3 S 3 'S INNOVATIVE MULTI-PURPOSE OFFSHORE PLATFORMS

3 S 3 'S

INNOVATIVE

MULTI-PURPOSE

OFFSHORE

INTRODUCTION

I

n c re a s in g ly , E u ro p e a n seas an d o ce ans a re s u b je c t to th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f m a rin e in fr a s tr u c tu r e such as o ffs h o re w in d fa r m s , e n e rg y ex­ tr a c tio n fr o m tid e s and w aves as w e ll as m a rin e a q u a c u ltu re in o r d e r to m e e t th e d e m a n d fo r e n e rg y an d s e a fo o d .T h e s e

novel o ffs h o re a c tiv itie s re ­ q u ir e s p e c ific te c h n o lo g y and g o ve rn a n ce in o r d e r to a d dress th e c h a lle n g e s lin k e d w ith th e in s ta lla tio n , o p e ra tio n and m a in te n a n c e o f th e se fa c ilitie s . M o re o ve r, th e d e v e lo p m e n t and o p e ra tio n o f m a rin e in fr a s tr u c tu r e e x e rt e n v ir o n ­

m e n ta l p re s s u re on th e oceans, th r e a te n in g m a rin e e co syste m s. In th is re g a rd , It Is c ru c ia l th a t th e e c o n o m ic co sts, th e use o f m a rin e space and th e e n v ir o n ­ m e n ta l Im p a c ts o f th e se a c tiv ­ itie s re m a in w ith in a c c e p ta b le lim its . O ffs h o re p la tfo r m s th a t c o m b in e m u lt ip le fu n c tio n s w ith in th e sam e In f r a s tr u c tu r e can o ff e r s ig n ific a n t b e n e fits in te rm s o f e c o n o m ic s , o p tim is in g s p a tia l p la n n in g and re d u c in g th e im p a c t on th e e n v iro n m e n t.

EUROPEAN

POLICY CONTEXT

T

he E u ro p e a n In te g ra te d M a r itim e P o lic y ( IM P , CO M ( 2 0 0 7 ) 5 7 5 ) seeks to p ro v id e a m o re c o h e re n t a p ­ p ro a c h to m a r itim e issues, w ith in cre a se d c o o rd in a tio n be tw een d iffe r e n t p o lic y a re a s . I t cove rs several c ro s s -c u ttin g p o lic ie s , o f w h ic h 'B lu e g r o w th ' (C O M ( 2 0 1 2 ) 0 4 9 4 ) a n d 'M a r it im e s p a tia l p la n n in g '( C O M ( 2 0 1 3 ) 1 3 3 ) a re o f s p e c ific im p o rta n c e w ith re g a rd to m u lti- u s e o f f ­ sh o re p la tfo r m s . B lu e g r o w th is th e lo n g -te r m s tra te g y to s u p p o rt s u s ta in a b le g r o w th in th e m a rin e and m a r itim e sec­ to r s as a w h o le , w h ile m a r itim e s p a tia l p la n n in g is a b o u t p la n ­ ning w h e n and w h e re h u m a n a c tiv itie s ta k e p la ce a t sea - to e n su re th e se a re as e ffic ie n t and s u s ta in a b le as p o ssib le .

T he e n v iro n m e n ta l p illa r o f th e IM P is c o n s titu te d by th e

M a rin e S tra te g y F ra m e w o rk

D ire c tiv e ( M S F D , D ire c tiv e 2 0 0 8 /5 6 /E C ) , w h ic h in te n d s to a ch ie ve th e G ood E n v iro n m e n ­ ta l S ta tu s (G E S ) o f th e E u ro ­ pean m a rin e w a te rs by 2 0 2 0 as w e ll as th e p r o te c tio n o f th e re s o u rc e s on w h ic h e c o n o m ic an d s o c ia l a c tiv itie s de p e n d . In o r d e r to d e s c rib e th e G E S , 11 d e s c rip to r s w e re d e fin e d , seve ral o f w h ic h a re re le v a n t f o r th e c o n s tru c tio n , o p e ra tio n an d d e c o m m is s io n in g o f m u l­ ti-u s e o ffs h o re p la tfo r m s (e .g . s e a flo o r in te g rity , h y d ro g ra p h ic fe a tu re s an d u n d e rw a te r noise an d o th e r fo r m s o f e n e rg y ).

