Semester 1 Notes Packet.pdf

hong5rati,cfic to lilutnina C Dare: lB IlL Biology • Whatis meant b the phrase measure ut central tendency’’.’

List 3 measures of central tendency.

2. Draw a normal distribution curve withthe followingterms: mean, median,mode, ‘1 standard deviation,

3. ‘shatdoes a frequency distribution show’,’ 4. Problem #1: HollyBerry Variation

Agroup of students collected holly berries from twoIIe.t aqiutIiunitrees. One tree had green leaves and the other

\ariegated leaves (leaves thatere partly green and partly yellow).

ypthesis: the berries from the tree with variegated leaves will he smaller than the berries from the tree with all-green leaves because more surface area would be available for photosynthesis. The mass of 60 berries from each tree was

hiund.

LZEdIZLZE3Lni:

KEY

distnbution of berry masses

J

variegated leaves green leaves

100 150 200 250 300350 400j450 500550 600650 700

l’j +1 -1 +1

A) What is the difference between the averages of the berrymasses?

B) Are standard deviations greater or smaller than differences in the averages?

C) Therefore, the differencein the average massofthe berries is (likely! unlikely) to be signiOcant?

5. Anexperiment usingO.5g offresh garlic and crushed garlic root. leaf’ and bulb from garlic cloves sprouted for2 days was

performed. The garlic was used in a bioassayon lettuce seedlings to see ifgrowthof’ the lettuce seedlings was inhibited compared to a control. Data recorded was seedling lengthin mm.

Fresh 4 5 6 4 3 4 3 5 4 3

Garlic

Crushed 4 5 5 5 4 3 3 5 4 3

Sprouted Root

Crushed 3 4 5 5 5 6 4 5 4 3

Sprouted Leaf

Crushed 3 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 4 5

Sprouted Bulb

i the _{mean and standard devianon of each of these sets.} b. Discussthe variability of the garlic data

c. Comparethe means ofeachgroup.

d. Calculate a ttest between the fresh garlicand control group. What is the probability that the difference between the groups is due to chance’?

6. The level of significance _{in biology is 5% which means there is a 5% probability that the differences in samples are} due to chance. This means that there is a 95% probability that the differences (are / are not) due to real differences, If the confidence _{level is below 95% (more than 5 level of significance) then the there is too great a probability that the} differences are due to uhe experimental variableI chance) and, therefore the conclusion is not to be trusted. 7. Another way to use measuresof _{significant difference is to apply a test that can measure whethertwo sets of} experimental data are significantly different from each other. What is the name of this test’?

8. What is meant by a “random sample’? Why is randomness of a sample important?

9. Problem #2 Variation in Bank Voles

Ecologists noticed that bank voles(Ck’tlirionotnvsgiareolus)_{seemed to grow to a larger size on Raasay, a}

small Scottish island, than on the mainland.

hypothesis: Adult hank voles are larger on Raasay than on mainland Britain.

Adult voles were caught using small mammal traps on Raasay and on the mainland. The length of each vole was measured. Calculate the mean lengths and standard deviation from the data below. Have someone help you use a calculator to determine the standard deviation. Show only the substitution of figures into the formula in your sample calculations.

Source of voles Lcnths ot headand body of voles in mm

Raasay 85 86 88 90 95 96 97 2 @ 98: 99 100 2 @ 101; 3 @ 102: 3 @ 103:2 @ 104:

1stmd f 105 (a ₁₀₆ 3 @ 107 4 @ 108 @ 109 4 @ 110 7 n 111 7 @ 112 7 @ 113 7 @ 114

8@ l15:3@ 116: 3@ 1l7:4@ 1l8:5@ 119: 4@ 120: 2@ 121: 2@ 122; 123 124 125

mainland _{2@80; 2@X1;3@82;3@83: 3@84:2@85;9@86; lO@87:9@88; 10@89;}

Britain 9@90;6@91;6@92;6@93;6@94;7@95;4@96;5@97;4@98;4@99;5@lOo

2 @ 101; 102 103 104 105 Complete the fol lowing chart of data processing:

Vole Population number of voles Mean Length/ Standard Deviation

Raasay Mainland Britain

Attach a piece of metric graph paper in the space below and make a frequency distribution graph of the Vole data (Use the graph of berries for ideas).

A) What is the difference between the average length of the two Vole populations’?

B) Are the standard deviations greater or smaller than this difference?

CellSizes

Cells are extremely small and they can only be seen properly when viewed through the magnifying lenses of a microscope. The

diagrams and photographs below show a variety of cell types together with a virus and a microscopic animal for comparison. For each of these images, note the scale and relate this to the type of microscopy used.

