Volume 15, Number 3 (May 1962)

American

Society of Range Management

The American Society of Range Management was created allied technologists, and to encourage professional improvement in 1947 to foster advancement in the science and art of grazing of its members.

land management, to promote progress in the conservation and Persons shall be eligible for membership who are interested greatest sustained use of forage and soil resources, to stimu- in or engaged in practicing range or pasture management or late discussion and understanding of scientific and practical animal husbandry; administering grazing lands; or teaching, range and pasture problems, to provide a medium for the or conducting research, or engaged in extension activities in exchange of ideas and facts among society members and with range or pasture management or related subjects.

T

Office, Executive Secretary. Address all inquiries and correspondence including memberships, renewals, replacements of JOURNALS, etc., to Executive Secretary, American Society of Range Management, P.O. Box 5041, Portland 13, Oregon. Dues. Membership dues should be sent to the Executive Secretary. The dues are $8.00 per year including’ a subscrip- tion to the JOURNAL OF RANGE MAN- AGEMENT. Dues for student members are $4.00 per year, including the JOURNAL. All subscriptions mailed outside the North American continent and insular possessions of the U. S. are $8.50 per year. Subscrip- tions must be paid in advance. Remit by draft or check on U. S. banks in U. S. funds. Reprinting. The reprinting of articles or parts of articles published in the JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT is author- ized on the express condition that full credit be given the JOURNAL and the author. The date of original publication must be shown with the credit line.

Posf Office Enfry. Second-class post- age paid at Portland, Oregon, and at. ad- ditional offices.

Change of Address. Notices of change of address should be received by the Execu- tive Secretary one month before the date of issue on which the change is to take effect. Both the new and old addresses should be sent to the Executive Secretary, American Society of Range Management, P.O. Box 5041, Portland 13, Oregon.

Printers. The Nebraska Farmer Company, 1420 P Street, Lincoln, Nebraska.

Copyright 1962 by the American Society of Range Management.

JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT EDITOR

E. J. WOOLFOLK

Pacific Southwest Forest & Range Exp. Sta. Berkeley 1, California

EDITORIAL BOARD

1960-62 F. A. BRANSON U.S. Geological Survey

Federal Center Denver, Colorado

L. ‘I’. BURCHAM LYNN RADER

California Division of Forestry Pacific Southwest Forest

Sacramento, California & Range Exp. Sta.

Susanville, California 1961-63

ROBERT W. LODGE Canada Dept. of Agric. Swift Current, Sask.

HAROLD A. PAULSEN DONALD F. BURZLAFF

Rocky Mountain Forest College of Agriculture

& Range Exp. Station Lincoln 3, Nebraska

Room 221 Forestry Building Fort Collins, Colorado

1962-64

JOHN L. LAUNCHBAUGH Kansas Agric. Expt. Sta.

Hays, Kansas

C. WAYNE COOK V. L. DUVALL

Utah State Univ. Box 1192

Logan, Utah Alexandria, La.

OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY

President:

E. WM. ANDERSOX

215 N.W. 10th Pendleton, Oregon

President Elect: Executive Secretary:

M. W. TALBOT JOHN G. CLOUSTON

2590 Cedar P. 0. Box 5041

Berkeley, California Portland 13, Oregon

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

1960-62

WAYNE KESSLER GERALD W. THOMAS

6710 N. 10th Ave. Texas Technological College

Phoenix 13, Arizona Lubbock, Texas

1961-63

AVON DENHAM OTTO J. WOLFF

Box 4137 912 St. Patrick St.

Portland 8, Oregon Rapid City, S.D.

1962-64

C. H. WASSER ROBERT A. DARROI~

Colorado State University Texas A & M College

Fort Collins, Colorado College Station, Texas

Past President: V. A. YOUNG 733 West 2nd St. Mesa, Arizona

IN THIS

ISSUE

The Matador Ranch: Range Operaiions from Texas fo Canada....W. M. Pearce 127

Climate and Vegetation as Soil Forming Factors on ihe Llano Esfacado

Frederick B. Lotspeich and Marion E. Everhart 134

Range Condition Improves with Res~..._._...____~. Dewitt Abbott 141

Daily Versus Every-Third-Day Versus Weekly Feeding of Cottonseed Cake fo Beef Steers on Winter Range._...E. H. McIZvain and M. C. Shoop 143