EUROPEAN

POLICY CONTEXT

B

esides th e a fo re m e n ­ tio n e d in te g ra te d p o lic y , s e c to ra l le g is la tio n and p o lic ie s e x is t w ith re g a rd to th e d iffe r e n t use r fu n c tio n s o f th e m u lti- u s e o ffs h o re p la tfo rm s . E u ro p e has e m p h a s iz e d th e im p o rta n c e o f o ffs h o re w in d e n e rg y to a ch ie ve its ta r g e t to g e t 2 0 % o f E u ro p e 's e n e rg y fr o m re n e w a b le so u rce s by

2 0 2 0 in seve ral c o m m u n i­ c a tio n s (e .g . C O M ( 2 0 0 8 ) 7 6 8 ) . T he E u ro p e a n p o lic y on a q u a c u ltu re ( in c h m a r ic u ltu r e ) is in c lu d e d in th e C o m m o n F is h e rie s P o lic y ( C F P ) .T h e s tra te g y f o r s u s ta in a b le d e ve l­ o p m e n t o f E u ro p e a n a q u a c u l­ tu r e w a s e la b o ra te d in CO M ( 2 0 0 9 ) 1 6 2 a n d C O M ( 2 0 1 3 ) 2 2 9 . F u rth e rm o re , several o th e r E u ro p e a n d ire c tiv e s a re ( in d ir e c tly ) im p o r ta n t f o r th e user fu n c tio n s o f m u lti- u s e o ffs h o re p la tfo rm s , such as th e H a b ita ts D ire c tiv e , B ird s

D ire c tiv e o r W a te r F r a m e w o rk D ire c tiv e .

INTERNATIONAL

POLICY CONTEXT

T

he U n ite d N a tio n s C o n v e n tio n on th e L a w o f th e S ea (U N C L O S ; UN 1 9 8 2 ) is a u n iv e rs a l s yste m o f la w s and ru le s f o r th e w o r ld 's oceans an d seas, c o v e rin g e x­ te n s iv e ly th e use o f th e oceans and t h e ir n a tu ra l re so u rce s. U N C L O S in tro d u c e s som e c o n c e p ts an d re g u la tio n s w h ic h a re o f s p e c ific Im p o rta n c e fo r th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f m u lti- u s e o ffs h o re p la tfo r m s : • C o u n trie s w ith co a sts have s o ve re ig n rig h ts In a 2 0 0 - n a u tlc a l m ile e x c lu s iv e e c o n o m ic zone ( E E Z ) w ith re s p e c t to n a tu ra l re so u rce s and s p e c ific e c o n o m ic a c ­ tiv itie s , and exe rcise a u th o r ­ ity o v e r m a rin e s c ie n tific re s e a rc h and e n v iro n m e n ta l p r o te c tio n .

• W ith re g a rd to n a v ig a tio n , U N C L O S s tip u la te s t h a t th e c o a s ta l s ta te m ay, in its E E Z o r ab ove its c o n tin e n ta l she lf, w h e re necessary, e s ta b lis h re a s o n a b le s a fe ty zones a ro u n d a r t if ic ia l isla n d s, in s ta lla tio n s and s tru c tu re s in w h ic h it m a y ta k e a p p ro ­ p r ia te m e a su re s to e n su re th e s a fe ty o f n a v ig a tio n and o f th e a r t if ic ia l is la n d s , in s ta lla ­ tio n s an d s tru c tu re s . • U N C L O S re g u la te s th e d e c o m m is s io n in g o f o ffs h o re In s ta lla tio n s , such as w in d tu r b in e s , once p ro d u c tio n has ceased.

F u rth e rm o re , th e re a re som e c o n v e n tio n s o f th e In t e r n a ­ tio n a l M a r itim e O rg a n iz a tio n ( IM O ) w ith re g a rd to m a r itim e s a fe ty w h ic h a re ( In d ir e c t ly ) re le v a n t f o r th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f m u lti- u s e o ffs h o re p la tfo rm s , such as th e C o n v e n tio n on th e In te r n a tio n a l R e g u la tio n s fo r P re v e n tin g C o llis io n s a t Sea (C O L R E G ) a n d th e In t e r n a ­ tio n a l C o n v e n tio n f o r th e S a fe ­ ty o f L ife a t S ea (S O L A S ) .

