NICOLAS vs. Ca and BUAN NICOLAS vs. Ca and BUAN G.R. No. 122857
G.R. No. 122857 March 27, 1998 March 27, 1998
FA
FACTS: Nicolas and CTS: Nicolas and Buan entered into Buan entered into a Portfolio Management Agreement, wherein the a Portfolio Management Agreement, wherein the formerformer was to manage the stock transactions of the
was to manage the stock transactions of the latter for a period of three months with an latter for a period of three months with an automaticautomatic renewal clause !owe"er, upon the initiati"e of the pri"ate Buan
renewal clause !owe"er, upon the initiati"e of the pri"ate Buan the agreement was terminated,the agreement was terminated, and thereafter he re#uested for an accounting of all transactions made $% the petitioner & weeks and thereafter he re#uested for an accounting of all transactions made $% the petitioner & weeks after the termination of the agreement, Nicolas demanded from Buan an amount representing his after the termination of the agreement, Nicolas demanded from Buan an amount representing his alleged management fees as pro"ided for in the Portfolio Management Agreement But the
alleged management fees as pro"ided for in the Portfolio Management Agreement But the demands went unheeded, much
demands went unheeded, much to the chagrin of the to the chagrin of the petitioner 'e$ufpetitioner 'e$uffed, petitioner filed afed, petitioner filed a complaint or collection of sum of mone% against the pri"ate respondent $efore the trial court (n complaint or collection of sum of mone% against the pri"ate respondent $efore the trial court (n his answer, Buan contended that petitioner mismanaged his transactions resulting in losses, thus, his answer, Buan contended that petitioner mismanaged his transactions resulting in losses, thus, he was not entitled to an%
he was not entitled to an% management fees After hearing, the trial court rendered its decision inmanagement fees After hearing, the trial court rendered its decision in fa"or of Nicolas, ordering Buan to pa
fa"or of Nicolas, ordering Buan to pa% him for the management fees, attorne%)s fees and% him for the management fees, attorne%)s fees and e*penses of litigation Buan appealed the
e*penses of litigation Buan appealed the decision to the CA Finding merit in his case, decision to the CA Finding merit in his case, thethe appellate court re"ersed the
appellate court re"ersed the trial court)s finditrial court)s finding and ng and ruled against Nicolas Petitioner)s M' wasruled against Nicolas Petitioner)s M' was denied $% the same court
denied $% the same court
(SS+: -.N the CA committed re"ersi$le error in o"erturning
(SS+: -.N the CA committed re"ersi$le error in o"erturning the decision of the the decision of the 'T'TCC !/0: the assailed decision
!/0: the assailed decision of the CA is AFF('M0of the CA is AFF('M0 N.1 To
N.1 To $egin with, petitioner has the $urden to pro"e that the transaction reali2ed gains or$egin with, petitioner has the $urden to pro"e that the transaction reali2ed gains or profits to entitle him to said management fees, as pro"ided in the
profits to entitle him to said management fees, as pro"ided in the Agreement: *** For hisAgreement: *** For his ser"ices, the (N3ST.' agrees to
ser"ices, the (N3ST.' agrees to pa% the P.'TF./(. MANA4' 567 of apa% the P.'TF./(. MANA4' 567 of all reali2ed profitsll reali2ed profits e"er% end o
e"er% end of the month *** f the month *** Accordingl%Accordingl%, petitioner su$mitted the profit and , petitioner su$mitted the profit and loss statements forloss statements for the co"ered, showing a total p
the co"ered, showing a total profit of P&89,&9&8, of which 567 rofit of P&89,&9&8, of which 567 would represent hiswould represent his management fees amounting to P;,5;&<6 The CA declared that these documents has no management fees amounting to P;,5;&<6 The CA declared that these documents has no pro$ati"e "alue +nfortunatel%,