Seasonal Changes in Herbage Weight in an Annual Grass Community

Raymond D. Ratliff and Harold F. Heady 146

When Illinois was Range Counfry, City Dwellers had “Christmas Beef”, and The USDA was Borllcl862..._...__~__~_E. J. Dyksterhuis 149

Effects of Contour Furrowing, Grazing Infensiiies and Soils on Infilfraiion Rates, Soil Moisture and Vegetation near Fort Peck, Montana

F. A. Branson, R. F. Miller and I. S. McQueen 151

Factors Affecting Fill and Consequently Overnight Shrinkage in Range Caf~le..._..._.___.____________._.______~_._______.Kenneth A. Wagnon and W. C. Rollins 158

Application of Soil-Climate-Vegetation Relations to Soil Survey Inferpre- f&ions for Rangelands_...__________H. B. Passey and V. K. Hugie 162

Book Reviews: Research Techniques in Use at the Grassland Research In- _L sfitufe, Hurley, (Members of the Institute); The Grasses of Missouri (Kucera); Iniroducfion io the Study of Animal Populations (Andre-

wartha) .._.--_-____-~_~._________________._~_______.________~__.~~~~~~~~__._~~~~~_~~~-~~.~_~._._.__.__._~~~~-.-.---.~~~- 166 . Current Literature ___________________________________________.__________~_____________~_______________.______~~~___________.__ 168

News and Notes _______________________.._._~_~~_________________~._._______________..______________________~_______________..___ 170

National and International News..._..._____________~_.___________~______~______~________________.~______ 174

With ihe Sections _____________________________________________________._._____.______________~______~~___.____~__________________ 175

Society Business ________________________________________________________________________________._~________~________._________~_ 176

A New Idea in Point Frames...Lynn Rader and Raymond D. Ratliff 182

COLORADO

SECTION

An active student chapter is an asset to the Colorado Section. These young people arrange one meeting a year on the CSU campus. The Section sponsors their plant judging team at the Society’s annual contest and provides a scholarship to a deserving student.

The Section provides awards to winners of the Junior Grass Board Contest at the National Western Stock Show, and it also awards ribbons in three district range judg- ing contests for Colorado youth.

meetings along with an explanation of the Range Society.

The Colorado Section Exhibit, which won first place at Corpus Christi, will be dis- played at the State Cattlemen’s, Woolgrow- er’s, and Soil Conservation District’s annual

tour of a mountain ranch unit and adjoin- ing cattle and sheep demonstration allotments in Western Colorado.

William Hofmann, President Box 791

One

DEPEND

ON HIGH QUALITY

PHILLIPS

66 PRODUCTS

Here’s how Phillips 66 products can help you

enjoy better living and improve profits

Phil-

lips 66 high nitrogen fertilizers for bigger, higher

profit yields; (2) a complete line of highest qual-

ity Phillips 66 Oils and Greases for every farm

machinery need; (3) top car performance with

Flite-Fuel and Sixty-Six Gasolines; (4) better

and longer engine protection with Trop-Artic*

All-Season Motor Oil; (5) Philgas* clean burning,

all purpose fuel, America’s largest sellingLP-Gas.

*A trademark

6GiGb

PHILLIPS

PETROLEUM

COMPANY

Journal of

RANGE

MANAGEMENT

The Matador Ranch: Range Operations

-

from Texas to Canada

-

W. M. PEARCE

Academic Vice President, Texas Technological College, Lubbock, Texas.

The Matador Ranch had its in- ception in 1879 when Henry H. “Hank” Campbell entered the prairie region along the base of the High Plains and obtained title to 160 acres of land at Ballard Springs in Motley Coun- ty, Texas. There, along the head- waters of the Pease River, Camp- bell began to assemble a herd and to acquire land in the name of the Matador Cattle Company of Texas, a corporation in which he had an interest.

Physiographically t h e a r e a was characterized by series of ridges and plains featuring roll- ing grasslands and broken, eroded hills. The prairie lands were covered by buffalo and grama, while triple-awn, blue-

stem and other bunch grasses prevailed in the gullies and on mesquite savannas. On the canyon floors cottonwood, hack- berry, willow, wild china and plum were present. With natural shelter, live water and vegeta- tion, the region was ideal for cattle raising. Furthermore, the grass was free.

U n d e r Campbell’s guidance the Company prospered so that by 1882 its herds numbering 40,000 head grazed on 100,000 acres held in fee and on an addi- tional million acres over which a peculiar proprietorship known as “range privileges” was ex- ercised.

