Intro Physical Science 8th

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INTRODUCTION TO

PHYSICAL SCIENCE

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THE NATURE OF SCIENCE

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WHAT IS SCIENCE?

• _{Science is the study}

of…

• _Everything!!

• _{A way of learning}

about the natural

world.

• _{Scientist: a person}

who studies, or has

expert knowledge of a

natural or physical

science

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ARE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE SAME?

• _SCIENCE

_IS

ACQUIRING

KNOWLEDGE.

• _TECHNOLOGY

_IS

THE APPLICATION

OF SCIENCE TO

HELP

PEOPLE.

4

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SKILLS SCIENTISTS USE

• SCIENCE – THE STUDY OF THE NATURAL WORLD

• _{WHAT DOES THAT MEAN?}

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OBSERVING

• USING ONE OR MORE SENSES TO GATHER INFORMATION.

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QUALITATIVE/QUANTITATIVE

• QUALITATIVE – DESCRIPTIONS THAT DO NOT INVOLVE

NUMBERS

• _{NOTICING THE APPLE IS GREEN} • NOTICING THE BOX IS SQUARE

• _{QUANTITATIVE – INVOLVE MEASUREMENTS}

• HEIGHT • WEIGHT • _{HOW MANY}

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INFERRING

• BASED ON REASONING FROM WHAT YOU ALREADY KNOW.

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PREDICTING

• MAKING A FORECAST OF WHAT WILL HAPPEN IN THE

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PHYSICAL SCIENCE

• _{Physical Science: The study of}

matter and energy

• _{Matter: the stuff the universe is}

made of

• _{Energy: ability to do work}

• _{Two major classes of physical}

science

• _{Chemistry: the study of}

interactions of matter

• _{Physics: the study of motion and}

energy

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THEORIES & LAWS

• _{Law: describes a process in nature that can be}

tested by repeated experiments

• _{Based on facts and have been proven, If not}

supported by new information, the law is rejected

• _{Law of Conservation of Energy}

•

Theory: attempts to explain

why

these

processes and observations are so.

• _{Based on observations and can be tested, If new}

information if discovered, the theory is changed

• _{Theory of Evolution}

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MODELS & TECHNOLOGY

• _{Model: any}

representation of an object or a system

• _{Technology: the}

application of science for practical purposes

• _{We are surrounded by}

this daily!

• _{Cathode Rays, CT}

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THE WAY SCIENCE WORKS

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SCIENTIFIC METHOD

• _{Method of organizing information and solving}

problems

1. Make an observation (use your 5 senses) 2. Ask a question

3. Research

4. Form a hypothesis (predict an outcome) 5. Experiment (test the hypothesis)

6. Analyze your results (record and organize your data)

7. Draw conclusion (was your prediction correct?) 8. Repeat your work and share it with others

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DATA

• _{Qualitative: data that}

cannot be measured, it

describes a QUALITY

• _{The softness of a cat’s fur, the}

color of the sky

• _{Quantitative: data involving}

number, it shows a

QUANTITY

• _{The age of your car, the hairs}

on your head

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LAB SAFETY

• _{Failure to follow}

lab safety rules

will result in

disciplinary

consequences!

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EQUIPMENT

• Metric Ruler: measures distance in centimeters, each line in between represents a millimeter (one tenth of a centimeter)

• Graduated Cylinder: measures volume in milliliters

• Meniscus: lowest point of the

curve, read from here by putting

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MEASUREMENT

• _{Math is the language of}

science

• _{Scientists use the SI system}

(Systeme International

d’Unites) because it is

consistent

• _{The SI system is based on}

the metric system and has

BASE UNITS of

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METRIC SYSTEM

• Measurements are made in specific units called BASE UNITS

• _{Length: distance}

• _{Base Unit: meter (m)}

• _{Volume: amount of space something takes up}

• _{Base Unit: liter (L) for liquids, centimeters cubed (cm3) for}

solids

• _{Mass: amount of matter in an object (not the same as weight)} • _{Base Unit: gram (g)}

• _{Time: the amount of time something takes} • _{Base Unit: second (s)}

• _{Temperature: how hot or cold something is} • _{Base Unit: Celsius (}_°_{C) or Kelvin (K)}

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METRIC SYSTEM

• _{Some measurements are too large or small to be measured}

in meters, liters, or grams so we add prefixes to them in order to avoid decimals and a lot of zeroes

• _{Prefix: something added to the front of a word to change its}

meaning

• _{Metric prefixes represent multiples of ten}

• _{Add the prefix symbol to the base unit symbol when writing a}

unit of measurement

kilo meter

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METRIC SYSTEM

km = 1,000 meters

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ORGANIZING DATA

SECTION 3

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GRAPHS

• _Graphing

_{is an important procedure}

used by scientists to display data

collected during an experiment.

• _{There are three types of graphs}

• _{Line, Bar, Pie}

• _{Each graph contains items that help you}

read the graph and understand the data

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GRAPHS

• _{Line Graphs: Shows}

continuous change, and the relationship between two variables

• _{Bar Graph: Show a comparison}

between similar items or events, or representing a single value for many items

• _{Pie Graph: Show the parts of a}

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GRAPHS

• _{Title: tells what the}

graph is about. It should be a concise statement placed above the graph.

• _{Dependent variable}_:

placed on the y-axis (vertical)

• _{Independent variable}:

placed on the x- axis

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GRAPHS

• _{Variable Scales: A scale is}

used so you know where to

plot the points representing

the data and must include

all the data points.

• _{The scales}_{should start}

with 0 and increase by the

same amount, your data

will determine these values

• _{Legend: a key to reading}

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SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

• _{Scientific notation is used to express really BIG or}

SMALL numbers more easily.

• _{It is expressed as 2 factors:}

• _{Factor #1: a number between 1 and 10} • _{Factor #2: a power of ten}

6.8 x 104 = 68,000

• _{The exponent on 10 tells you the number of places to}

move to the decimal

• _{If the exponent is positive, you move to the right} • _{If it is negative, you move to the left}

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QUICK CONVERSIONS

• _{6.7 X10}-7

• _{2.31 X10}5

• _{5.79 X10}3

• _{4.19 X10}-5

• _.0065 • _94,100,000 • _.000000065 • _9,840 • _.00000067 • ₂₃₁₀₀₀ • ₅₇₉₀ • _.0000419

• _{6.5 X10}-3

• _{9.41 X10}7

• _{6.5 X10}-8

• _{9.84 X10}3