SOCIO­

ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE

T

he s o c ia l an d e c o n o m ic p o te n tia l o f E u ro p e 's s o - c a lle d 'B lu e E c o n o m y ' is im m e n s e . A c c o rd in g to th e E u ro p e a n C o m m is s io n , th is e c o n o m y re p re s e n ts 5 .4 m illio n jo b s a n d a g ro ss a d d e d v a lu e o f ju s t u n d e r € 5 0 0 b illio n a yea r. T h e M ER M A I D p r o je c t a d d re sse s se ve ra l s e c to rs o f th e b lu e e c o n o m y w h ic h a re in te rd e p e n d e n t and m a y b e n e fit fr o m s h a re d in f r a - an d p o te n tia l o f th e se s e c to rs s tr u c tu r e a n d c o m m o n s k ills . a re e la b o ra te d b e lo w . The s o c ia l a n d e c o n o m ic size

THE BLUE ECONOMY ACCOUNTS

FOR 5.4 M ILLION JOBS AND

A GROSS ADDED VALUE

O F APPROXIMATELY

500 BILLION EUROS

EU C O M M IS S IO N - DG M A R I T I M E A F F A IR S & F I S H E R IE S In re c e n t ye a rs, o ffs h o re w in d p o w e r g e n e ra tio n has e xp a n d e d r a p id ly in E u ro p e , p a r tly as a re s u lt o f th e E U p o lic y on re n e w a b le en ergy. B y 2 0 1 3 , a t o t a l o f 2 ,0 8 0 tu rb in e s had been in s ta lle d an d g rid c o n n e c te d in 6 9 w in d fa r m s in th e E u ro p e a n seas and o ce ans. These tu r b in e s a c c o u n t f o r a to t a l c a p a c ity o f 6 ,5 6 2 M W , re p re s e n tin g m o re th a n 9 0 % o f th e o ffs h o re w in d e n e rg y c a p a c ity w o r ld w id e .T h e a n n u a l in v e s tm e n ts in th is s e c to r ra n g e

b e tw een € 4 .6 b illio n an d € 6 .4 b illio n ( 2 0 1 3 ) . I t is en visa ged t h a t o ffs h o re w in d c o u ld m e e t 4 % o f th e EU e le c t r ic ity d e m a n d by 2 0 2 0 and 1 4 % by 2 0 3 0 (E U c o m m u n ic a tio n on B lu e G ro w th ). O ffs h o re w a v e e n e rg y Is s till in a d e v e lo p m e n t phase, a lth o u g h its p o te n tia l is hu ge. A c c o r d ­ ing to C ru z e t a l. ( 2 0 0 8 ) , th e to t a l a v a ila b le w a ve p o w e r o f a ll c o a s tlin e s in th e w o rld is c o m p a ra b le to th e c u r re n t w o rld e le c t r ic ity c o n s u m p ­ tio n . W a ve p o w e r device s a re c u r r e n t ly be in g d e m o n s tra te d an d u n d e rw a te r tu r b in e s d riv e n by c u r re n ts ( tid a l o r o th e r) are clo se to c o m m e rc ia lis a tio n . In t o t a l, 2 2 M W o f w a ve and c u r r e n t d e vice s w e re in s ta lle d in 2 0 1 2 . On a g lo b a l scale, a q u a c u ltu re is th e fa s te s t-g ro w in g an im al fo o d -p ro d u c in g sector, c o n trib ­ u tin g s ig n ific a n tly to th e ove rall im p ro v e m e n t in h u m an d ie t. A q u a c u ltu re p ro d u c tio n in the

E uro pean U nion Is In th e region o f 1 .3 m illio n tonnes w ith an associated value o f € 3 .2 b illio n .

T h is re prese nts 2 .3 % o f th e t o t a l w o rld a q u a c u ltu re p ro ­ d u c tio n in te rm s o f v o lu m e and 4 % in te rm s o f v a lu e . 2 8 % o f E u ro p e 's a q u a c u ltu re p ro d u c ­ tio n c o n ce rn s s e a w a te r fish w h ile m o llu s c s a n d c ru s ta c e a n s a c c o u n t f o r 5 0 % . M o s t o f th e a q u a c u ltu re businesses in th e EU a re S M Es, p ro v id in g a ro u n d 8 0 ,0 0 0 jo b s . S o u rc e s : C ru z e t a l. ( 2 0 0 8 ) - O cean w ave e n e rg y : c u r r e n t s ta tu s a n d fu t u r e p e rs p e c tiv e s ; E W E A O ffs h o re W in d E n e rg y S ta tis tic s 2 0 1 3 ; G W E C G lo b a l W in d S ta tis tic s 2 0 1 2 ; FA O The s ta te o f w o r ld fis h e rie s a n d a q u a c u ltu re ( 2 0 1 2 ) , F a c ts a n d fig u re s o f th e C F P ( 2 0 1 2 ) a n d C O M ( 2 0 1 2 ) 4 9 4 on b lu e g r o w th

RESEARCH ON

MULTI-USE

PLATFORMS

H O R K PACKAGES MERMAID

W P l P ro je c t m a n a g e m e n t

W P 2 A ssessm e nt o f p o licy, p la n n in g & m a n a g e m e n t s tra te g ie s