pro$ati"e "alue +nfortunatel%, the profit and loss statements presented $% the petitioner arthe profit and loss statements presented $% the petitioner aree nothing $ut $are assertions, de"oid of an
nothing $ut $are assertions, de"oid of an% concrete $asis or specifics as to the method % concrete $asis or specifics as to the method of arri"ingof arri"ing at the amounts indicated in the
at the amounts indicated in the documents The% are at $est =ust self>ser"ing statements (n fact, itdocuments The% are at $est =ust self>ser"ing statements (n fact, it did not e"en state when the stocks were purchased, the t%pe of stocks $ought, when the stocks did not e"en state when the stocks were purchased, the t%pe of stocks $ought, when the stocks were sold, etc The statements simpl% ta$ulate the num$er of shares ac#u
were sold, etc The statements simpl% ta$ulate the num$er of shares ac#u ired from eachired from each compan%, a column for profit and the last column for loss The statements were not ?e"en@ compan%, a column for profit and the last column for loss The statements were not ?e"en@ authenticated $% an auditor, nor $% the person
authenticated $% an auditor, nor $% the person who caused the preparation of the who caused the preparation of the same (n short,same (n short, no e"identiar% "alue can $e attri$uted to the profit and loss statements su$mitted $% the
no e"identiar% "alue can $e attri$uted to the profit and loss statements su$mitted $% the petitioner
petitioner These documents can hardl% $e considered a credi$le or true reflection of theThese documents can hardl% $e considered a credi$le or true reflection of the transactions
-transactions -e find that petitioner has ne find that petitioner has not pro"en the ot pro"en the amounts indicated ade#uatel% /astl%, theamounts indicated ade#uatel% /astl%, the futilit% of petitioner)s action $ecame more pronounced $% the fact
futilit% of petitioner)s action $ecame more pronounced $% the fact that he traded securities for thethat he traded securities for the account of others without the necessar% license from
"iolation of Section 9 of the 'e"ised Securities Act which pro"ides that no $roker shall sell an% securities unless he is registered with the SC Stock market trading, a technical and highl% speciali2ed institution in the Philippines, must $een trusted to indi"iduals with pro"en integrit%, competence and knowledge, who ha"e due regard to the re#uirements of the law
N.TS:
9 Admittedl%, like an% ser"ices rendered or performed, stock $rokers are entitled to commercial fees or compensation pursuant to the 'e"ised Securities Act 'ule 9>9&, which reads:
'SA 'ule 9>9& Charges for Ser"ices Performed Charges $% $rokers or dealers, if an%, for ser"ice performed, including miscellaneous ser"ices such as collection of monies du e for
principal, di"idends, interests, e*change or transfer of securities, appeals, safekeeping or custod% of securities, and other ser"ices, shall $e reasona$le and not unfairl% discriminator% $etween customers Moreo"er, the same law pro"ides that an% fee or commission must $e with due regard to rele"ant circumstances
THIRD DIVISION
[G.R. No. 122857. March 27, 1998]
ROY NICOLAS, petitioner, vs. TH HONORA!L CO"RT O# A$$ALS %S&'(h D&)&*&o+ a+- !LSILO #.!. !"AN, respondents.
D C I S I O N ROMRO, J .
Th/ &**0/ &+ (h&* /(&(&o+ &* h/(h/r (h/ Co0r( o3 A/a4* co&((/- r/)/r*&64/ /rror &+ &(* -/c&*&o+&[1] -a(/- A00*( 1, 1995 o)/r(0r+&+ (h/ -/c&*&o+&&[2] -a(/- Ma :1, 199: o3
(h/ R/&o+a4 Tr&a4 Co0r( o3 $a*&, !ra+ch 15, 6 or-/r&+ (h/ -&*&**a4 o3 /(&(&o+/r* co4a&+( aa&+*( r&)a(/ r/*o+-/+( 3or 4ac; o3 /r&(.
O+ #/6r0ar 19, 1987, /(&(&o+/r Ro N&co4a* a+- r&)a(/ r/*o+-/+( !4/*&(o !0a+
/+(/r/- &+(o a $or(3o4&o Ma+a//+( Ar///+(,&&&[:] h/r/&+ (h/ 3or/r a* (o a+a/
(h/ *(oc; (ra+*ac(&o+* o3 (h/ 4a((/r 3or a /r&o- o3 (hr// o+(h* &(h a+ a0(oa(&c r/+/a4 c4a0*/. Ho/)/r, 0o+ (h/ &+&(&a(&)/ o3 (h/ r&)a(/ r/*o+-/+( (h/ ar///+( a* (/r&+a(/- o+ A00*( 19, 1987, a+- (h/r/a3(/r h/ r/<0/*(/- 3or a+ acco0+(&+ o3 a44 (ra+*ac(&o+* a-/ 6 (h/ /(&(&o+/r.
