Using the graph, determine the half life of technetium 99m.

(ii) A patient is given an injection containing 6.0 × 10−18 kg of

technetium 99m. The scan is taken four hours after the injection.

How much technetium 99m remains undecayed when the scan is taken? (Give your answer in kilograms.)

(iii) Propose reasons why scans are best taken between two and five hours

after injection of this radioisotope.

3 2 100 75 50 25 0 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 2 0 Time (hours) % of technetium 99m remaining in sample

1 4 2

– 30 –

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(c) The diagrams shown are an MRI of the human upper arm, an X-ray of a human

hand and a CAT scan of the human pelvis (hip bone) as seen in cross-section from above.

MRI of human X-ray of human CAT scan of human pelvis (hipbone)

upper arm hand

Procedure time: Procedure time: Procedure time:

30–60 minutes 5 minutes 40 minutes

(i) Identify TWO advantages of MRI scans over CAT scans.

(ii) A patient is brought into a hospital out-patients ward complaining of a

severe headache. He explains that he hit his head while playing football. The doctor thinks that the patient may be suffering from a fractured skull.

Explain why the doctor would order an X-ray to confirm the diagnosis of a fractured skull.

(iii) The patient, now diagnosed with a fractured skull, complains of other

symptoms that may indicate that he is suffering from brain damage. Suggest ONE additional scan which may be required to confirm this diagnosis. Justify your choice.

(d) Assess the impact of medical applications based on ultrasound and the magnetic

field of particles within the body on modern society.

End of Question 29 7 2 2 2 – 31 – Marks

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Question 30 — Astrophysics (25 marks)

(a) (i) The star Algol is an eclipsing binary as viewed from Earth.

Describe the observations made by astronomers to identify a star as an eclipsing binary.

(ii) Binary stars are important in determining stellar masses.

Explain how the total mass of a binary star system can be calculated.

(b) The table gives information about various nearby stars.

(i) Which star from the table is the most blue in colour?

(ii) Calculate how much brighter Ross 154 is than Proxima Centauri when

viewed from Earth.

(iii) Sketch a labelled diagram indicating the information required to use the

trigonometric parallax method to determine the distance to Barnard’s Star.

3 2 1 Colour Index 1.90 1.74 1.51 1.75 Apparent visual magnitude 11.01 9.54 7.49 10.37 Distance (parsecs) 1.29 1.82 2.55 2.97 Star Proxima Centauri Barnard’s Star Lalande 21185 Ross 154 4 2 – 32 – Marks

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(c) An H-R diagram can be used to show the evolutionary track of stars.

(i) Select the position P, Q, R or S on the H-R diagram in which white

dwarfs would be found. Justify your choice.

(ii) A white dwarf is considered to be in a stable condition. Explain why a

white dwarf does not continue to shrink in size.

(iii) Describe ONE nuclear reaction taking place in a star located on the main

sequence.

(d) Discuss how the development of adaptive optics and at least one other

development have improved resolution and sensitivity of ground based astronomy. End of Question 30 7 2 2 2 105 104 103 102 10 1 100 000 30 000 10 000 3000 R Q S P m ain s_eq u en ce Surface Temperature (K) Solar luminosities – 33 – Marks

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Question 31 — From Quanta to Quarks (25 marks)

(a) (i) Describe Davisson and Germer’s experiment that confirmed the

de Broglie hypothesis of wave-particle duality.

(ii) Explain the stability of the electron orbits in the Bohr atom, using

de Broglie’s hypothesis.

(b) The diagram shows the kinetic energy distribution of the electrons emitted in the

β-decay of 210

83Bi into

210

84Po. The energy released during β-decay depends on the

mass defect in the transmutation, as it does in nuclear fission.

(i) Identify the scientist who suggested that the existence of the neutrino

relates to the need to account for the energy distribution of electrons

emitted in β-decay.

(ii) Use the data to calculate the mass defect in the β-decay of 210₈₃Bi.

(Assume that the neutrino is a massless particle.)

(iii) Account for the energy distribution of electrons emitted in this β-decay.

3 2 1 0.1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Relati v e number of electrons

Kinetic energy of electrons, E_k_(MeV)

Nucleus or particle Mass (amu) 210_Bi 210_Po e 209.938 57 209.936 78 0.000 55 End-point E_k(max) 4 2 – 34 – Marks

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(c) The diagram represents the four spectral lines in the visible region of the

hydrogen spectrum known as the Balmer Series.