W P 3 D e v e lo p m e n t o f re n e w a b le e n e rg y c o n v e rs io n fr o m w in d & w aves

W P 4 S y s te m s f o r s u s ta in a b le a q u a c u ltu re & e c o lo g ic a lly based design

W P 5 In t e r a c t io n o f p la tfo r m s w ith h y d ro d y n a m ic c o n d itio n s & seabed

W P 6 T r a n s p o rt and o p tim iz a tio n o f In s ta lla tio n , o p e ra tio n & m a in te n a n c e

W P 7 In n o v a tiv e p la t fo r m p la n & design

W P 8 E c o n o m ic a l, te c h n ic a l & e n v iro n m e n ta l f e a s ib ility o f m u lti- u s e p la tfo r m s

W P 9 P ro je c t d is s e m in a tio n & o u tre a c h a c tiv itie s

T

he M ER M A ID p r o je c t

( E U - F P 7 , w w w . m e rm a ld p ro je c t.e u ) d e velops c o n c e p ts f o r n e x t-g e n e ra - tlo n o ffs h o re p la tfo r m s fo r m u lti- u s e o f oce an space fo r e n e rg y e x tr a c tio n , a q u a c u ltu re a n d p la t fo r m - r e la te d tr a n s p o r t. T he p r o je c t does n o t e n visa ge b u ild in g ne w p la tfo rm s , b u t a lm s a t e x a m in in g d iffe r e n t c o n c e p ts , such as a c o m b in a ti­ on o f s tru c tu re s o r c o m p le te ly n e w s tru c tu re s on re p re s e n ­ ta t iv e s ite s u n d e r d iffe r e n t c o n d itio n s . In a d d itio n , p r o je c t d e v e lo p m e n t g u id e lin e s w ill be p ro d u c e d f o r s ta k e h o ld e rs and e n d -u s e rs , a d d re s s in g a w id e ra n g e o f Issues such as business a n d te c h n ic a l asp e cts a n d spa­ t ia l s o c io -e c o n o m ic p la n n in g .

T he M E R M A I D c o n s o rtiu m c o n s is ts o f 2 9 E u ro p e a n p a r t ­ ne rs b rin g in g to g e th e r e x p e rtis e f r o m b o th science and In d u s try .

Besides, th e E u ro p e a n C o m m is ­ sion g ra n te d tw o o th e r re se a rch p ro je c ts w ith re g a rd to m u lt i­ use o ffs h o re p la tfo r m s : • T h e H 2 0 C E A N p r o je c t ( E U- F P 7 , w w w .h 2 o c e a n -p ro je c t. e u ), a im e d a t th e d e v e lo p ­ m e n t o f a w in d -w a v e p o w e r op e n -se a p la t fo r m e q u ip p e d f o r h y d ro g e n g e n e ra tio n w ith s u p p o rt f o r m u lt ip le users o f energy. • T h e T R O P O S p r o je c t ( E U- F P 7 , w w w .tr o p o s p la tfo r m . e u ), a im e d a t th e d e v e lo p ­ m e n t o f a flo a tin g m o d u la r m u lti- u s e p la t fo r m system f o r use In deep w a te rs .

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8

CASE STUDIES

T

he M E R M A ID p r o je c t c o n s id e rs fo u r o ffs h o re s tu d y site s f o r m u lti- u s e o ffs h o ­ re p la tfo r m s . S ite -s p e c ific de­ signs a re be in g de ve lo p e d based on an e x te n s iv e s ta k e h o ld e r c o n s u lta tio n p rocess and th e

e n v iro n m e n ta l c h a ra c te ris tic s o f ea ch s ite .T h e v a rio u s c o n ­ c e p tu a l de sig ns a re p re se n te d in th e n e x t p a r t o f th is b o o k le t.

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BA LTIC SEASTTE M ADDEN - NORTH S-EA SITE A T L A N T IC OCEAN SITE

ATLANTIC OCEAN

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C

O M B IN A T IO N U S E R F U N C T IO N & DE S IG N Based on th e a v a ila b le re s o u r­ ces an d th e c h a r a c te r is tic s o f th e A t la n t ic S ite , a c o m b in a ti­ on o f o ffs h o re w in d a n d w ave e n e rg y e x tr a c tio n Is o p te d fo r. The p ro p o s e d sc e n a rio c o n s is ts o f an a r r a y o f 5 M W w a ve e n e rg y c o n v e rte rs and 2 .5 M W w in d tu rb in e s . Due to th e w a te r d e p th In th e s tu d y site , o n ly flo a tin g devices

w ill be ta k e n In to c o n s id e ra ti­ o n . H ence, th e la tte r c o n c e p t w ill be o f p a r t ic u la r in te re s t fo r c o u n trie s w ith a n a rro w

c o n tin e n ta l she lf. T he de sig n o f th is m u lti- u s e

o ffs h o re p la t fo r m is espe­ c ia lly c h a lle n g in g due to

th e v e ry ro u g h w a ve and w in d c o n d itio n s in th e A t la n t ic S ite .