Thr// //;* a3(/r (h/ (/r&+a(&o+ o3 (h/ ar///+(, /(&(&o+/r -/a+-/- 3ro (h/ r&)a(/ r/*o+-/+( (h/ ao0+( o3 $8,2:.7 r/r/*/+(&+ h&* a44//- a+a//+(
3//* co)/r&+ (h/ /r&o-* o3 =0+/ :>, =04 :1 a+- A00*( 19, 1987 a* ro)&-/- 3or &+ (h/ $or(3o4&o Ma+a//+( Ar///+(. !0( (h/ -/a+-* /+( 0+h//-/-, 0ch (o (h/
char&+ o3 (h/ /(&(&o+/r.
R/6033/-, /(&(&o+/r 3&4/- a co4a&+(&)[?] 3or co44/c(&o+ o3 *0 o3 o+/ aa&+*( (h/
r&)a(/ r/*o+-/+( 6/3or/ (h/ (r&a4 co0r(. I+ h&* a+*/r, )[5] r&)a(/ r/*o+-/+(
co+(/+-/- (ha( /(&(&o+/r &*a+a/- h&* (ra+*ac(&o+* r/*04(&+ &+ 4o**/*, (h0*, h/ a* +o( /+(&(4/- (o a+ a+a//+( 3//*.
A3(/r h/ar&+, (h/ (r&a4 co0r( r/+-/r/- &(* -/c&*&o+ &+ 3a)or o3 4a&+(&33, h/r/&+ /(&(&o+/r, (h0*
I+ V&/ O3 A44 Th/ #or/o&+, @0-/+( &* h/r/6 r/+-/r/- or-/r&+ (h/ -/3/+-a+( (o a 4a&+(&33 a* 3o44o*
1.Th/ ao0+( o3 $8,2:.7 3or (h/ a+a//+( 3//* o3 4a&+(&33.
2. Th/ ao0+( o3 $8,>>>.>> a* a+- 3or a((or+/* 3//* a+- /'/+*/* o3 4&(&a(&o+. :. Co*(* o3 *0&(.
SO ORDRD.
D&*a/-, r&)a(/ r/*o+-/+( a/a4/- (h/ -/c&*&o+ (o (h/ Co0r( o3 A/a4*. #&+-&+ /r&( &+ h&* ca*/, (h/ a/44a(/ co0r( r/)/r*/- (h/ (r&a4 co0r(* 3&+-&+ a+- r04/- aa&+*( (h/ /(&(&o+/r, (o &(
HR#OR, (h/ a/a4/- -/c&*&o+ *ho04- 6/, a* &( &* h/r/6 RVRSD a+- ST ASID, a+- a* a co+*/<0/+c/ (h/r/o3, a/44//* co4a&+( &* h/r/6 DISMISSD. No co*(*.
SO ORDRD.
$/(&(&o+/r* o(&o+ 3or r/co+*&-/ra(&o+ a* -/+&/- 6 (h/ Co0r( o3 A/a4* o+ No)/6/r 29, 1995.)&[]
D0/ (o (h/ *0--/+ r/)/r*a4 o3 /)/+(*, /(&(&o+/r &* +o 6/3or/ 0* a**a&4&+ (h/ Co0r( o3 A/a4* r04&+ a44/&+ (ha( &( &*ar/c&a(/- (h/ /)&-/+c/ h/ r/*/+(/- 6/3or/ (h/ (r&a4
co0r(.
I+ r/)/r*&+ (h/ (r&a4 co0r(* -/c&*&o+, (h/ Co0r( o3 A/a4* o&+/- (ha(
Th/ 4o/r co0r( *&4 a-/ a *//&+ *(a(//+( (ha( (h/ ro3&(* /r/ /+/ra(/- 6 a/44//* %$/(&(&o+/r h/r/&+ (ra+*ac(&o+*, a;&+ a/44a+( %$r&)a(/ r/*o+-/+( h/r/&+ 4&a64/ 3or (h/ a/+( o3 (h/ o+/ -/a+-/- 6 a/44// o+ (h/ 6a*&* o3 */43B*/r)&+ ro3&( a+- 4o** *(a(//+(* *06&((/- a* /)&-/+c/ 6 a/44//. O(h/r (ha+ (h/*/ &/c/* o3 /)&-/+c/, (h/ (r&a4 co0r( o33/r/- +o *a(&*3ac(or r/a*o+ h (h/ *0 -/a+-/- 6 a/44// 6/ a&-.
/ a33&r (h/ r04&+ o3 (h/ Co0r( o3 A/a4*.