With the ranch books showing a profit, one of the Company shareholders, Colonel Alfred M. Britton, went to England and Scotland in 1882 to seek buyers for the ranch. His task was not difficult for during the 1870’s,- the bonanza years in the western range cattle industry, spectacular returns f r 0 m investments in America had been reported by British financiers and in 1880 a parliamentary commission had soberly stated that profits of 33% percent could be expected from American ranching. Before the year was over a group of Dundee business men formed a joint-stock company, issued a provisional prospectus contem- plating a capitalization of E300,- 000 and requested a former Dun- dee resident, Thomas Lawson of Neosho, Missouri to inspect the range. Upon receiving a favor- able report the directors of the syndicate increased the capital to E400,OOO with 40,000 shares at ElO, and entered into an agree- ment to purchase the holdings,- land, cattle, horses and improve- merits,--of the Texas company for $1,250,000. On December 23, 1882, the sale was completed and the Matador Land and Cattle Company, Limited, of Dundee, Scotland, went into the ranching business. On that day, the head- quarters was transferred from the sunlit prairies of the Ameri-

127

can Southwest to the chilly shores of the Firth of Tay on the North Sea.

According to the terms of an agreement reached before the . sale was concluded, Henry Campbell remained as resident r a n c h superintendent, Britton became one of the six directors of the Company and served as “Manager” with an office in Fort Worth until 1885 when his con- nection with the Company was severed; William F. Sommer- ville, a Scot, went to Fort Worth as assistant manager. In the United Kingdom, the British Linen Company served as bankers for the new organiza- tion; James Robertson, Char- tered Account ant, was the auditor, and Alexander Mackay, through whose office in Dundee the business of the Company was conducted, was named Secretary. The stock of the Company was disposed of to many persons, fac- tory workers in Dundee purchas- ing large numbers of shares.

128

PEARCE

approval to cattle and land sales

and purchases.

In addition to a weekly news

letter the Board required an end-

of-month report from the ranch,

a report summarizing develop-

ments of the previous 30-day

period accompanied by the pay-

roll and an itemized list of pur-

chases for maintenance and feed-

ing of stock and crews. Too, at

the end of each year the manager

filed a report with the Secretary

ket to render the Company’s

profits too small for a dividend

in 1886, and in 1887 the same

situation existed. The blame for

low prices was placed on the

shoulders of the “Be&f Ring,”

Sommerville stating that “a few

individuals (in Chicago) whose

power of purchase and ease in

combining regulate the price of

beef cattle elsewhere and pre-

vent wholesome competition.”

.

to be read at the annual meeting

of stockholders held in Dundee

each March. At this meeting the

accomplishments of the previous

year were reviewed, dividends,

if any, were declared, and policy

for the forthcoming season was

determined.

For the transmission of urgent

messages, cable service was uti-

lized. Since this was expensive a

code was used; code-books,

elaborately prepared, were re-

vised frequently, for not only

was the matter of expense in-

volved but security as well. The

Matadors never cared to have

their neighbors know what they

were doing, when and where

they proposed to buy and sell,

nor the monies involved.

Mackay and one of the direc-

tors usually visited the ranch

each year, customarily in the fall

when cattle were being shipped.

Through this procedure a first-

hand report of the ranch could

be given to the stock-holders at

the annual meetings.

To the disappointment of all

concerned, profit s during the

1880’s did not approach

the

figures anticipated on the basis

of the Parliamentary commis-

sion’s report; they did permit,

however, the declaration

of a

respectable 8 percent dividend

at the end of 1883, 6 percent in

1884 and 7 percent in 1885. The

cost of purchasing land amount-

ing to some 270,000 acres in the

first full year of operation, was

responsible for the disappoint-

ingly low nets.

Under the hammering blows

of drought, blizzards, low prices

on the livestock market, and the

sure closing of the free grass

range, numerous foreign-owned

cattle companies

went out of

business during the 1880’s. How-

ever, the Matadors had come to

stay; their directors went into

their own pockets to create a

reserve out of which they paid

for wind-mills, tank-dams and

fencing materials. Reluctantly,

yet surely, they adjusted to the

reality of the times. A modest

upturn in prices in 1888 enabled

the directors to recommend the

payment of 1.6 percent dividend;

the importation

of Hereford

bulls, started in 1883, began to

show profits in the form of beef-

ier cattle; and the completion of

the Fort Worth and Denver Rail-

road gave better access to mar-

kets and northern ranges.

