Psychology Chapter 1

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PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE

Chapter 1

Daily Opener #1

COPY AND ANSWER the following questions:

1.

In your opinion, what is psychology?

2.

Why is the study of psychology important?

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Chapter 1 WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY

Section 1:

Why Study Psychology

?

Section 2:

What Psychologists Do

Section 3:

A History of Psychology

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Chapter 1: Section 1

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Main Objective:

■

Identify the goals of psychology, and

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Behavior and Mental Processes:

■

Psychology

:

■ The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

■

Behavior

:

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■

Cognitive activities

:

■ Private, unobservable mental process such as sensation, perception, thought, and problem solving.

■ EX:

Dreaming

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■

Psychological constructs

:

■ Theoretical concepts that enable one to discuss something that cannot be seen touched, or

measured directly.

■

Psychologists are interested

in studying people’s

emotions

or

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GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY

■

Observe

■

Describe behavior

■

Explain

■

Predict

■

Control

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THE SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY

Psychology is a social science but has its

foundation in the

natural sciences

(biology,

chemistry). It deals with the structure of human

society and interactions of individuals who make

up society.

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How do psychologists find answers that they are

looking for??

■

Research

■ Conducting surveys and experiments

■ Collecting and analyzing data

■

Drawing conclusions

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Research

:

■

2 widely use methods

:

■ Surveys & Experiments

Surveys: methods of collecting data that usually involves asking questions of people in a particular group.

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Psychological Theories:

■

Theory

: a statement that attempts to explain

why things are the way they are and happen

the way they do.

■

Principle

: a rule or law

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Chapter 1: Section 2

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Main Objective

:

■

Describe the work done by psychologists

according to their areas of specialization.

■ Hmmm….are you for

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Dilemma with Dr. Phil and Brittney Spears

■

http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,323744,

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What do you think???

■ Write down movies that you have seen or books that

you have read that have professional psychologists as characters.

■ What kinds of work did these psychologists do?

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What books/movies come to mind??

■

Dr. Phil

■

A Beautiful Mind

■

Good Will Hunting

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AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION

■ Clinical – the largest group – treat psychological problems.

■ Counseling – treat adjustment problems.

■ School – deal with students who have problems that interfere with learning.

■ Educational Psychologist – focus on course planning and instructional methods.

■ Help with developing SAT

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■ Developmental Psychologists- study changes that occur throughout a persons’ life span. (physical, emotional, cognitive, social)

■ Personality Psychologist – identify characteristics or traits. (aggression; anxiety; shyness)

■ Social Psychologist – concerned with people’s behavior in social situations. (group behavior)

Section 2: What Psychologists Do

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Experimental Psychologists

(continued)

■

Focus on

basic research

:

■ Research that has no immediate application and is done for its own sake.

■ EX: Basic research into motivation has helped

clinical and counseling psychologists develop

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■ Industrial and Organizational Psychologist – focus on people in work and business (assist in hiring)

■ Environmental Psychologist – focus on ways in which people influence and are influenced by

physical environment (does crowding make people irritable?)

AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION

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■

Forensic Psychologist

– are concerned with

how psychological problems give rise to

criminal behavior.

■

Health Psychologist

– study the ways in

which behavior and mental processes are

related to physical health.

AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION

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Activity with Social Psychologist

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■

This activity acquaints students with the form

and dimensions of the personal space bubble.

Working in pairs, students invade each other’s

space. Experimental conditions include front

versus side invasions and eyes open versus

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What to do???

■

Follow the directions on the handout provided,

and record your measurements.

■

Also, be sure to record your measurements on

the marker board as well.

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Questions to answer once you complete

experiment:

■ How did you feel invading another person's space and having your own space invaded?

■ Did you notice any patterns in the distances used? ■ Must wait until ALL data from all students have been collected to

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Factors that contribute to distances:

■

People stand closer

to those like them

and

farther away from

those who differ from them

.

■

_{Female-female}

: smaller interaction distances

than male-male pairs.

■

Female

-

male

: depends on the relationship

■

Tall height and bright clothing

: increase

interaction distance.

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Daily Opener #2

COPY AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS!!

1.

Give an example and definition of a

psychological construct.

2.

How do psychologists find answers that they

are looking for?

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Chapter 1: Section 3

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Main Objective:

■

Explain the historical background of the

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Roots from Ancient Greece:

■

Began in ancient Greece.

■

Socrates

:

■

Believed can learn about

ourselves by examining

thoughts and feelings.