"+-/r (h/ $or(3o4&o Ma+a//+( Ar///+(, &( a* ar//- (ha( r&)a(/ r/*o+-/+( o04- a (h/ /(&(&o+/r 2> o3 a44 r/a4&/- ro3&(* /)/r /+- o3 (h/ o+(h a* h&* a+a//+( 3//*. Th/ /'ac( or-&+ o3 (h/ ro)&*&o+ r/a-*
' ' '' ' ' ' ' '
:. #or h&* */r)&c/*, (h/ INVSTOR ar//* (o a (h/ $ORT#OLIO MANAGR 2> o3 a44 r/a4&/- ro3&(* /)/r /+- o3 (h/ o+(h.
)&-/+(4, (h/ ;/ or- &+ (h/ ro)&*&o+ &* ro3&(*. S&4 0(, ro3&( ha* 6//+ -/3&+/- a* (h/ /'c/** o3 r/(0r+ o)/r /'/+-&(0r/ &+ a (ra+*ac(&o+ or */r&/* o3 (ra+*ac(&o+* )&&[7] or (h/
*/r&/* o3 a+ ao0+( r/c/&)/- o)/r (h/ ao0+( a&- 3or oo-* a+- */r)&c/*. )&&&[8]
To 6/&+ &(h, /(&(&o+/r ha* (h/ 60r-/+ (o ro)/ (ha( (h/ (ra+*ac(&o+ r/a4&/- a&+* or ro3&(* (o /+(&(4/ h& (o *a&- a+a//+( 3//*, a* ro)&-/- &+ (h/ Ar///+(.
Accor-&+4, /(&(&o+/r *06&((/- (h/ ro3&( a+- 4o** *(a(//+(*&'[9] 3or (h/ /r&o- o3 =0+/
:>, =04 :1 a+- A00*( 19, 1987, *ho&+ a (o(a4 ro3&( o3 $:?1,:18.:?, o3 h&ch 2> o04- r/r/*/+( h&* a+a//+( 3//* ao0+(&+ (o $8,2:.7>.
#or c4ar&( (h/*/ -oc0/+(* ar/ r/ro-0c/- h/r/0+-/r $ro3&( E Lo** S(a(//+(
o3
A((. !4/*&4o !0a+
3or (h/ $/r&o- +-/- =0+/ :>, 1987
Shar/* I**0/ $ro3&( Lo**
1,5>> $LDT $ 7,25.2 5,>>> ATLAS ?,>9.:8 2,>>> SMC 11,?77.5> 5,>>> ATLAS 1,?5>.>> 5,>>> ATLAS :,9>.25 5,>>>,>>> SA#RONT 11,?87.5> 1,>>> SMC 5,2?7.5> 2,>>> SMC 5,895.>> 1,>>> SMC 12,2?2.5> BBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBB $ :,:51.87 $ 27,229.:8 Tra-&+ $ro3&( $ 9,122.?9 ' .2 BBBBBBBBBBBBB $ 1,82?.5>' [1>]
B oOo B
$ro3&( E Lo** S(a(//+( o3
A((. !4/*&4o !0a+
3or (h/ $/r&o- +-/- =04 :1, 1987
Shar/* I**0/ $ro3&( Lo**
22,:>>,>>> !ASIC $ 222,9:.75 ?>> $LDT :5,:72.5> 5,7>> GLO :2,:?7.5> 1,7>> SMC 9,:5>.>> 27,>>> AC 1,21.87 BBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBB $ :>,9>>.2 $ 9,:5>.>> N/( Tra-&+ $ro3&( $ 297,55>.2 ' .2 BBBBBBBBBBBBB $ 59,51>.12'&[11] B oOo B
$ro3&( E Lo** S(a(//+( o3
A((. !4/*&4o !0a+
3or (h/ $/r&o- +-/- A00*( 19, 1987
Shar/* I**0/ $roc//-* Co*( $ro3&( %Lo**
,>>> !NG"T $ 75?,5>.>> 7>,??>.>> $ ?8,12>.>> 5,>>> GLO 189,1:1.25 2>2,>.>2 %1:,?7?.77 BBBBBBBBBBBBBB N/( $ro3&( $ :?,?5.2: ' .2 BBBBBBBBBBBBBB $ ,929.>5'&& [12]