If the Dundee officials ever en-

tertained thoughts of abandon-

ing their Texas venture during

the lean years, there is no record

of it in the correspondence. Al-

ways there were overtones

of

hope for better sales in the fu-

ture; consistently the firm’s ob-

ligations through the redemption

of debentures were reduced; and

the ever-present reserve

ac-

count assured the Company’s sol-

vency.

A drought combined with the

During 1890, William F. Som-

merville announced his retire-

ment at the end of the year, and

at the same time Henry Camp-

bell resigned. After a prolonged

search for a suitable manager,

the Directors succeeded in ob-

taining the services of Murdo

rado, to fill the vacancy. This

man,-large, imposing, and full-

bearded in his younger days, was

born in 1850 near Tain, in the

vicinity of Dundee.

He had

gained experience in Scotland in

banking, in stock-raising, and in

estate management before com-

ing to America in 1885 as Man-

ager of the Prairie Cattle Com-

pany’s huge holdings. For the

next twenty-one years following

1890 his was the hand that

guided the Matadors through

lean years and good; in his own

career is reflected much of the

history of the cattle industry be-

tween 1890 and 1940, for after

leaving the Company’s service in

1912 for a six-year stay in Brazil,

he returned to be elected a direc-

tor in 1918, assumed the man-

agership again in 1922, and re-

tained a firm grasp on the Com-

pany’s affairs following his re-

tirement in 1937 until his death

in 1939 in his ninetieth year.

THE MATADOR

129

share of the Company’s paid up

capital.

Unlike Sommerville, who had

managed the Company’s affairs

in America from his desk in Fort

Worth, Mackenzie traveled

a

great deal. In going to Ballard

Springs he would catch a night

train in Trinidad,

be met at

Childress the next morning by a

buck-board, and arrive at the

ranch late in the afternoon. He

would spend several days riding

over the various pastures, seeing

for himself how the work was

going, becoming familiar with

every grassy flat, each stream

and watering place, and the con-

dition of the herd. When he was

reminded by Mackay that the

Board liked to hear once a week

at least from the manager, Mac-

kenzie replied his position was

“somewhat different from the

late Mr. Sommerville”; that he

had been at home only four days

during the past month, and that

a person who spent his time from

6 A.M. to sundown in the buck-

board or saddle had little incli-

nation to write after a day’s

work. He added in this letter of

July 6, 1891, “I have difficulties

to contend with which I did not

trouble you with, but am glad to

think the worst is past. If I had

known what I had to go through

I never would have undertaken

it. My life was threatened on

several occasions and even with

a good salary a man does not

care to take such chances. $lO,-

000 would not be any induce-

ment to me to face another 6

months of the same kind.”

It is well known that Mac-

kenzie never carried a gun, and

he is reported to have explained

it by the statement that he was

too large, “No one could miss

me.”

Over the Board’s objections

Mackenzie embarked on what he

referred to as the “Kansas adver-

tising experiment,” a program of

shipping several hundred young

steers to Strong City, Kansas,

for summer pasturage. His idea

was not to make a profit on the

venture but “to show farmers in

Kansas that Matador steers were

suitable for feeding.” This proj-

ect was carried on from 1891

through 1898.

The prolongation of another

drought in 1892 confronted the

Company with another problem,

-that of a shrinking range for

its great herds. Two solutions

were possible; 1. to reduce the

breeding herd, or 2. to lease an-

other pasture.

In favoring the latter action

contact was made with the

Francklyn Land and Cattle Com-

pany in 1893 and as a result of

negotiations the White Deer pas-

ture of some 250,000 acres lying

in Carson and Gray counties was

leased to the Matadors at five

cents per acre for two years.

Leases were renewed biennially

until 1902.

As early as 1890 the Dundee

board had considered the possi-

bilities of sending its steers to

Northern pastures for “double-

wintering”; such a practice of-

fered a double advantage since it

gave an additional year’s matur-

ity to livestock and because

cattle were known to put on

weight better in higher latitudes.

The directors were favorably im-

pressed by a proposal made in

1892 by John Clay, Jr., an official

in an Edinburgh syndicate which

controlled Western Ranches, Ltd.

This proposition called for the

Matadors to ship several thou-

sand 2-year-old

steers to the

Belle Fourche range of Western

Ranches for a two-year

stay

under Western Ranches’ riders.

