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TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.
1) Some problems are too complex to investigate by psychological research methods. 1) _______ Answer: True False
2) The act of observing some behaviors may interfere with them. 2) _______ Answer: True False
3) The novelty of change may affect behavior more than the actual change itself. 3) _______ Answer: True False
4) The generalizability of findings in laboratory settings is unlimited. 4) _______ Answer: True False
5) In the experimental method, the variable being investigated is the dependent variable. 5) _______ Answer: True False
6) In the experimental method, the behavior that results is the dependent variable. 6) _______ Answer: True False
7) Assigning subjects at random to the experimental and control groups is brought about by matched group design.
7) _______ Answer: True False
8) Survey research involves observing behavior in its every day setting. 8) _______ Answer: True False
9) Survey questions must be objective. 9) _______ Answer: True False
10) Fixed-alternative survey questions limit respondents to a few choices. 10) ______ Answer: True False
11) The central tendency of a distribution is measured by the standard deviation. 11) ______ Answer: True False
12) In a normal curve, 68 percent of the population falls within plus or minus one standard deviation from the mean.
12) ______ Answer: True False
13) A negative correlation coefficient depicts an inverse relationship between two variables. 13) ______ Answer: True False
14) A technique for averaging the results of a large number of studies is meta-analysis. 14) ______ Answer: True False
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
15) What are three requirements of psychological research? 15) _____________ Answer: a. Objective observation
b. Control
c. Duplication and verification
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16) What are limitations of psychological research? 16) _____________ Answer: a. Not all behavior can be studied.
b. Observing behavior can change it. c. The Hawthorne effect
d. Artificial settings
e. College students as subjects
17) List four methods of psychological research. 17) _____________ Answer: a. Experiments
b. Naturalistic observations c. Polls and surveys d. Web-based research
18) Describe the experimental method. 18) _____________ Answer: a. The scientific way to determine the effect or influence of a variable on the
subjects' performance or behavior i. Independent variable
1. The stimulus variable that is manipulated to determine its effect on the subjects behavior
ii. Dependent variable
1. The resulting behavior of the subjects, which depends on the manipulation of the independent variable
iii. Element of control 1. Experimental group
a. Exposed to the independent variable 2. Control group
a. Not exposed to the independent variable, but similar in every other way
19) Compare and contrast random group design and matched group design. 19) _____________ Answer: a. Control group and experimental group must be as similar as possible.
i. Random group design
1. Subjects assigned at random to experimental and control groups. ii. Matched group design
1. Subjects in one group are matched with subjects in the other group on characteristics that could affect their performance.
2. Desirable
3. Costly and time consuming
20) Define naturalistic observation and identify advantages and disadvantages of its use. 20) _____________ Answer: a. Observation of behavior in natural setting without experimental manipulation
of independent variable i. Avoids artificiality
ii. Difficult to conclude what brought about change iii. The observation cannot be repeated.
21) Discuss the problems with surveys. 21) _____________ Answer: a. Difficult to measure precisely our personal opinions and attitudes
b. Some people deliberately lie.
c. Socially or politically correct response d. It's difficult to find people to respond.
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22) Identify three basic ways to collect survey data. 22) _____________ Answer: a. Personal interviews
b. Questionnaires
i. Most frequently used and abused method ii. Paper or computer-assisted
c. Telephone surveys
23) Contrast open-end survey questions with fixed-alternative survey questions. 23) _____________ Answer: a. Open-end
i. Respondents state their views in their own words. b. Fixed-alternative
i. Respondents must limit their answers to the choices presented. ii. Simplifies the process
iii. May not completely reflect respondents range of opinion
24) Specify the difference between probability sampling and quota sampling. 24) _____________ Answer: a. Probability sampling
i. Each person in the population has a known probability of being included in the sample.
b. Quota sampling
i. Because the sample must reflect the proportions of the larger population, quotas are established for categories such as age, gender, and ethnic origin.