(i) Explain how the Balmer Series provides strong experimental evidence in

support of Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom.

(ii) Calculate the wavelength of the next line in the Balmer Series.

(d) Discuss how neutron scattering and ONE other process have been used to

increase our understanding of the structure of matter.

End of Question 31 7 3 3 410 434 486 656 H_δ H_γ H_β H_α Wavelength (nm) NOT TO SCALE – 35 – Marks

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Question 32 — The Age of Silicon (25 marks)

(a) (i) Describe the structure of an LED.

(ii) Explain why, in some applications, it is preferable to use an LED rather

than an ordinary light source.

(b) (i) The diagram shows how the resistance of a light-dependent resistor (LDR)

depends on the intensity of the light falling on it (illumination).

(1) Describe qualitatively how the resistance of this LDR changes as the illumination increases.

(2) What is the resistance of this LDR when the intensity of light falling on it is 4 lux?

(ii) This LDR is connected in series with the coil of a relay to a 12 volt

power supply as shown.

This relay switches on when the current through the coil reaches 4.8 mA. When connected in this circuit, the relay switches on when the illumination on the LDR is 2 lux.

Calculate the resistance of the coil of the relay.

12 V Coil of relay LDR 4 1 1 2 0 4 6 8 10 1800 2000 200 0 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 Illumination (lux) LDR resistance ( Ω ) 4 2 – 36 – Marks

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(c) The table gives the output voltage of an amplifier as a function of the input

voltage.

(i) Describe the properties of an ideal amplifier.

(ii) Calculate the gain of this amplifier.

(iii) Propose why this amplifier is not suitable for input signals that vary

from−250 microvolt to +250 microvolt.

(d) Early computers used thermionic devices. Later computers used transistors and

today computers use integrated circuits. Discuss the impact and limitations of these developments. End of paper 7 2 2 2 Output voltage (volt) 8.0 8.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 –2.0 –4.0 –6.0 –8.0 –8.0 –8.0 Input voltage (microvolt) –300 –250 –200 –150 –100 –50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 – 37 – Marks

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– 39 –

DATA SHEET

Charge on the electron, q_e –1.602 × 10–19C

Mass of electron, m_e 9.109 × 10–31kg

Mass of neutron, m_n 1.675 × 10–27kg

Mass of proton, m_p 1.673 × 10–27kg

Speed of sound in air 340 m s–1

Earth’s gravitational acceleration, g 9.8 m s–2

Speed of light, c 3.00 × 108m s–1

Magnetic force constant, 2.0 × 10–7N A–2

Universal gravitational constant, G 6.67 × 10–11N m2kg–2

Mass of Earth 6.0 × 1024kg

Planck’s constant, h 6.626 × 10–34J s

Rydberg’s constant, R_H 1.097 × 107m–1

Atomic mass unit, u 1.661 × 10–27kg

931.5 MeV

/

c2

1 eV 1.602 × 10–19J

Density of water,ρ 1.00 × 103kg m–3

Specific heat capacity of water 4.18 × 103J kg–1K–1

k≡    µ π0 2 2 0 02 H I G H E R S C H O O L C E RT I F I C AT E E X A M I N AT I O N

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– 40 – FORMULAE SHEET F Gm m r r T GM m m r GT M m d I I d p F BIl F l kI I d Fd nBIA V V n n A B m m p s p s B A = − = + = = − _ _ = = = = = = = −

(

)

1 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 2 5 1 2 4 4 5 10 100 1 π π θ τ τ θ log sin cos c f d v v i r E F q R V I P VI VIt v r t r a v t v u t F ma E mv p mv p Ft k = = = = = = = = = = − = = = =

∝

λ Intensity Energy where displacement av av 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 sin sin ∆ ∆ ∆ Σ ∆

(150)

– 41 – FORMULAE SHEET F qvB E V d E h f Z v I I Z Z Z Z R n n h mv V V A V V V r H f i = = = = =

[

−

]

+

[

]

=  −      = = = − + − sinθ ρ λ λ o out in o o Amplifier gain 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 E Gm m r v u at v u v u a y x u t y u t a t s t u v l l v c t t v c p x x y y y x y y v v = − = + = = + = = + = + = − = − 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 ∆ ∆ ∆ o o