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Plato

:

■

Associationism

:

■

A learned connection

between two ideas or events

.

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Middle Ages:

■

Europeans believed that problems were signs

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PSYCHOLOGY DEVELOPED OVER TIME

■ Revived during the scientific advances of the 1500s, 1600s and 1700s.

■ 1879: the year that many believe to be the beginning of psychology.

■ Considered a modern laboratory science by

Wilhelm Wundt

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Wilhelm Wundt:

(“Vunt”)

■

Structuralism

:

■ Maintains that conscious experience breaks down into objective sensations and subjective feelings.

■ Objective: sight and taste

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William James:

■

Functionalism

:

■ Emphasizes the purposes of behavior and mental processes.

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What are the main differences between structuralism and functionalism??

■

Structuralism

: What are the elements of

psychological processes?

■

Functionalists

: What are the purposes of

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John B. Watson

■

Behaviorism

:

■ Defines psychology as the scientific

study of observable behavior.

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B.F. Skinner

(

Burrhus Frederic)

■ Believe animals AND humans learn to behave in certain ways because they have been reinforced for doing so.

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The Gestalt School:

■

Gestalt Psychology

:

■ Emphasizes the tendency to organize perceptions into meaningful wholes.

■ Check out pg. 17 in textbook!!

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Sigmund Freud:

■

Psychoanalysis

:

■ Empathizes the importance of

unconscious motives and internal

conflict in determining human behavior.

■ EX: Verbal slips; dreams reflects Freud’s

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Freud (continued)

■ Consultations with patients

■ Free association

■ Believed unconscious processes (sexual & aggressive urges) are MORE important than conscious experience in

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Freud (continued)

■

Psychodynamic thinking

:

■

Most of what exists in an individual’s mind

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Freudian Slips! Pretty funny!

■ Freudian slip:

■ is an error in speechis an error in speech,

memoryis an error in speech, memory, or physical action that is believed to be caused by the

unconscious mind.

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Daily Opener #3

:

COPY AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS!!

1.

What are the main differences between

structuralism and functionalism?

2.

Who is responsible for developing the ideas

of reinforcement?

3.

In Ancient Greece, what did Socrates believe

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Chapter 1: Section 4

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Main Objective:

Describe the main contemporary

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SEVEN MAIN CONTEMPORARY

PERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHOLOGY

1. Biological – nervous system, glands, hormones, genetic factors.

■ How does biology influence behavior?

■ CAT & PET scans show mental processes

■ How do genes influence personality?

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2.

Evolutionary Perspective

:

* Focuses on the evolution of behavior and

mental processes.

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3.

Cognitive Perspective

:

*Study mental processes to understand human

nature.

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4. Humanistic Perspective:

* Stresses the human capacity for self-fulfillment and the importance of consciousness, self-awareness, and the capacity to make choices.

* Believe that we are free to choose our own behavior.

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Humanistic Perspective (continued)

■

Self-actualization

:

■ The self-motivated striving to reach one’s potential.

■

Client-centered therapy

:

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Dead Poet’s Society:

■

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s8UL_9R_

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5.

Psychoanalytic Perspective:

*

Stresses the influence of unconscious

forces on human behavior.

EX:

Sigmund Freud

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6.

Learning Perspective:

■ Emphasis the effects of experience on behavior.

■ Social-learning theory:

■ Suggest that people can change their

environments or create new ones.

■

Believe behavior is learned either from

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7.

Sociocultural Perspective:

■ Studies the influence of ethnicity, gender,

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Sociocultural Psychologists study the following topics:

■

Ethnic groups

:

■ A group united by cultural heritage, race, language, or common history.

■

Gender

:

■ State of being male or being female; gender roles

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Dangerous Minds

■

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KBQf9noA

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Daily Opener

Copy AND Answer the following question:

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Activity Time!!!

■ The class will be divided into 7 groups:

■ Each group will represent a psychological perspective.

■ Using the story previously read in class, explain the

behavior/actions/mental processes of EACH character through the eyes of your perspective.

■ In order to complete this assignment, you and your group members must agree on the roles of each character.

■ Please create a poster that includes your explanations.

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HELP WANTED!!!!!

■ Create a Help Wanted ad for the ONE of the

following psychologists below. Include the following information:

■ GOALS and CHALLENGES of the job

■ DESCRIPTION of the work

■ QUALITIES of IDEAL CANDIDATE!

Clinical, Counseling, School, Educational,