I+ accor-&+ +o ro6a(&)/ )a40/ (o (h/*/ -oc0/+(*, (h/ Co0r( o3 A/a4* -/c4ar/- (ha( 'h&6&(* C, D a+- 4&;/&*/ ca++o( 6/ r/4&/- 0o+ (o ro)/ (ha( ro3&(* /r/
&+-//- r/a4&/-. A( o*(, (h/*/ ar/ */43B*/r)&+ /)&-/+c/ h&ch -o +o( carr 0ch /&h(. Th/r/ &* +o <0/*(&o+ (ha( (h/ ro3&( a+- 4o** *(a(//+(* ar/
r/4/)a+( (o (h/ &**0/ a( ha+-. !0( a* (o h/(h/r or +o( (h/*/ *(a(//+(* &+-0c/ 6/4&/3 a* (o (h/ /'&*(/+c/ or +o+B/'&*(/+c/ o3 ro3&(* /+/ra(/- 6 a/44//, ca44 3or a &+0(/ /'a&+a(&o+ o3 (h/*/ -oc0/+(*. I( *ho04- 6/ /ha*&/- (ha( (h/ 3//* 6/&+ co44/c(/- 6 a/44// -o/* +o( o+4 *r&+ 3ro (h/ r/+-&(&o+ o3
3//* 6/ 6a*/- o+ (h/ ro3&(* r/a4&/- o0( o3 (h/ *(oc; (ra+*ac(&o+* o3 a/44// &+ 6/ha43 o3 a/44a+(. Th/ ro3&( a+- 4o** *(a(//+(* r/*/+(/- -o +o( *033&c&/+(4 ro)/ (h/ /'&*(/+c/ o3 *0ch ro3&(*.
Th/ /r/ 3ac( (ha( /)&-/+c/ &* a-&**&64/ -o/* +o( +/c/**ar&4 /a+ (ha( &( &* a4*o cr/-&64/ %$/o4/ vs. Ar&a, 2>8 SCRA 589. Th/ *(a(//+(*, co)/r&+ (h/ o+(h* o3 =0+/, =04 a+- 0 (o 19 A00*( 1987, *&4 (a604a(/ (h/ +06/r o3 *har/* ac<0&r/- 3ro /ach coa+, a co40+ 3or ro3&( a+- (h/ 4a*( co40+ 3or 4o**. Th/ *(a(//+(* /r/ +o( a0(h/+(&ca(/- 6 a+ a0-&(or, +or 6 (h/ /r*o+ ho ca0*/- (h/ r/ara(&o+ o3 (h/ *a/.'&&&[1:]
Th/ a+a4*&* o3 (h/ /)&-/+c/ a-/ 6 (h/ Co0r( o3 A/a4* -/*/r)/* o0r co+c0rr/+c/. A c0r*or r/a-&+ o3 (h/*/ 0ror(/- ro3&( a+- 4o** *(a(//+(* &/-&a(/4 ra&*/*
-o06(* a* (o (h/ )/rac&( o3 (h/ /+(r&/* *(a(/- (h/r/&+.
A-&((/-4, 4&;/ a+ */r)&c/* r/+-/r/- or /r3or/-, *(oc; 6ro;/r* ar/ /+(&(4/- (o co/rc&a4 3//* or co/+*a(&o+ 0r*0a+( (o (h/ R/)&*/- S/c0r&(&/* Ac( R04/ 19B1:, h&ch r/a-*
RSA R04/ 19B1:. Char/* 3or S/r)&c/* $/r3or/-.
Char/* 6 6ro;/r* or -/a4/r*, &3 a+, 3or */r)&c/ /r3or/-, &+c40-&+
&*c/44a+/o0* */r)&c/* *0ch a* co44/c(&o+ o3 o+&/* -0/ 3or r&+c&a4, -&)&-/+-*, &+(/r/*(*, /'cha+/ or (ra+*3/r o3 */c0r&(&/*, a/a4*, *a3/;//&+ or c0*(o- o3 */c0r&(&/*, a+- o(h/r */r)&c/*, *ha44 6/ r/a*o+a64/ a+- +o( 0+3a&r4
-&*cr&&+a(or 6/(//+ c0*(o/r*.'&)[1?]