At the end of two years the

steers would

be marketed

through a commission

house

owned by Clay

(which

ac-

counted in part for his enthu-

siasm for the scheme). The own-

ers were to pay a dollar a head

for the use of the grass the first

year, and a dollar a head for *each

steer delivered

by Western

Ranches at the railroad at the

end of the second year when the

herd was shipped to market.

Mackenzie saw the dangers in-

herent in such a proposal and

wrote the Board:

I would have no objections

to Mr. Clay grazing

our

cattle but would not advise

the Company to give him

full control of selling them;

I do not wish to insinuate

that Mr. Clay would do any-

thing but what would be to

your best interest, but life is

uncertain and I would con-

sider it unadvisable for the

Company to turn the control

of their cattle into the hand

of anyone as long as they are

Company property.

The Board hesitated, but nego-

tiations with Clay were not

broken off, and in 1892 an agree-

ment was reached with Western

Ranches providing

that 2,000

two-year-old steers would be de-

livered to the Belle Fourche

where they would remain until

1894, at which time they would

be marketed. A reservation

clause permitted the Company to

withdraw its herd after one year

should the Directors feel it nec-

essary to do so. Apparently the

arrangement met with every-

one’s satisfaction, for the next

year .a similar agreement was

reached with Eugene Holcomb of

130

PEARCE

and in weight more than offset

the additional costs.

Through these undertakings,-

one with Western Ranches and

one with Holcomb, the Company

found itself in the business of

maturing steers on northern pas-

tures. From the returns and the

balances in the Dundee books,

the ventures

were successfull

Dividends, reflecting

profits,

crept upward after 1894, from

2% percent in 1895 to 6% percent

in 1901.

Am .ong the miscellany ’ of prob-

lems with which the manage-

ment had to contend

were

wolves, rustlers, nesters, taxa-

tion and quarantine restrictions.

Each of these was dealt with in

turn and on the merits (or de-

merits) of the case. As settlers

moved in to take up vacant lands

lying within the range, overtures

were made to the Company to

sell some of its properties.

Neither these offers nor the

presence of the town of Matador,

established in 1891 after the or-

ganization of the county, seem

to have influenced Company

policy in regard to its lands.

Some small purchases

were

made to provide contiguity of

pastures, and some small sales

were made when parcels of land

were deemed unnecessary for

the welfare of the organization.

Vacant sections lying within the

borders of the range were leased

from the State of Texas, but it is

rather significant

that the

amount of land owned by the

Company at its original range re-

mained between

375,000 and

400,000 acres from 1883 until

1951.

The first year of the twentieth

century saw another turning

point in Matador history for in

the summer of 1901 the Company

had been advised that the White

Deer pasture lease would not be

up for renewal

the own-

ers of this land were planning,

according to Mackenzie’s infor-

mation, to start a town at Pampa

and wanted to reserve the lands

adjacent to the townsite to sell

to settlers. By January, 1902, the

Company realized it had only 6

months in which to secure a new

pasture for 12,000 head of its

young steers. Luck was with the

Scats, for Colonel A. G. Boyce,

general manager of the XIT, let

it be known that a tract of the

Capitol Syndicate’s property ly-

ing south of the Canadian River

in Oldham County was not for

lease but for sale. The land orig-

inally designated

for disposal

consisted of the 150,000 acre Ala-

mositas pasture, but when it be-

came known

the Matadors

wanted more, a portion of the

Rito Blanc0 lying north of the

Canadian was added. After in-

vestigation and inspection, the

Board approved the purchase

and in 1902 the Matadors ac-

quired the pasture of 213,000

acres at a price of $2 per acre.

The Capitol people were paid in

full, the Board in Dundee having

borrowed c25,OOO secured by a

vendor’s lien. In June, 1902, the

first steers wearing the rounded

“V” reached the Alamositas and

by the end of the year 17,000

head were grazing

along the

Canadian.

Hardly was the ink dry on the

Alamositas deed than Mackay

took into consideration the ac-

quisition of lands in Canada on

a long-term

lease.

Through

friends in the Dominion the Sec-

retary learned that grasslands

in the western provinces were

available in tracts up to 100,000

acres

of

public

domain.