Forminiferan—single celled marine

planktonic amoeba

1 im

Leptospiro Pomona a spirochote bacterium, which

es the di e I ptospirosi

—

..-...

--

-._.

un-i

Epidermal cells onion i’ll’.

1 0mm

0.1gm

1. Using the measurement scales provided on each of the photographs above, determine the longest dimension (length or diameter of the cell/animal/virus in urn and mm:

Specimen im mm Specimen l.tm mm

Amoeba Epidermis

Forminiferan Daphnia

Leptospira Papillomavirus

2. List these six organisms in order of size, from the smallest to largest.

100 pm

Amoeba sp.

Daphnia sp. freshwater

microcrustaceans

100 pm

Papillamavirus—human wart virus

Interpreting Electron Micrographs

N ame

______ __________

1. Name this organelle:

________

State which kind of cell(s) this organelle would be found in.

Describe the function of this organelle.

Label two structures that can be seen inside the organelle.

2. Namethis organelle:

_____________________________

State which kind of cell(s) this organelle would be found in,

Describe the function of this organelle,

3. Name this organelle:

_________________________________

State which kind of cell(s) this organelle would be found in.

Describe the function of this organelle.

Label two regions that can be seen inside this organelle.

4. Name the ribbon-like organelle in this micrograph.

State which kind of cell(s) this organelle is found in.

Describe the function of these organelles.

5. Name the large circular structure:

State which kind of cell(s) this structure would be found in.

Describe the function of this structure.

Label three structures relating to this structure in the

micrograph.

6. The 5 dark spots in this micrograph are called desmosomes. They cause the plasma membranes of

neighboring cells to stick together. Without desmosomes,

animal cells would not combine together to form tissues.

Describe the function of the plasma membrane.

Label the plasma membrane and the desmosomes in the

micrograph,

Cell Structures and Organelles

Complete the following table:

Cell Component I Details Present in Visible

Plant Animal under light

Cell Cell microscope

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Name:

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Location:

Cell Component Details Presentin Visible

Plant Animal under light

Cell Cell microscope

Name:

-Location:

Function:

Name:

Location:

Function:

Name:

Location:

Function:

Name:

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Function:

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3. What advantage does light microscopy have over TEM and SEM?

4. Eukaryotic CellSize

a. Ifa eukaryotic cell has a diameter that is lo times that of a bacterial cell, proportionally how much more surface area would the eukaryotic cell have?

b. Proportionally how much more volume would it have?

5. Fill in the following table about the components of the cytoske I eton.

Cytoskeleton Structure Functions

Microtubules

Mi crofi laments

Intermediate filaments

6. Sketch two adjacent plant cells, and show the location of

the primary and secondary cell walls and the middle lamella.

7. Return to your sketch of plant cells in question 6 and draw in a plasmodesmata.

8. Fill in the table with a brief description of the

characteristics of urokaryotic cells.

Property Description Cell Shape Cell Size Cell Surface Motility Internal Membranes Genome Reproduction and Growth

9. How would the excretion of metabolic wastes from cells be related to the concept of surface area to volume ratio?

10. What is a disadvantage of the prokaryotic cells having

their DNA free in the cytoplasm without a nuclear membrane?

12. The key below can be used to identify some of the

structures in the cytoplasm of liver cells. Which structures are ribosomes?

1 Enclosed in a membrane

Not enclosed in a membrane

2 Diameter less than 100 nm

Diameter greater than 100 nm

3 composed of one globular structure c

composed of two subunits D 13. Gram positive bacteria

a. have peptidoglycan in their cell walls, whereas gram-negative bacteria do not.

b. have an outer membrane around their cell walls. c. have lipopolysaccharides in their cell walls and thus may be more pathogenic than gram negative bacteria.

d. are members of the domain Archaea. e. have simpler, thick peptidoglycan cell walls. Cell Review

1. What do cell biologistsuse aTEMto study?

2. What does a SEM show best?

11. Name two organelles that are similar to prokaryotic cells.

go to 2 go to 3

A B

14. Many prokaryotes secrete a sticky capsule outside the cell wall that

a. allows them to glide along a slime thread.

b. serves asprotection from host defenses and glue for adherence.

c. reacts with the Gram stain.

d. is used for attaching cells during conjugation.

e. is composed of peptidoglycan.