25) List and define the three basic measures of central tendency. 25) _____________ Answer: a. Mean (arithmetic average)
b. Median (score at the midpoint of a statistical distribution; best statistic to use with skewed distributions)
c. Mode (most frequently obtained score in the distribution of data)
26) Identify the two measures of variability and explain their uses. 26) _____________ Answer: a. Standard Deviation (SD)
i. It is a precise distance along the distribution's baseline.
ii. Using the SD we can determine the percentage of scores that fall above or below any particular raw score.
b. Correlation
i. The relationship between two variables ii. Strength of relationship
iii. Direction of relationship
27) What does it mean if the difference in performance between two groups is significant at the .01 level of probability?
27) _____________ Answer: a. p=.01
i. A difference would occur by chance only 1 time out of 100.
28) Define meta-analysis. 28) _____________ Answer: a. It is the large-scale reanalysis of the results of previous studies.
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
29) Which of the following is not a requirement of psychological research? 29) ______ A) duplication and verification B) control
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C) objective observation D) experiments Answer: D
30) Psychological research requires which of the following? 30) ______ A) technical equipment B) intuition
C) a laboratory D) control Answer: D
31) Which of the following is a limitation of psychological research? 31) ______ A) objective observation B) control
C) Hawthorne effect D) duplication and verification Answer: C
32) The change in an employee's behavior in response to some changes in the workplace refers which of the following?
32) ______ A) independent variable B) Zeigarnic effect
C) fixed-alternative variable D) Hawthorne effect Answer: D
33) ________ is a controlled, objective, and systematic approach to research. 33) ______ A) Scientific method B) Hawthorne effect
C) Standardization D) None of the above Answer: A
34) Three requirements of scientific research are observation, control, and ________. 34) ______ A) verification B) artificial settings
C) objective data D) employees as subjects Answer: A
35) The fact that the act of observation of behavior can change that behavior is ________. 35) ______ A) the Hawthorne effect B) a requirement of psychological research
C) a method of psychological research D) a limitation of psychological research Answer: D
36) Because management may not always allow a psychologist to experiment with various work procedures, researchers may have to use which of the following?
36) ______ A) double-blind procedure
B) monetary incentives to increase the participation rate C) simulated job environment
D) none of the above Answer: C
37) A review of five leading journals showed that ________ of the studies published used students as subjects.
37) ______ A) 37 percent B) 25 percent C) 77 percent D) 87 percent
Answer: D
38) Although some I-O psychologists argue that research conducted in ________ can be applied to personnel and organizational issues, others maintain that the differences are so great that only the most cautious generalization is acceptable.
38) ______
A) control groups B) archival settings C) field locations D) university laboratories
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Answer: D
39) According to the text, which of the following is the best method of psychological research? 39) ______ A) naturalistic observations B) polls and surveys
C) experiments D) none of the above Answer: D
40) ________ is the scientific way to determine the effect or influence of a variable on the subject's performance or behavior.
40) ______ A) Naturalistic observation B) Web-based research
C) Experimental method D) Surveys and polls Answer: C
41) In an experiment, the effect we are interested in determining (and which we manipulate) is called the ________.
41) ______ A) independent variable B) control group
C) dependent variable D) experimental group Answer: A
42) In an experiment, the variable that is the resulting behavior is called the ________. 42) ______ A) independent variable B) dependent variable
C) experimental group D) control group Answer: B
43) In the example of an experiment in the text regarding determining the effect of lighting on productivity, the independent variable was ________.
43) ______ A) low pay B) inadequate training
C) lighting D) production rate Answer: C
44) In the example of an experiment in the text regarding determining the effect of lighting on productivity, the dependent variable was ________.
44) ______ A) production rate B) lighting
C) low pay D) inadequate training Answer: A
45) In the example of an experiment in the text regarding determining the effect of lighting on productivity, what can we conclude caused the increase in productivity?
45) ______ A) Hawthorne effect
B) The boss was nicer given the presence of the psychologists. C) the change in the independent variable
D) All the above are possible correct answers. Answer: D
46) To produce the necessary control, psychologists use a group of research participants exposed to the independent variable. This group is known as the ________.