Prompted by the knowledge that

the Western Ranches’ ranges in

Dakota were shrinking,

the

Board authorized Mackenzie to

go to Western Canada and ex-

amine areas wherein

pasture

could be secured. He found, in

1903, an ideal site some 25 miles

north of Swift Current, on the

Saskatchewan

River. He de-

scribed it as the finest piece of

land he had ever seen, with

“lakes everywhere, the best kind

of blue-stem and grama grass,”

and “absolutely unoccupied ex-

cept for geese, ducks and three

antelopes.”

After two years of delay, dur-

ing which Mackenzie expressed

himself strongly on the subject

of governmental red-tape

and

bureaucratic inefficiency, a con-

tract was signed between

the

Company officials and the Cana-

dian government in March, 1905.

Under its terms the Matadors

were granted 50,000 acres of land

on the left (north) bank of the

Saskatchewan River due north

of Swift Current. For this land

the Company paid a rental of

c200 (about $1000) per year.

Subsequent leases gave the Com-

pany an additional 150,000 acres.

In June, 1905, the first Matador

cattle reached Swift Current

from Alamositas; there the Com-

pany was to remain for sixteen

years.

The period during which

THE MATADOR 131

companies both bid for and re- ceived leases on the reservation in 1904. The Matadors received 530,000 acres lying east of the Missouri River and south of the Moreau River in Dewey and Armstrong counties, South Da- kota; the annual rental was 3% cents per acre and the lease cov- ered a 5-year period.

With the acquisition of Ala- mositas and the Canadian and Dakota leases there developed a pattern of operations which was to be followed for more than twenty years. The original or Motley County division was used as a breeding ground; from here yearlings were shipped to Ala- mositas where they remained until two years old, thence to one of the northern pastures for two years before being sent to mar- ket. Each division,-at Matador, at Alamositas, in Canada, and in South Dakota,-had its own superintendent, its own corres- pondence file and set of books. From each division reports went to the manager’s office in Trini- dad and to each went the man- ager’s instructions.

Despite increased costs in shipping, leasing and upkeep, the Company prospered during the first ten years of the 20th cen- tury. Dividends rose from the aforementioned 6 l/4 percent in 1901 to 5 percent with a 5 per- cent bonus in 1911; during the same period the loan obtained when the Alamositas pasture was purchased was repaid.

One might suppose that Murdo Mackenzie’s preoccupation with affairs of the ranch would have prohibited his participation in other activities. However, he found his friends and business associates pressing upon him the need to secure redress of griev- ances which western cattlemen held against the railroads. As president of the Texas Cattle Raisers Association in 1901 and 1902, Mackenzie was called on time and again to present the western shippers’ case to the railroads and, when that failed,

to the Federal government. By 1904 cattlemen were preparing for an all-out effort to take be- fore Congress the facts which would support a move to strengthen the Interstate Com- merce Commission. When local and regional differences among cattlemen threatened to thwart unified action, it was Mackenzie who, with force yet adriotness, drew discordant elements to- gether to achieve the main goal. With Judge S. H. Cowan of Fort Worth, he went to Washington in May, 1904, to lay before the I. C. C. the cattlemen’s case. His trip did little good, yet he learned a valuable political les- son, and upon his return wrote to Henry C. Wallace, the influ- ential Iowa agricultural journal- ist, that it was a representative from Wallace’s own district, Peter Hepburn, who was largely responsible for holding up the bill which was designed to amend the Interstate Commerce Act. Just what Wallace did to remind Hepburn that he was a “representative of the people” is not known but evidently it was effective for the final measure which strengthened the I. C. C. in 1906 and gave it regulatory powers bears the name “The Hepburn Act.” Mr. Wallace was a very influential man!

In 1905 Mackenzie was elected president of the American Stock Growers Association, and held the post until 1911. Before ac- cepting the office he wrote the Board in Dundee explaining the nature of the position, detailing the pressures that had been put on him to accept, and summariz- ing the advantages which might possibly accrue to the cattle in- dustry if a reduction in rail rates could be obtained. He left the decision to the Board. A special meeting of the Directors was called, and after a conference, the secretary sent this cabled re- ply: “Accept Presidency. Condi- tion Matador incur no expense.” In a letter which followed Mac- kay recommended that the As-

sociation “give Mackenzie a paid Vice President or some equiva- lent officer to do nine-tenths of the work.”