O

u t l o o k & C H A L L E N G E S In th e fu t u r e , o th e r user fu n c tio n s such as le is u re and m a r itim e tr a n s p o r t m a y be In te g ra te d In th e p la tfo r m . F u rth e rm o re , th e e n v iro n m e n ­ ta l im p a c t o f th e c o n v e rte rs , s tru c tu re s a n d fo u n d a tio n s sh o u ld be e lu c id a te d in m o re d e ta il, an d p o te n tia l m itig a tio n m e a su re s and e c o -c o m p a tlb le de sig n s o lu tio n s sh o u ld be id e n tifie d .

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ATLANTIC SITE FACTSHEET

G eograp hical lo c a tio n A t la n t ic O cean, n o r th o f S p a in

S u rfa c e area of study site O ffsh o re distance Depth S u b s tra te W a te r te m p e ra tu re M ax . tid a l c u rre n ts W ave heights M ean wave energy p o te n tia l

1 0 0 k m 2 3 - 2 0 km 5 0 - 2 5 0 m m ix o f sa n d y and ro c k y seabed 1 0 - 2 0 °C 1 .5 cm /s M o s tly < 6 m 2 0 k W /m on 5 0 m d e p th Average w in d speed 7 .5 m /s

MEDITERRANEAN

SEA

C

O M B IN A T IO N U S E R F U N C T IO N & D E S IG N T he c o n c e p tu a l de sig n o f th e p la t fo r m In th e M e d ite rra n e a n s ite In clu d e s w a ve e n e rg y ex­ t r a c tio n , w in d e n e rg y e x tr a c tio n a n d fish fa r m in g .T w o w ave e n e rg y e x tr a c tio n de vice s are b e in g c o m p a re d : A flo a tin g w a v e e n e rg y d e vice m e a s u rin g 1 5 m w id e and 3 0 m lo n g , a n d W ave S ta r, a fix e d syste m on p ile s w ith flo a te rs (3 a rm s m e a s u rin g 8 0 m lo n g an d 8 m w id e ).T h e s e tw o typ e s o f w ave f a r m s m a y be c o m b in e d w ith th e fo llo w in g user fu n c tio n s :

• L a rg e m o n o -p lle tu rb in e s (e .g . V estas V 1 1 2 , 1 0 0 m h ig h ), to be In s ta lle d a t th e b o u n d a rie s o f th e w a v e fa r m . • M lc r o - w In d system s, such as a h o riz o n ta l a x is B e rg e y E X ­ C E L 1 0 tu r b in e (m e a s u rin g 2 5 m h ig h ), p la c e d on to p o f th e w a ve e n e rg y c o n v e rte rs .

• S ea cages an d cab le s f o r fish fa r m in g (e .g . M e d ite rr a n e ­ an sea bass ( D ic e n tra r c h u s

la b r a x ) a n d g llth e a d sea

b re a m (S p a ru s a u r a tu s ) ) o r m ussel fa r m in g a re being e x a m in e d .

The s tu d y s ite Is c h a ra c te ris e d by a r e la tiv e ly m ild c lim a te , w h ic h a llo w s f o r a sa fe In s ta l­ la tio n b u t s tro n g ly lim its th e b e n e fits o f a s in g le ­ p u rp o s e In s ta lla tio n , b o th because o f th e lim ite d a v a ila b le e n e rg y and due to th e s ig n ific a n t d is ta n c e fr o m th e s h o re as a re s u lt o f th e f la t sea b o tto m .

A c o m b in a tio n o f several user fu n c tio n s Is th e re fo re r e q u i­ red to c re a te an e c o n o m ic a lly v ia b le s o lu tio n .