46) ______ A) experimental group B) training group
C) control group D) working group Answer: A
47) To produce the necessary control, psychologists use a group of research participants that is not exposed to the independent variable. This group is known as the ________.
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A) control group B) experimental group C) working group D) training group Answer: A
48) If psychologists wanted to ensure that the experimental group and control group are as similar as possible, which method should be used?
48) ______ A) matched group design B) random group design
C) either A or B D) neither A nor B Answer: C
49) When subjects in one group are matched with subjects in the other group on characteristics that could affect their performance, the psychologist is using ________.
49) ______ A) matched group design B) random group design
C) both A and B D) neither A nor B Answer: A
50) The ________ involves assigning subjects at random to experimental and control groups. 50) ______ A) random group design B) matched group design
C) double-blind technique D) Schultz 4-group design Answer: A
51) Compared to other techniques, the matched group design is ________. 51) ______ A) cumbersome B) desirable C) costly D) all of the above
Answer: D
52) The text discussed the research conducted in a factory where sewing machine operators produced women's lingerie. Psychologists conducted a survey to find out why ________ of the sewing machine operators quit within the first year.
52) ______
A) 53 percent B) 68 percent C) 47 percent D) 25 percent Answer: B
53) In the research conducted in a lingerie production factory to determine the effects of training on productivity and turnover, the researchers found ________.
53) ______ A) the longer the training received in the training facility, the higher was the average daily
rate of production
B) the level of training was the dependent variable
C) the longer the training received in the training facility the lower the rate of turnover D) the production rate and turnover were the independent variables
Answer: C
54) In the research conducted in a lingerie production factory to determine the effects of training on productivity and turnover, the researchers concluded which training condition would be most profitable for the company?
54) ______
A) 3-days training facility B) 1 day of training C) 3-days mixed training D) 2-days training facility Answer: C
55) Which research method allows psychologists to observe behavior without the artificiality of the experimental method?
55) ______ A) surveys and polls B) matched group design
C) web-based research D) naturalistic observation Answer: D
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56) Which of the following is not a characteristic of naturalistic observation? 56) ______ A) It is difficult to conclude what brought about change.
B) The observation cannot be repeated. C) It avoids artificiality.
D) It brings the relevant variables under the researcher's control. Answer: D
57) In a study using naturalistic observation of store clerks, the researchers found ________. 57) ______ A) a negative relationship between courteous behaviors and sales
B) a positive relationship between courteous behaviors and sales C) no relationship between courteous behaviors and sales D) none of the above
Answer: A
58) Which of the following does not focus on what people do? 58) ______ A) behaviorism B) naturalistic observation
C) surveys and polls D) experimental method Answer: C
59) Which of the following is not a problem with surveys? 59) ______ A) Some people deliberately lie.
B) difficult to measure precisely opinions and attitudes C) It's difficult to find people to respond.
D) All of the above are problems. Answer: D
60) Which of the following is not a correct statement? Surveys have the potential for ________. 60) ______ A) assessing reactions to change
B) raising morale
C) avoiding costly union grievance procedures D) increasing turnover
Answer: D
61) People are more likely to be honest in their responses to questions when ________. 61) ______ A) they were asked the question in a face-to-face interview
B) they were able to complete the survey in private C) they were asked to place their name on the survey D) the phrasing of the question influences the response Answer: B
62) Some public opinion polls purposefully provide information to distort a voter's perception. These polls are known as ________.
62) ______ A) pull polls B) push polls
C) political polls D) politically correct polls Answer: B
63) "If I told you that Smith had been arrested for DUI (in truth he had not), would that make you change your vote?" is an example of ________.
63) ______ A) politically correct poll B) push poll
C) political poll D) pull poll Answer: B
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64) Which method of data collection requires a face-to-face meeting with the respondent? 64) ______ A) interview B) experimental method
C) survey D) questionnaire Answer: A
65) Which is the most frequently used method to collect survey data? 65) ______ A) interviews B) naturalistic observation
C) questionnaires D) telephone survey Answer: C
66) The major disadvantage of questionnaire surveys is that ________. 66) ______ A) they are expensive
B) the response rate is poor
C) the require computer assisted personal interviewing D) they are not effective in assessing opinions
Answer: B
67) In a comparison of the nature of responses, which is superior paper questionnaires or computer assisted questionnaires?