Mor/o)/r, (h/ *a/ 4a ro)&-/* (ha( a+ 3// or co&**&o+ 0*( 6/ &(h -0/ r/ar-(o r/4/)a+( c&rc0*(a+c/*.')[15]
"+3or(0+a(/4, (h/ ro3&( a+- 4o** *(a(//+(* r/*/+(/- 6 (h/ /(&(&o+/r ar/ +o(h&+ 60( 6ar/ a**/r(&o+*, -/)o&- o3 a+ co+cr/(/ 6a*&* or */c&3&c* a* (o (h/ /(ho- o3 arr&)&+ a( (h/ ao0+(* &+-&ca(/- &+ (h/ -oc0/+(*. I+ 3ac(, &( -&- +o( /)/+ *(a(/ h/+ (h/ *(oc;* /r/ 0rcha*/-, (h/ (/ o3 *(oc;* %h/(h/r C4a** A or ! or coo+ or r/3/rr/-
6o0h(, h/+ (h/ *(oc;* /r/ *o4-, (h/ ac<0&*&(&o+ a+- */44&+ r&c/ o3 /ach *(oc;, h/+ (h/ ro3&(*, &3 a+, /r/ -/4&)/r/- (o (h/ r&)a(/ r/*o+-/+(, (h/ co*( o3 *a3/;//&+ or c0*(o- o3 (h/ *(oc;*, a* /44 a* (h/ (a'/* a&- 3or /ach (ra+*ac(&o+. &(h r/*/c( (o (h/ a44//- 4o**/*, &( ha* 6//+ h/4- (ha( h/r/ a ro3&( or 4o** *(a(//+( *ho* a 4o**, (h/ *(a(//+( 0*( *ho &+co/ a+- &(/* o3 /'/+*/ (o /'4a&+ (h/ /(ho- o3
-/(/r&+&+ *0ch 4o**.')&[1] Ho/)/r, &+ (h/ &+*(a+( /(&(&o+, /(&(&o+/r har-4
/40c&-a(/-(h/ r/a*o+* a+- /40c&-a(/-(h/ 3ac(or* 6/h&+- /40c&-a(/-(h/ 4o**/* &+c0rr/- &+ /40c&-a(/-(h/ co0r*/ o3 /40c&-a(/-(h/ (ra+*ac(&o+*. I+ *hor(, +o /)&-/+(&ar )a40/ ca+ 6/ a((r&60(/- (o (h/ ro3&( a+- 4o** *(a(//+(*
*06&((/- 6 (h/ /(&(&o+/r. Th/*/ -oc0/+(* ca+ har-4 6/ co+*&-/r/- a cr/-&64/ or (r0/ r/34/c(&o+ o3 (h/ (ra+*ac(&o+*. I( &* a+ &+co4/(/ r/cor- &/4-&+ /a*&4 (o (h/
&+c40*&o+ or -/4/(&o+ o3 c/r(a&+ a((/r*. Th/ co+(/+(* ar/ *06@/c( (o *0*&c&o+ *&+c/ (h/ ar/ +o( r/34/c(&)/ o3 a44 /r(&+/+( a+- r/4/)a+( -a(a. Th0*, /)/+ a**0&+ (h/
a-&**&6&4&( o3 (h/*/ a44//- ro3&( a+- 4o** *(a(//+(*, (h/ ar/ -/)o&- o3 a+
/)&-/+(&ar /&h(, 3or (h/ ao0+(* ar/ co+c40*&o+* &(ho0( r/&*/*, &(* 6a*/* 4/3( (o */c04a(&o+, co+@/c(0r/*, a**/r(&o+* a+- 0/**or;.
A* r/ar-* 'h&6&( !,')&&[17] / <0o(/ &(h aro)a4 (h/ Co0r( o3 A/a4* 3&+-&+, (h0*
Th/r/ &* +o <0/*(&o+ (ha( a/44a+( */c0r/- (h/ */r)&c/* o3 a/44// a* or(3o4&o a+a/r, /)&-/+c/- 6 (h/ $or(3o4&o Ma+a//+( Ar///+( %'h. A.
$0r*0a+( (o (h/ Ar///+(, a/44// /+(/r/- &+(o */)/ra4 (ra+*ac(&o+* 3ro 19 #/6r0ar 1987 0 (o 19 A00*( 1987 or a /r&o- o3 *&' o+(h*. Th/r/a3(/r, (h/ ar///+( a* +o( r/+//- 6 a/44a+(. Th/ 4/-/r o3 acco0+(* %'h&6&( ! r/*/+(/- 6 a/44// a* roo3 o3 (h/ (ra+*ac(&o+* /+(/r/- &+(o o+4 *ho* (h/ 3o44o&+ -a(a %1 -a(/* &+ h&ch (h/ *(oc;* /r/ ac<0&r/-F %2 c4a**&3&/- (h/ ac<0&r/- *(oc;* (o 6/ &+ 4o+ or *hor( (/r (ra-&+F %: (h/ r&c/ o3 /ach *(oc;F %? h&ch coa+* *(oc;* /r/ ac<0&r/-F a+-, %5 (h/ (o(a4 ao0+( a&- 3or /ach *(oc;. I( -o/* +o( *ho ho 0ch ro3&( a* r/a4&/- 3ro /ach
(ra+*ac(&o+.