15. Which of the following is/are not found in a prokaryotic cell?

a. ribosomes

b, plasma membrane c. mitochondria d. a and c e. a, b and c

16. Resolution of a microscope is

a. the distance between two separate points. b. the sharpness or clarity of an image. c. the degree of magnification.

d. the depth of focus on a specimen’s surface. e. the wavelength of light.

17. Which of the following is not a similarity among the

nucleus, chloroplasts and mitochondria? a. They contain DNA.

b. They are bounded by two phospholipid bilayer

membranes.

c. They can divide to reproduce themselves.

d. They are derived from the endoplasmic reticulum. e. Their membranes are associated with specific proteins.

18. The ultrastructure of the chloroplast could be seen with

the best resolution using

a. transmission electron microscopy. b. scanning electron microscopy. c. light microscopy.

d. cell fractionation.

19. The cytoskeleton is composed of which type of molecule? a. protein

b. cellulose c. chitin d. phospholipid e. calcium phosphate

23, Identify the organelle below.

Chapter 12: The Cell Cycle Name

_______________________________________

1. What are the three keyrolesof cell division? State each role, and give an example,

______ _______ ______

Key Role Example

_______ _____

2. What is meant by thecell cycle?

3. What is the meaning ofgenome? Compare your genome to thatof a prokaryotic cell.

4. How many chromosomes arein a humansomatic cell? Name two types of somatic cells in your body.

5. What is agamete? Namethetwo types of gametes.

6. How many chromosomes are in a human gamete?

7. Definechromatin?

8. Youare going to have to learnthedifference between a number of similar-sounding terms? The below represents areplicated

chromosome that hastwo sisterchromatids. Label and definethefollowing terms:

9. Whatis mitos,s? How is it different from cytokinesis?

10. A hedgehog has 90 chromosomes in its somatic cells.

a. How many chromosomes did the hedgehog inherit from each parent?

b. How many chromosomes are in each of the hedgehog’s gametes?

c. How many chromosomes will be in each somatic cell of the hedgehog’s offspring?

11. Label each of the parts of the cell cycle listed below, and give a brief explanation of what happened

I

12. What are the components of themitotic spindle? What is the source of these components?

13. Sketch and label a centrosome with two centrioles.

14. Describe what happens to the centrosome during interpahse and then prophase.

16. Label the Diagram below. We will be combining Prophase and Prornetaphase into Prophase.

17. What are the components of the mitotic spindle?

18. At which end of the kinetochore microtubules shorten during anaphase? Explain the data that supports where the shortening

occurs.

19. Describe cytokinesis in an animal cell. Use a labeled sketch that shows the cleavage furrow.

20. Describe cytokinesis in a plant cell. Use a labeled sketch that shows the cell plate. How is the cell plate formed?

Phase Important Features of Phase

Mitosis Review: lB HI Biology 10. Identify the appropriate phase of the cell cycle.

1. How many chromosomes do you have in your somatic cells? most cells that will no longer divide are in this phase

sister chromatids separate and chromosomes move apart

_________

mitotic spindle begins to form

2. How many chromosomes in yourgametes?

_______

cell plate forms or cleavage furrow pinches cells in half

chromosomes replicate

3. How many chromatids in one of your body cells that has chromosomes lineup at equatorial plate duplicated its chromosomes prior to mitosis?

_________

nuclear membranes form around separated

chromosomes

chromosomes become visible

4, How are the three subphases of interphase alike? 12. A plant cell has 12 chromosomes at the end of mitosis. How many chromosomes would it have in the G2 phase of its next cell

cycle? a. 6

b. 9 5. What key event happens during the S phase? c. 12

d. 24

13.How many chromatids would this plant cell have in the G2 phase

of its cell cycle?

6. What isMPF? a. 6

b. 9 c. 12 d. 24 e. 48 7. Describe the relative concentrations of MPF and its constituent

molecules throughout the cell cycle: 14. The longest part of the cell cycle is

MPF: a. prophase

b. G1phase

c. G2 phase

d. mitosis

Cdk e. Interphase

15. Humans have 46 chromosomes. That number of chromosomes

will be found in

Cyclin a. cells in anaphase

b. the egg and sperm cells c. the somatic cells d. all the cells of the body e. only cells in G1 of interphase

8. Describe the life of one chromosome as it proceeds through the

entire cell cycle, starting with G1 of interphase and ending with 16. Which of the following would NOT be exhibited by cancer cells?

telophase of mitosis, a. changing MPF concentration

b. passage through the restriction point c. density dependent inhibition d. metastasis

e. mitotic phase of the cell cycle

17. A cell that passes the restriction point in G1 will most likely

a. undergo chromosome duplication 9. Draw a sketch of one half of a mitotic spindle. Identify and list b. havejustcompleted cytokinesis

the functions of the components. c. continue to divide only if it is a cancer cell