67) ______ A) Electronic surveys are faster but more expensive than other types of surveys.
B) computer assisted questionnaires C) paper questionnaires
D) Neither is inherently superior. Answer: D
68) Most surveys use either ________, in which respondents state their views in their own words, or ________, in which respondents must limit their answers to the alternatives presented.
68) ______ A) open-end questions; closed-end questions
B) open-end questions; fixed-alternative questions C) closed-end questions; fixed-alternative questions D) fixed-alternative questions; open-end questions Answer: B
69) To select a representative sample for a study that gives everyone in the population a known chance of being included in the sample, a psychologist would use which technique?
69) ______ A) quota sampling B) experimental sampling
C) double-blind sampling D) probability sampling Answer: D
70) To construct a sample that is a duplicate-in-miniature of the larger population, the psychologist would use which technique?
70) ______ A) probability sampling B) quota sampling
C) experimental sampling D) double-blind sampling Answer: B
71) In comparison to those employees who indicated they would complete a survey, those who stated they would not fill out the company survey ________.
71) ______ A) had a greater intention of quitting
B) valued the response the company made to their responses on previous surveys C) were more satisfied with the company
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Answer: A
72) Critics of web-based research point out that ________. 72) ______ A) college students are not representative of the general population
B) this method saves time and money
C) the respondents are representative of the population as a whole
D) it is impossible to assess the accuracy of responses on many important criteria Answer: D
73) Ways of describing data in a concise and meaningful manner is also known as ________. 73) ______ A) descriptive statistics B) normal curve
C) meta-analysis D) inferential statistics Answer: A
74) ________ is/are used to compare performance levels of the experimental group and the control group.
74) ______ A) Meta-analysis B) Descriptive statistics
C) Inferential statistics D) Normal curve Answer: C
75) A graph is an example of ________. 75) ______ A) meta-analysis B) normal curve
C) descriptive statistics D) inferential statistics Answer: C
76) A measure of central tendency is the ________. 76) ______ A) median B) correlation
C) graph D) standard deviation Answer: A
77) When presented with the following data 2, 2, 3, 4, 5 the mode is ________. 77) ______ A) 5 B) 2 C) 3.2 D) 3
Answer: B
78) A measure of variability is the ________. 78) ______ A) correlation B) graph C) mean D) normal curve
Answer: A
79) From the example in the text, what proportion of the population has an IQ between 85 and 100? 79) ______ A) 95 percent B) 99 percent C) 68 percent D) 34 percent
Answer: D
80) The highest point on a normal curve is the ________. 80) ______ A) mode B) mean C) median D) all the above
Answer: D
81) Which correlation coefficient reflects the strongest relationship? 81) ______ A) +.25 B) -.13 C) +.05 D) -.33
Answer: D
82) In dealing with a negatively skewed distribution, which is the most useful measure of central tendency?
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A) mode B) standard deviation C) median D) mean
Answer: C
83) The idea that the difference between the means of two groups have occurred by chance is ________.
83) ______ A) meta-analysis B) correlation
C) probability D) statistical significance Answer: C
84) The basic measure of variability is ________. 84) ______ A) standard deviation B) normal curve
C) mean D) correlation Answer: A
85) With the ________, we can determine the percentage of scores that fall above or below a particular raw score.
85) ______ A) mean B) median
C) standard deviation D) correlation Answer: C
86) A probability value of .001 indicates there is ________ chance that the difference between two means occurred by chance.
86) ______ A) 1 in 100 B) 1 in 1000 C) 1 in 10 D) 1 in 10,000
Answer: B
87) A level of analysis higher than significance testing is ________. 87) ______ A) Soloman 4-group design B) inferential statistics
C) meta-analysis D) t-test Answer: C
88) In ________, psychologists investigate one influencing variable while holding all others constant. 88) ______ A) meta-analysis B) the experimental method
C) descriptive statistics D) survey research Answer: B
89) The following is a limitation of on-line surveys. 89) ______ A) It's possible to conduct large scale surveys.