I+ *0, / 3&+- (ha( /(&(&o+/r ha* +o( ro)/+ (h/ ao0+(* &+-&ca(/- a-/<0a(/4. H&* (/*(&o+ /'4a&+&+ (h/ 6a*/* 3or (h/ a+a//+( 3//* -/a+-/- 6 h& ar/ +o(h&+ or/ (ha+ a */43B*/r)&+ /'/rc&*/ h&ch 4ac;* ro6a(&)/ )a40/. Th/r/ /r/ +o cr/-&64/ -oc0/+(ar /)&-/+c/ %/.. r/c/&(* o3 (h/ (ra+*ac(&o+*, or-/r (&c;/(, c/r(&3&ca(/ o3 -/o*&(F h/(h/r (h/ *(oc; c/r(&3&ca(/* /r/ -/o*&(/- &+ a 6a+; or ro3/**&o+a4
c0*(o-&a+, a+- o(h/r* (o *0or( h&* c4a& (ha( ro3&(* /r/ &+-//- r/a4&/-. A( 6/*(, h&* a**/r(&o+* ar/ 3o0+-/- o+ /r/ &+3/r/+c/* a+- /+/ra4&(&/*. Th/r/ 0*( 6/ or/
co+)&+c&+ roo3 h&ch &+ (h&* ca*/ &* a+(&+.
To o0r &+-, /(&(&o+/r* co4a&+( &* *&&4ar (o a+ ac(&o+ 3or -aa/*, h/r/&+ (h/ /+/ra4 r04/ &* (ha( 3or (h/ *a/ (o 6/ r/co)/ra64/ &( 0*( +o( o+4 6/ caa64/ o3 roo3 60( 0*( ac(0a44 6/ ro)/- &(h a r/a*o+a64/ -/r// o3 c/r(a&+(, a+- co0r(*, &+ a;&+ (h/ aar-*, 0*( o*&( */c&3&c 3ac(* h&ch co04- a33or- *033&c&/+( 6a*&* 3or /a*0r&+ co/+*a(or or ac(0a4 -aa/*.')&&&[18] S&+c/ /(&(&o+/r co04- +o( r/*/+( a+ cr/-&64/
/)&-/+c/ (o *06*(a+(&a(/ h&* c4a&*, (h/ Co0r( o3 A/a4* a* corr/c( &+ or-/r&+ (h/ -&*&**a4 o3 h&* co4a&+(.
La*(4, (h/ 30(&4&( o3 /(&(&o+/r* ac(&o+ 6/ca/ or/ ro+o0+c/- 6 (h/ 3ac( (ha( h/ (ra-/- */c0r&(&/* 3or (h/ acco0+( o3 o(h/r* &(ho0( (h/ +/c/**ar 4&c/+*/ 3ro (h/
S/c0r&(&/* a+- 'cha+/ Co&**&o+ %SC. C4/ar4, *0ch o&**&o+ a* &+ )&o4a(&o+ o3 S/c(&o+ 19 o3 (h/ R/)&*/- S/c0r&(&/* Ac( h&ch ro)&-/* (ha( +o 6ro;/r *ha44 */44 a+ */c0r&(&/* 0+4/** h/ &* r/&*(/r/- &(h (h/ SC. Th/ 0ro*/ o3 (h/ *(a(0(/ r/<0&r&+ (h/ r/&*(ra(&o+ o3 6ro;/r* */44&+ */c0r&(&/* a+- (h/ 3&4&+ o3 -a(a r/ar-&+ */c0r&(&/* h&ch (h/ roo*/ (o */44, &* (o ro(/c( (h/ 064&c a+- *(r/+(h/+ (h/ */c0r&(&/* /cha+&*. '&'
[19]
' ' ', a+ 0+4&c/+*/- /r*o+ a +o( r/co)/r co/+*a(&o+ 3or */r)&c/* a* a 6ro;/r h/r/ a *(a(0(/ or or-&+a+c/ r/<0&r&+ a 4&c/+*/ &* a4&ca64/ a+- *0ch *(a(0(/ or or-&+a+c/ &* o3 a r/04a(or +a(0r/, a* /+ac(/- &+ (h/ /'/rc&*/ o3 (h/ o4&c/ o/r 3or (h/ 0ro*/ o3 ro(/c(&+ (h/ 064&c, r/<0&r/* a 4&c/+*/ a*
/)&-/+c/ o3 <0a4&3&ca(&o+ a+- 3&(+/**, a+- /'r/**4 r/c40-/* a+ 0+4&c/+*/-/r*o+ 3ro r/co)/r&+ co/+*a(&o+ 6 *0&(, or a( 4/a*( a+&3/*(* a+ &+(/+( (o roh&6&( a+- r/+-/r 0+4a304 (h/ (ra+*ac(&o+ o3 60*&+/** 6 a+
0+4&c/+*/-/r*o+.''
