MACROSCOPIC
ANATOMY
r - - - -
Snout - - - External naris Brows pot Upper eyelid Nictitating membrane ~)f~~~~=:::::::::::::=;E;::: Lower eyelid• Digits of Fingers
..J.---"'1~-:S:r-- Tympanic membrane ... ,~... Carpus or wrist
~'l.ldOr--- Forearm
Upper arm
r - - - Median dorsal line . . . - - - Hump
(~\ fl Cf\ TID~~
t>h~·\L\W\ ·• (M()n:\Wq .
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~.rt\ .. .~.~~ ,W\).tJf!. - · Tarsus or ankle _ . ,.. :"M·)v
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Prehallux-!"V,A(lu:\il:l
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f\c\Ji:h\-~.!:,;:::>-- Digits of toes J Web
~---Darkly pigmented
A MALE FROG Ventral view
A FEMALE FROG Ventral view
are~ of the skin
SwoJ._J .. en thumb
Diffused skin pigmentation
•-~~--Thumb not swollen
Ischium SKELETAL SYSTEM Dorsal View Metatarsals Astragalus]Tarsals Calcaneum
Transverse process Neural spine Postzygapophysis VERTEBRAL COLUMN Dorsal view 2nd to 8th vertebrae (Typical vertebrae) Sacral vertebra (9th vertebra)
Concavities for articulation lvi th sacral vertebra
ISOLATED VERTEBRAE
ATLAS Antero-dorsal view Neural spine Neural arch Postzygapophysis Neural canalConcavity for articulation with occipital condyle Centrun .---Neural spine ~---Postzygapophysis Transverse process ~~~~---Prezygapophysis ..._ _ _ _ Neural canal ~~---Centrum TYPICAL VETEBRA Antero-dorsal view SACRAL VERTEBRA Postern-dorsal view Neural canal UROSTYLE
Antero-latera! view
centrum
SKULL Dorsal view Exoccipital Occipital condyle ~---Premaxillae orbit SKULL Ventral view
LOWER JAW Dorsal view HYOID APPARATUS Ventral view Anterior cornu Alary process Body Posterior cor-nu Thyroid process
--- Episternum Omosternum Clavicle Scapula Suprascapula Glenoid fossa. Fenestra coracoid Epicoracoid
r---.::..:::
Mesosternum PECTORAL GIRDLE Dorsal view PELVIC GIRDLE, 1/2 (INNOMINATE BONE) Lateral view XiphistermnHead Deltoid ridge/'~· Condyle Radio-ulna Longitudinal groove Centrale Ordinary carpals Metacarpals Radiale -"""'o'!;I'J !l:i(tl.==-Phalanges Ulnare FOREUMB, R1ght Lataral Vtt1111 Tibio-fibula ~-Calcaneum or fib111are Astragalus or tibiale ~--~-- Ordinary tarsals Calcar AA~..,.,'Hf--Metatarsals '~~~~~~Phalanges HINDLIMB, RIGHT Ventral view
~~~---~-rr---Temporalis
~~:.---nm-;.;y---Depressor mandibula
~~~~~~~~~~~~==Dorsal1s
scapula~ ~rj;;,r--Cucullaris
~\~~?// Latissimus dorsi
IH/IJ/II~r-...;::~=---External oblique m.mmr---Longissimus dorsi
llfi~~---Ilio-lumbaris
~~~~~---Coccygeo-sacralis
~~~~i---==========Coccygeo-iliacus
~ femoris anticus
m~~~~wBwm~~---Gluteus
:f'(U~~~ ~::m.::rn.---Vast us externus
\~---Triceps femoris Semimembranosus n~~~~---Gracilis minor fi---Tibialis anticus J:..!!.-.!.----Tendon of Achilles MUSCULAR SYSTEM Dorsal view
cutaneous~~~~tfl\1
pectoralis Suanentalis is0
tC
r.:.(
·s
Scapulo-humeralis or deltoid s epicoracofaaa-- -(Anterior pectoralis) --'"----Pectoralis sternalis AU~---PeCtoralis ~is (Posterior pectoralis)Linea alba----~~~~\1:~~~---~Rectus abdominis
Inscriptiones tendinae Sartori mag nus Gracil major Gracili minor Tibia-.---;;.; fibula vn:;b£~ .·~~i" n;(~~
tt,_,ie;r ~.(.i d<i" ;~ {(I~
~~~~-Semitendinosus
Gracilis major (~t) (Rect"US int,ernus major") L-ww~~--·Gracilis minor ) (Rectus internus minor
MUSCULAR qysTEM,
·Ventral view
Extensor cruris
anticus t~~'(J\t~·. Flexor tarsi anterior
lib;t
tli~ lU~\1
t.tl .. '.. l.JC~;~
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\l'''~Ji·~.~--- Median subrostral fossa pulvinar rostrale Lateral subrostral fossa Internal naris or
c"hoana1
'---~per
lip fold~~~~~--- Vomerine teeth
~~~--- Sulcus marginalis
~~~--- Maxillary teeth
-~;,;:;iii;;---- Orbital prominence. Opening into the Esophagus
Eustachian tube "fl{·.(.tf·~ -Laryngeal ·prominence
~---Tuberculum prelinguale
Jugular.vein Carotid artery Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein Nasal cavity Mouth cavity ·Brain Esophagus Abdominal vein Small intestine INTERNAL. ORGANS, Lateral view Spinal cord Pelvic.girdle Kidney Adrenal gland Mesonephric
quct