B) "Ballot-stuffing" is a possibility. C) Research may be conducted 24/7. D) They may be delivered quickly. Answer: B
90) The following is an advantage of personal interviews. 90) ______ A) Higher response rates than questionnaires
B) Some people feel uncomfortable responding.
C) They can reach persons other methods are not able to reach. D) Both A and C
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1) TRUE 2) TRUE 3) TRUE 4) FALSE 5) FALSE 6) TRUE 7) FALSE 8) FALSE 9) FALSE 10) TRUE 11) FALSE 12) TRUE 13) TRUE 14) TRUE
15) a. Objective observation b. Control
c. Duplication and verification 16) a. Not all behavior can be studied.
b. Observing behavior can change it. c. The Hawthorne effect
d. Artificial settings
e. College students as subjects 17) a. Experiments
b. Naturalistic observations c. Polls and surveys d. Web-based research
18) a. The scientific way to determine the effect or influence of a variable on the subjects' performance or behavior i. Independent variable
1. The stimulus variable that is manipulated to determine its effect on the subjects behavior ii. Dependent variable
1. The resulting behavior of the subjects, which depends on the manipulation of the independent variable
iii. Element of control 1. Experimental group
a. Exposed to the independent variable 2. Control group
a. Not exposed to the independent variable, but similar in every other way 19) a. Control group and experimental group must be as similar as possible.
i. Random group design
1. Subjects assigned at random to experimental and control groups. ii. Matched group design
1. Subjects in one group are matched with subjects in the other group on characteristics that could affect their performance.
2. Desirable
3. Costly and time consuming
20) a. Observation of behavior in natural setting without experimental manipulation of independent variable i. Avoids artificiality
ii. Difficult to conclude what brought about change iii. The observation cannot be repeated.
21) a. Difficult to measure precisely our personal opinions and attitudes b. Some people deliberately lie.
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c. S ociall
y or politically correct response
d. It's difficult to find people to respond.
e. Phrasing of the question often influences the response. 22) a. Personal interviews
b. Questionnaires
i. Most frequently used and abused method ii. Paper or computer-assisted
c. Telephone surveys 23) a. Open-end
i. Respondents state their views in their own words. b. Fixed-alternative
i. Respondents must limit their answers to the choices presented. ii. Simplifies the process
iii. May not completely reflect respondents range of opinion 24) a. Probability sampling
i. Each person in the population has a known probability of being included in the sample. b. Quota sampling
i. Because the sample must reflect the proportions of the larger population, quotas are established for categories such as age, gender, and ethnic origin.
25) a. Mean (arithmetic average)
b. Median (score at the midpoint of a statistical distribution; best statistic to use with skewed distributions) c. Mode (most frequently obtained score in the distribution of data)
26) a. Standard Deviation (SD)
i. It is a precise distance along the distribution's baseline.
ii. Using the SD we can determine the percentage of scores that fall above or below any particular raw score.
b. Correlation
i. The relationship between two variables ii. Strength of relationship
iii. Direction of relationship 27) a. p=.01
i. A difference would occur by chance only 1 time out of 100. 28) a. It is the large-scale reanalysis of the results of previous studies. 29) D
30) D 31) C 32) D 33) A 34) A 35) D 36) C 37) D 38) D 39) D 40) C 41) A 42) B 43) C 44) A 45) D 46) A 47) A
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48) C 49) A 50) A 51) D 52) B 53) C 54) C 55) D 56) D 57) A 58) C 59) D 60) D 61) B 62) B 63) B 64) A 65) C 66) B 67) D 68) B 69) D 70) B 71) A 72) D 73) A 74) C 75) C 76) A 77) B 78) A 79) D 80) D 81) D 82) C 83) C 84) A 85) C 86) B 87) C 88) B 89) B 90) D