18. A cell at which of the following phases would have the LEAST 22. Which stages of mitosis are shown below:

amount of DNA?

a. G0

b. G2

C. prophase

d. metaphase

e. anaphase

19. Whatinitiates the separation of sister chromatids in anaphase? a. the drop inMPFconcentration

b. arapid rise in Cdk concentration

c. movement past theG5checkpoint

d. asignal pathway initiated by the binding of a

growth factor

e. thecessation of delay signals received from unattached kinetochores

20. Knowledge of the cell cycle control system will be most beneficial to the area of

a. human reproduction b. plant genetics

c. prokaryotic growth and development

d. cancer prevention and treatment

e. prevention and treatment of cardiovascular

disease.

22. Summarize what happens at each checkpoint. Checkpoint What happens? How is it controlled? G

1

62

M

23. What is the G0phase? Describe this phase.

24. What is a proteinkinase?

25. Kinases drive the cell cycle, but they must be activated by attachment of a

26. The activity ofcyclin-dependent kinases (CDks) rises and falls? Why?

27. What doesMPFtrigger? What are some specific activities that it triggers?

28. What are growth factors?

29. Cancer cells exhibit different behaviors than normal cells. Here are two normal behaviors they no longer show. Explain each

behavior.

Density-dependent inhibition

Anchorage dependence

29. What is transformation? Metastasis?

Chapter 7: Membrane Structure and Function

1. Explain what is meant when a molecule is amphipathic?

2. Describe the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure.

N a me

3. What is meant by membrane fluidity? Describe the movements seen in the fluid membrane.

4, Describe how each of the following can affect membrane fluidity. Decreasing temperature

Phospholipids with unsaturated hydrocarbon chains

Cholesterol

5. Membrane proteins are the mosaic part of the model. Describe each of the two main categories: Integral

Peripheral

6. Describe the major functions of membrane proteins.

Function Description

Transport

Enzymatic activity

Signal transduction

Cell-cell recognition

Intercellular joining

Attachment to the cytoskeleton and ECM

7. Membrane carbohydrates are important in cell-cell recognition. What are two examples of this?

9. Distinguish between channel proteins and carrier proteins.

10, Consider the following materials that must cross the membrane, For each, tell how it is accomplished.

Material Method

Co 2

Glucose

H

02

H

2 0

11. Define the following terms:

Diffusion

Concentration gradient

Passive transport

Osmosis

Isotonic

Hypertonic

Hypotonic

Turgid

Flaccid

Plasmolysis

12. What is facilitated diffusion? Is it active or passive? Cite two examples.

14 L b I th dia r m b low, for h typ oft n port we an m I

15. What is cotransport?

16, Define each of the following and give a cellular example: Endocytosis

Phagocytosis

Pinocytosis

Exocytosis

Receptor-mediated endocvtosis

lB Biology: MembraneReview 7. the ideal osmotic environment for animalcellsis

Name Block 8. The deal osmotic environment for plant cells is

_______________

1. Label the components in this diagram of the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure. Indicate the regions that are hydrophobic

and those that are hydrophilic.

3. Bow might the plasma membrane of a plant cell change in

response to the cold temperatures of winter?

4. List the six major functions that memebrane proteins may

perform.

9. Why is facilitated diffusion considered passive transport?

10. How is cholesterol, which is used for the synthesis of other

steroid and membranes, transported into human cells?

11. Glycoproteins and glycolipids are important for a. facilitated diffusion

b. active transport c. cell—cell recognition d. cotransport

e. signal—transduction pathways

12. A single layer of phospholipid molecules coats the water in a beaker. Which part of the molecules will face the air?

a. the phosphate groups b. the hydrocarbon tails c. both head and tail

d. the phospholipids will dissolve e. the glycolipid regions

13. Which of the following is NOT true about osmosis? a. It is a passive process in cells without walls, but an

active one in cells with walls.

b. Water moves from a hypotonic to a hypertonic solution. c. Solute molecules bind to water and decrease the water

available to move.

d. It often occurs through channel proteins known as aquaporins.

e. There is no net osmosis between isotonic solutions.

14. The fluidity of membranes in a plant is cold weather may be maintained by

a. increasing the number of phospholipids with saturated hydrocarbon tails.

b. activating an H’ pump.

c. increasing the concentration of cholesterol in the membrane.

d. increasing the proportion of peripheral proteins. e. increasing the number of phospholipids with

unsaturated hydrocarbon tails.