Renal.portal vein Cloaca Anus Urinary bladder Large intestine " - " - - - -· Testis Spleen Fat body Postcava...---419.~-$kin ---~~;--Dorsal subcutaneous lymph space Epaxial muscles orizontal skeletogenous septum ·~~~~--Trunk vertebra Kidney isterna magna or subvertebral lymph sinus
Gonadl=Jt~~::::::::==~~
Dorsal-mesentery Stomach -~~:r.--rrt Omentum ____ ~~~~~-J Duodenum __:~~;.::?o:;:c--Linea alba---~~;:~~~~~;;~ Ventro-lateral subcutaneous
connective tissue Ventral subcutaneous lymph space Ventral abdominal ve:i.n
Lung Corpora adiposa Spleen Testis Kidney
COELOM AND VISCERA
Ventral view of a Male Frog
Heart Liver Gall bladder Pancreas Stanach Duodenum }Small Ileum intestine Large intestine Cloaca Anus
Duodenum~--~~~~~ Ileum __ ~---~·~ Mesentery proper or Mesenterium DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Ventral View
Dr~~---
Cricoid cartilage ;,_~~~~~---LaryrucEntrance of -~--~----~~ Wolffian duct
MALE UROGENITAL SYSTEM
Ventral view
Fat body or Corpora adiposa Postcava Testis Vas efferens Adrenal gland Kidney Renal vein Mesonephric duct or Wolffian duct Vestigial oviduct Entrance of oviduct Urinary bladder Cloaca Anus
.~~~r--- Fat body or corpora adiposa +--1-~~U...---\---Postcava ~~--~----Kidney ~-~---OViduct ovary_.,____, with eggs
fri~;.---...._ _ _ Mesonephric duct or
Wolffian duct of oviduct ~-,~----~---urinary bladder 4--T~---Cloaca ..__....,&.j~ ~---Anus
FEMALE UROGENITAL SYSTEM
Ventricle Lung Liver Gall bladder Kidney Ventra1--~~~~~~r-lr~ abdominal V. Pulmonary V. Sinus venosus Hepatic
v.
Bepatic portal V. Postcavav.
v.
v.
v.
intestine Femoral v.---Sciatic V.---, ~~~----~-Urinary bladder ~~~~~---Pelvic V. VENOUS SYSTEMVentral view of a Female Frog
v.
Truncus a r t e r i o s u s
-Common carotid A---~
carotid A. Systemic arch _ _ _ Pulmo-cutaneous A. Pulmonary A. ____ _ ---=..:...._ Right -lung
----~
Conus arteriosus ---~----~~~~ Syst~~ic A.---~-~~~· Coeliaco-mesenteric A. Adi{:X)sal A.Anterior mesenteric A.-+~~
ovarian A. ---~~~ (spermatic ·A. in A. A. A. A. Left gastric A. Hepatic A. ~~~~~~Right gastric A. Pancreatic A. Jr;'~~:!r=~L Duodenal A. the male) . Intestinal As. K1dney
Renal
As.---t~~~~~~;!.~~2=~JJ~--
Splenic A.Oviducal A. Spleen
Posterior mesenteric A.~~~~--~~•
Right common iliac A---~~~~~
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Epigastric A.~---~--~~~~~ A.
- - -
~o-=--- Sciatic A. Epigastrico-vesical ~ecto-vesical A. ---~ ARTERIAL SYSTEM Ventral view of a Female FrogA. A.
Right arteriosus
HEART
Dorsal viewHEART
Ventral view Truncus arteriosus Right Precava Pulloonary veins Right auricle Sinus venosus Coronary sulcus Postcava Ventricle Truncus arteriosus Left precava Left auricle Coronary sulcus PostcavaBrain Spinal cord ., .:·: .... ~~. 0 ·',. . 0 ·.· ·. Olfactory nerve r - - - - Olfactory lobe or Optic lobe or cerebellum -.~ . or Medulla . ;.'; "·' ·;· •:
..
'.: .. Brachial enlargement ..,
·.:: •. Dorsal fissure :: :-: Lumbar enlargement ~--~ Roots of posterior spinal nerves Filum tenninale Cauda EquinaBRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
Optic --::ir7'"'"'t.~ chiasma . . . ~ ·
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Olfactory nerveTelencephalon or Cerebral hemisphere Optic nerve
Optic tract Infundibulum
Oculomotor nerve
,Hypophysis or pituitary body
Mesencephalon or Optk lobe Abducens nerve BraChial enlargement Ventral fissure L\.Dbar enlargement Roots of posterior spinal nerves cauda equina
BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
Metenceph_alon
Olfactory nerve ( 1) Olfactory lobe
Telencephalon
Pineal body or Epiph_ysis Diencephalon Mesencephalon Trochlear nerve (4) Trigeminal nerve (5) Facial nerve {7) Auditory nerve (8) Glossopharyngeal nerve ( 9) Vagus nerve (1 0)
BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES
Dorsal view Spinal Olfactory nerve (1) Telencephalon Optic nerve (2) Optic tract Infundibulum Oculomotor nerve ( 3) Trigeminal nerve (5) Facial nerve ( 7) Auditory nerve (8) Glossopharyngeal nerve {9) Vagus nerve (10)
BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES
'~--- Olfactory nerve J--- Olfactory lobe lst and 2nd ventricles or Lateral ventricles ~---~ Telencephalon Foramen of Monro 3rd ventricle or
CAVITIES OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