[2>]
/ *// +o r/a*o+ +o( (o a4 (h/ *a/ r04/ &+ o0r @0r&*-&c(&o+. S(oc; ar;/( (ra-&+, a (/ch+&ca4 a+- h&h4 */c&a4&/- &+*(&(0(&o+ &+ (h/ $h&4&&+/*, 0*( 6/ /+(r0*(/- (o
&+-&)&-0a4* &(h ro)/+ &+(/r&(, co/(/+c/ a+- ;+o4/-/, ho ha)/ -0/ r/ar- (o (h/ r/<0&r//+(* o3 (h/ 4a.
WHEREFORE, &+ )&/ o3 (h/ 3or/o&+, (h/ a**a&4/- -/c&*&o+ o3 (h/ Co0r( o3 A/a4* -a(/- A00*( 1, 1995 a* /44 a* (h/ R/*o40(&o+ -a(/- No)/6/r 29, 1995 ar/ h/r/6 A##IRMD. Co*(* aa&+*( /(&(&o+/r.
SO ORDRD.
i[1]Rollo, . ?>B?7, /++/- 6 A**oc&a(/- =0*(&c/ A+(o+&o M. Mar(&+/, &(h A**oc&a(/ =0*(&c/ Co+*0/4o Y+ar/B Sa+(&ao a+- R06/+ R//*, co+c0rr&+.
ii[2]Ibid., . 7>B7, /++/- 6 =0-/ Mar&(/4a A. Laa*&.
iii[:]Ibid., . 51.
iv[?]Ibid., . 2B?.
v[5]Ibid., . 5B9.
vi[]Ibid., . 5>.
vii[7] /6*(/r* Th&r- N/ I+(/r+a(&o+a4 D&c(&o+ar, "+a6r&-/-, 198.
viii[8] !arro+* La D&c(&o+ar, 1991.
ix[9]Rollo, . 5B58, 'h&6&(* C, D, a +- .
x[1>] Th/ ac(0a4 ao0+( &* $1,82?.?98.
xi[11] Th/ ac(0a4 ao0+( &* $59,51>.12?.
xii[12] Th/ ac(0a4 ao0+( &* $,929.>?.
xiii[1:]Ibid., . ?5.
xiv[1?] S/c0r&(&/* a+- 'cha+/ Co&**&o+, !0*&+/** Co+-0c( R04/*.
xv[15] R04/ :5B1, ibid .
xvi[1] 9 A =0r 2- S/c0r&(&/* R/04a(&o+ S/c. 11.
xvii[17] Rollo, . 52B55.
xviii[18] D/4 M0+-o v . Co0r( o3 A/a4*, 2?> SCRA :?8 %1995F !a4&a Tra+*&( I+c. v . Co0r( o3 A/a4*, 25 SCRA 7? %199.
xix[19] A6aa+&, Co/+(ar&/* a+- =0r&*r0-/+c/ o+ (h/ Co/rc&a4 La* o3 (h/ $h&4&&+/*, 198? -&(&o+F S/c0r&(&/* a+- 'cha+/ Co&**&o+ v . Co0r( o3 A/a4*, 2? SCRA 7:8 %1995F Mar(&+, Co/+(ar&/* a+- =0r&*r0-/+c/ o+ $h&4&&+/ Co/rc&a4 La*, Vo4. ?, 198.