O

u t l o o k & C H A L L E N G E S T he p r o x im ity o f m a r itim e t r a f f ic ro u te s a n d th e h a rb o r o f V enice o ffe rs o p p o rtu n itie s to In te g ra te tr a n s p o r ta tio n and s h ip p in g fa c ilitie s In th e m u lti- u s e o ffs h o re p la t fo r m . F u rth e rm o re , w o r k Is needed on th e s o c ia l p e rc e p tio n o f the se m u lti- u s e p la tfo rm s , th e

o p tim is e d In te g ra tio n o f th e de sig n and a d e ta ile d c o s t

and b e n e fit a n a ly s is .T h e te c h n o lo g ic a l c h a lle n g e s a re e s s e n tia lly re la te d to th e Im m a tu r ity o f w ave e n e rg y d e v e lo p m e n t. M o re s p e c ific a lly , th e de sig n o f th e m o o rin g syste m

A SHELTERED

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MEDITERRANEAN SITE FACTSHEET

G eog rap hical lo c a tio n

O ffsh o re distance Depth S u b s tra te W a te r te m p e ra tu re S a lin ity T id a l range M ean wave h eig h t E x p e cte d ann ual wave pow er A verage w ind speed E x p e cte d ann ual w ind power

N o rth e rn A d r ia t ic S ea, o f f th e c o a s t o f V enice 1 6 km 1 6 m , g e n tle slo p e to w a rd s s o u th e a st A m ix tu r e o f sand and m u d 1 4 °C ( + /- 6 ° C ) 2 7 .5 psu ( + / - 1 .5 psu) 0 .5 m ( + / - 0 .1 5 m ) 1 .2 5 m 3 k W /m 4 .5 4 m /s L a rg e tu r b in e s : 1 2 .7 G W h /y / 4 V e sta s V 1 1 2 tu r b in e s ( fo r th e flo a tin g w a v e e n e rg y d e v ic e s ), th e v e r if ic a tio n o f fo u n d a tio n s ta b ility ( f o r W ave S ta r ) an d th e im p ro v e d de sig n o f th e d e vice s and fa r m la y o u t to m a x im is e e n e rg y p r o d u c tio n de serve f u r t h e r In v e s tig a tio n . In a d d itio n , a m a jo r c h a lle n g e is to lim it th e e n v iro n m e n ta l Im p a c t.T h e s e le c tio n o f th e c o n s tru c tio n m a te ria ls a n d th e m a in te n a n c e p la n s sh o u ld th e ­ re fo re be c o n s id e re d c a r e fu lly .

MADDEN SEA

NORTH SEA

►OM BI NATI ON USER

►

FUNCTI ON & DESI GN

In a d d itio n to w in d energy, th e c o m b in a tio n w ith th e fo llo w in g p o te n tia l s e c o n d a ry fu n c tio n s w ill be s tu d ie d an d assessed:

• Seaweed fa r m in g : Seaw eed w ill In c re a s in g ly g a in Im p o r­ ta n c e as a ra w m a te ria l and Is c u r re n tly a lre a d y Im p o rte d by D u tch c o m p a n ie s fr o m A s ia and F ra n c e .T h e m o s t re le v a n t b e n e fit o f lo c a l c u ltiv a tio n is th e p o s s ib ility to o ffe r w e t seaweed on th e m a rk e t.

• S h e llfis h a q u a c u ltu r e :T h e s h e llfis h in d u s try is lo o k in g f o r a d d itio n a l fis h in g g ro u n d s f o r m ussel seed c o lle c to rs an d c u ltiv a t io n o f m ussels on lo n g lin e s . A n a d d itio n a l m a rk e t f o r 5 0 ,0 0 0 to n n e s o f blu e m ussels is e x p e c te d . • W a ve e n e rg y e x tr a c tio n : W a ve e n e rg y m a y be an o p tio n ; how ever, th e f ir s t stu d ie s re ve a l lim ite d e n e rg y p ro d u c tio n p o te n tia l.

A m o d u la r a p p ro a c h w ill be used f o r th e s tru c tu re s f o r sea­ w eed an d s h e llfis h c u ltiv a tio n , e n a b lin g an easy e x te n s io n o f th e a c tiv itie s .T h e s e s tru c tu re s w ill be lo c a te d in sid e and o u ts i­ de th e o ffs h o re w in d fa r m and w ill n o t be c o n n e c te d to th e tu r b in e s . A n a lte r n a tio n o f sea­ w eed an d s h e llfis h s tru c tu re s is e n visa g e d . F ish fa r m in g Is n o t fe a s ib le in th is s tu d y s ite due to th e hig h te m p e r a tu r e ( > 1 8 °C in s u m m e r) and th e re la tiv e ly s h a llo w w a te r ( 3 0 m ).

j U T L O O K &

' C H A L L E N GE S

In th e fu t u r e th e m u lti- u s e p la t fo r m m a y be e x te n d e d to o th e r use r fu n c tio n s such as fa c ilitie s f o r e n e rg y s to ra g e , to u r is m ( r e c re a tio n a l fis h e rie s and d iv in g t r ip s ) and fis h e rie s (p a ssive fis h in g g e a r).