15. A plant cell placed in a hypotonic environment will a. plasmolyze.

b. shrivel. c. become turgid. d. become flaccid. e. lyse.

16. Which of the following is NOT true of the carrier molecules involved in facilitated diffusion?

a. They increase the speed of transport across a membrane.

b. They can concentrate solute molecules on one side of the membrane.

c. They may have specific binding sites for the molecules they transport.

d. They may undergo a conformational change upon bindingofsolute.

e. They do not require an energy investment from the cell to operate.

2. Cite some experimental evidence that shows that membrane

proteinsdrift,

5. What types of molecules have difficulty crossing the plasma

membrane? Why?

6. A solution of 1M glucose is separated by a selectively permeable

membrane from a solution of 0.2 M fructose and 0.7 M sucrose. The membrane is not permeable to the sugar molecules. Indicate which side initially has more free water molecules and which has fewer. Show the direction of osmosis.

B

1 M glucose 0.2 M fructose

0.7 M sucrose

Selectively Permeable membrane

17. Watering a houseplant with too concentrated a solution of fertilizer can result in wilting because

a. the uptake of ions into plant cells makes the cells hypertonic.

b. the soil solution becomes hypertonic, causing the cells to lose water.

c. the plant willgrowfaster than it can transport water and maintain proper water balance.

d. the plant will suffer fertilizer burn due to a caustic soil

18. Facilitated diffusion across a cellular membrane requires and moves a solute

________

its concentration gradient.

.i. energy and transport proteins down b. energy and transport proteins up c. energy up

d. transport proteins....down e. transport proteins lip

19. The extracellular fluids that surround the cells of a multicellular animal must be

_______

to the cells. a. buffers

b. isotonic c. hypotonic d. hypertonic e. homeostatic

20. Which of the following is the most probable description of an integral, transmembrane protein?

a. amphipathic with hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail region b. a globular protein with hydrophilic amino acids in the interior and

hydrophobic amino acids arranged around the outside. c. a fibrous protein coated with hydrophobic sugar residues

d. a glycolipid attached to the portion of the protein facing the exterior of the cell and cytoskeletal elements attached to the portion facing inside the cell

e. a middle region composed ofii—helical stretches of hydrophobic amino acids, with hydrophilic regions at both ends of the protein

21. LOs (low density lipoproteins) enter animal cells by a. diffusion through the lipid bilayer b. Pinocytosis

c. exocytosis

d. receptormediated Endocytosis e. diffusion through transport proteins

22. The fluid mosaic model describes biological membranes as consisting of a. a phospholipid bilayer with proteins sandwiched between the layers b. a lipid bilayer with proteins coating the outside of the hydrophobic

structure

c. a phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded in and attached to it d. a protein bilayer with phospholipids embedded in it

e. a cholesterol bilayer with proteins embedded in the hydrophobic center

23. You observe plant cells under a microscope that have just been placed in an unknown solution. First the cells plasmolyze; after a few minutes, the Plasmolysis reverses and the cells appear normal. What would you conclude about the unknown solute?

a. It is hypertonic to the plant cells, and its solute cannot cross the plant cell membranes.

b. It is hypotonic to the plant cells, and its solute cannot pass the plant cell membranes.

25. What type of amino acids are present where integral proteins attach to cell membrane?

26, Why are exocytosis and Endocytosis known as examples of active transport?

27. In human secretory cells, for example in the lung and the pancreas, positively charged ions are pumped Out, arid chlorine ions follow passively through chlorine channels. Water also moves from the cells into the liquid that has been secreted.

State the names of the processes that:

a. move positively charged ions Out of the cells

Membrane component Area (pm)

Plasma membrane 1780

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum 30400 Mitochondrial outer membrane 7470 Mitochondrial inner membrane 39600

Nucleus 280

Lysosomes 100

Other components 18500

b. Calculate the area of the plasma membrane as a percentage of the total area of membranes in the cell.

c. Explain the difference in area of the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes.

C. It is isotonic to the plant cells, but its solute can cross the plant cell

membranes.

d. It is hypotonic to the plant cells, but its solutes can pass the plant cell membranes.

e. It is hypotonic to the plant cells, but is solute can cross the plant cell membranes.

b. move chloride ions out of the cells

c. move water out of the cells

28. The Table below shows the area of membranes in a rat liver cell.

a. Calculate the total area of membranes in the liver cell.

d. Using the data in the table, identify two of the main activities of liver cells.