S o m e o f th e key ch a lle n g e s t h a t d e serve f u r t h e r s tu d y a re : th e de sig n o f th e se a w e e d /m u s­ sel fa r m in g s yste m w ith in th e o ffs h o re w in d f a r m ( in te g r a tio n o f th e tw o typ e s o f a q u a c u ltu re , de sig n o f h a rv e s tin g e q u ip m e n t, e tc .), th e e c o lo g ic a l ch a lle n g e s lin k e d to a q u a c u ltu re a c t iv i­ tie s (e .g . r is k a sse ssm ent o f

AN ACTIVE

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MORPHOLOGY

B

SITE §

4

e n v iro n m e n ta l Im p a c t and th e m itig a tio n o f disea ses) and e v a lu a tio n o f th e e n v iro n m e n ta l and s o c io -e c o n o m ic b e n e fits o f th is m u lti- u s e p la tfo r m . T he o p e ra tio n a l ch a lle n g e s o f th is s tu d y s ite in c lu d e th e re la tiv e ly hig h d is ta n c e to th e n e a re s t m a in p o r t (8 5 k m ) and th e e x tre m e w a v e h e ig h ts w h ic h m a y o c c u r d u rin g s to rm s .

BALTIC SEA

C

O M B IN A T IO N U S E R F U N C T IO N & D E S IG N A n o ffs h o re w in d fa r m (7 5 tu r b in e s w ith a t o t a l c a p a ­ c ity o f 6 0 0 M W ) is a lre a d y sch e d u le d f o r c o n s tru c tio n In th is s tu d y s ite . T he M E R M A I D p r o je c t e x p lo re s th e th e o re tic a l p o s s ib ility to c o m b in e th is w in d f a r m , w h ic h sh o u ld be o p e r a ti­ o n a l in 2 0 2 0 , w ith a d d itio n a l a q u a c u ltu re a c tiv itie s :

• F ish fa r m ln g : T o ta l fish fa r m in g c a p a c ity is e s tim a te d a t a p p ro x im a te ly 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 to n n e s . W ith in 3 - 4 ye a rs, 1 0 ,0 0 0 to n n e s o f ra in b o w t r o u t o r A t la n t ic s a lm o n can be p ro d u c e d a n n u a lly , w ith a v a lu e o f € 4 0 m illio n . • S eaw eed fa r m in g : M o re s p e c ific a lly , th e c u ltiv a t io n o f

F u r c e lla r ia sp. is in v e s tig a te d given th a t th is seaw eed can be c u ltu re d In w a te rs w ith lo w s a lin ity , as p re s e n t in K rie g e rs F la k . In th e p re s e n t p la n s, th e w in d tu r b in e s w ill be o rg a n is e d In tw o g ro u p s , s e p a ra te d by a sand e x tr a c tio n a re a .T w o s e p a ra te fis h fa r m f a c ilitie s a re e n visa g e d In b e tw e e n th e tw o g ro u p s o f tu r b in e s so th a t th e y a re s h e lte re d by th e fo u n d a ­ tio n s o f th e m o n o p ile s . Each fa r m c o n s is ts o f 1 2 - 1 4 ro u n d cages (4 5 m in d ia m e te r and 1 2 - 1 5 m d e ep) and a fe e d in g b a rg e . S eaw ee d fa r m in g ( F u ­ r c e lla r ia s p .) w ill ta k e p la c e on s u b m e rg e d lo n g iin e s , w h ic h w ill also re d u c e th e w a ve im p a c t on th e fish cages.

O

u t l o o k & C H A L L E N G E S One o f th e c h a lle n g e s o f th is s tu d y s ite is th e s ig n ific a n t d is ta n c e to th e n e a re s t p o r t. T he c o m b in a tio n o f a q u a ­ c u ltu r e an d o ffs h o re w in d e n e rg y w ill th e re fo re p ro v id e s ig n ific a n t b e n e fits In te rm s o f tr a n s p o r ta tio n a n d h o u s in g . S t ill, th e o p e ra tio n a l d iffic u lt ie s w h e n c o m b in in g d iffe r e n t users sh o u ld be ta k e n in to a c c o u n t.

AH ESTUARIHE

SITE

T he m a in o b s ta c le to la rg e - scale fish fa r m in g c o u ld be th e e n v iro n m e n ta l im p a c t caused by th e re le ase o f n u tr ie n ts . In th is re g a rd , a s tu d y w ill be c o n ­ d u c te d to e x a m in e th e p o te n tia l o f sessile f ilt e r fe e d e rs liv in g on th e tu r b in e fo u n d a tio n to se q u e ste r a q u a c u ltu re w a s te .

F u tu re use o f m a c ro -a lg a l c u ltu re s f o r w a ve d a m p in g w ill re q u ire b o th in n o v a tio n and s m a ll-s c a le fie ld te s tin g .

GENERAL

CONCLUSIONS

AND OUTLOOK

T

he in te g ra tio n o f va ­ rio u s use r fu n c tio n s in a m u lti- u s e o ffs h o re p la t fo r m p ro v id e s s ig n ific a n t b e n e fits in te rm s o f s h a re d use o f in fr a ­ s tr u c tu r e (fo u n d a tio n s , m o o r­ ings, e n e rg y tra n s fe r, e tc .) , re ­ so u rce s ( s ta ff, m a te r ia l, energy, e n e rg y and th e e x p a n s io n o f s u s ta in a b le a q u a c u ltu re .T h e in ­ te g ra tio n o f m u lt ip le a c tiv itie s in one p la t fo r m is a ls o s tro n g ly e n c o u ra g e d in th e c o n te x t o f m a r itim e s p a tia l p la n n in g . M o re o v e r, th is c o m b in a tio n o f a c tiv itie s g e n e ra lly re s u lts in a

and in v o lv e p o te n tia l n e w user fu n c tio n s such as to u ris m , m a r itim e tr a n s p o r t, e n ergy s to ra g e an d fis h e rie s . S o m e o f th e key c h a lle n g e s a re fu r t h e r re d u c tio n o f th e e n v iro n m e n ta l im p a c t by m e ans o f e c o -c o m - p a tlb le de sig n s o lu tio n s and e la b o ra tio n o f a d e ta ile d co sts and b e n e fit a n a ly s is .

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MÁ I RE GEOGHEGAN- QUI NN, EUROPEAN COMMI SSI ONER

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e tc .) an d s e rvice s (m o n ito r in g , m a in te n a n c e , e tc . ) . Hence, m u lti- u s e p la tfo r m s m a y prove e c o n o m ic a lly v ia b le in cases w h e re s in g le -p u rp o s e p la tfo rm s a re n o t. I t Is e n visa g e d th a t th e se In te g ra te d p la tfo r m s w ill c o n tr ib u te to th e f u lf ilm e n t o f th e EU s tra te g ie s on re n e w a b le re d u ce d e n v iro n m e n ta l Im p a c t c o m p a re d to seve ral sin g le -u se p la tfo rm s , w h ic h Is c ru c ia l to re a c h th e go od e n v iro n m e n ta l s ta tu s o f E u ro p e a n m a rin e w a te rs by 2 0 2 0 . F u r th e r re s e a rc h Is needed to o p tim is e th e In te g ra te d design

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v s n i R.VIA i:< L j i m i 1:4 Ö i H . Ö N * f c BvR C M * T > 0 D is c la im e r: The c o n te n t o f th is b ro ch u re m ust n ot be ta k e n as an expression o f p o licie s and stra te g ie s o f th e involved p ro je c t p a rt­ ners, b u t as a th e o re tic a l stu d y th a t has to be fu rth e r e la b o ra te d and analysed b e fore p o te n tia l c o m m e rc ia liz a tio n .

P ro je c t c o o rd in a to r

P ro f. E r ik D a m g a a rd C h ris te n s e n D T U M e c h a n ic a l E n g in e e rin g T e c h n ic a l U n iv e rs ity o f D e n m a rk e d c h @ m e k .d tu .d k

C ita tio n : P ir le t, H .; C la u s, S .; C o p e ja n s, E .; D a m g a a rd C h ris te n s e n , E .; G u a n ch e G a rc ia , R .; M p h le n b e rg , F.; Rappé, K .; S c h o u te n , J . - J . ; Z a n u ttig h , B. ( 2 0 1 4 ) T he M e rm a id p r o je c t - In n o v a tiv e M u lti- P u r p o s e O ffs h o re P la t­ fo r m s . F la n d e rs M a rin e I n s t it u t e ( V L I Z ) : O ste nd. IS B N 9 7 8 - 9 0 - 8 2 0 7 3 1 - 9 - 5 . 2 0 pp. The M E R M A ID p r o je c t has re c e iv e d fu n d in g fr o m th e E u ro p e a n U n io n 's S e ve n th F r a m e w o rk P ro g ra m m e f o r re s e a rc h , te c h n o lo g ic a l d e v e lo p m e n t a n d d e m o n s tra tio n u n d e r g r a n t a g re e m e n t no 2 8 8 7 1 0 ( to ta l b u d g e t o f 7 .4 m illio n e u ro s ). P ic tu re s by V an G in d e rd e u re n , K .; H v a lp s u n d N e t, S e y s ,T . & P ir le t, H . © . w w w .m e r m a id p ro je c t.e u