In testimony before various Congressional committees and in an interview with the President, Theodore Roosevelt, Mackenzie continued the fight against dis- criminatory railroad rates. It is related that, upon the occasion of a delegation’s appearance before Roosevelt, the President was in an expansive mood and took up most of the alloted time him- self; when it appeared the inter- view was over, Mackenzie said: “You promised me 20 minutes then did all the talking. Now you listen to me.” Whereupon he presented his delegation’s case. Whether this is true or not, Theodore Roosevelt did come to know Mackenzie and upon the occasion of one of his famous hunts visited Murdo’s home in Brazil.

132 PEARCE

from three to four dollars higher than the offerings for other cattle. Too, the year 1911 saw the resignation of Murdo Mac- kenzie, then 61 years old, who left the Company’s service at an age when most men are prepar- ing for retirement. The lure of new lands and adventures was strong in him, and when Percy Farquhar tendered him an offer to manage the stock interest of the Brazil Land, Cattle and Packing Company in South America, the Matador board would not stand in the way of such a promotion and so the Manager, his family, and a num- ber of Matador hands made the move to Sao Paulo. Parentheti- cally, it might be stated this company owned some 2% mil- lion acres of land, utilized 8 mil- lion more, operated its own rail- road and packing houses, and ran some 250,000 cattle.

Mackenzie’s nephew, John MacBain, who had served the Company since 1898, working at the Matador division and at Trinidad, was named manager; hence there was no change in policy and few adjustments in personnel.

In 1913, MacBain received word from the superintendent of the Dakota range that the In- dians were showing a disinclina- tion to permit the renewal of the Company’s lease on the Chey- enne River reservation in 1914. It will be recalled that this pas- ture had first been leased in 1904 for a five year period; in 1909, another 5-year lease was signed. Since the Company was com- mitted to a program of northern feeding, and since this program was a profitable one, the man- ager immediately began a search for a substitute for the Dakota range. Again luck was with the Company, for by the middle of 1913 permission was secured to lease a portion (400,000 acres) of the Fort Belknap reservation, an Assiniboine and Gros Ventre re- serve, in northern Montana. It was determined, after an inspec-

tion, that this range was superior even to that in Canada, and a five-year agreement was entered into in the summer of 1913. Here the Company was to stay for 15 years, and here was the last northern grass on which Mata- dor cattle would graze.

The acquisition, in May, 1916, of the Romero pasture from John M. Shelton of Amarillo, and its addition to the Alamositas divi- sion, plus two purchases of 7,800 and 3,400 acres in Montana and Motley County respectively, drove the Company’s holdings in land to a total of 879,000 acres; this seems to have been the high- est in Matador history.

The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 boosted prices of livestock, as it did all com- modities. Yet an upward trend in cattle had begun three years before the war. Profits and divi- dends in 1912 reflected this; from a 5 percent dividend plus 5 per- cent bonus in 1911, this went to 10 percent dividend plus 5 per- cent bonus in 1912 to 15 percent and 5 percent bonus in 1916 and a 20 percent dividend in 1918.

With the end of the war, how- ever, income fell and the stock- holders had to content them- selves with more modest returns as Warren G. Harding’s “normal- cy” prevailed. Still another post- war adjustment was in the of- fing,-the surrender of the Sas- katchewan lease in 1921. This action was best explained by Mackay in his report to the shareholders in 1922:

A day came when the Governments of the United States and Canada failed to agree upon a common policy for the import and export of livestock between the two countries, and high duties were imposed. We found ourselves, as it were, ground between the upper and the nether millstones of this tar- iff policy and had to get out of Canada quickly if a large loss were to be avoided. The year of the war’s end was

marked by another event impor- tant in the Matador story. Murdo Mackenzie returned from Brazil, took up his residence in Chicago, and was elected to the Board of Directors, the first American resident to hold such a position since Colonel Britton’s time. When John MacBain died sud- denly of a heart attack in June, 1922, Mackenzie moved to Den- ver and again assumed the man- agerial reins, holding them until his retirement in 1937.

To offset the loss of its Cana- dian pasture in 1921, the Com- pany leased 300,000 acres of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in

South Dakota; disappointingly, cattle wintered on this fine-look- ing range failed to put on the weight expected, and in 1925 the lease was surrendered.

THE MATADOR 133

Texas was a small tract of sev- eral thousand acres owned near Malta, Montana. Here a brief ex- periment in sheep-raising was conducted, but not enthusias- tically, during the 1930’s. Fol- lowing 1928, the bulk of the stock marketed went as 2-year-olds.

The withdrawal to Texas in 1928 was accompanied by the purchase of still another pasture

of 47,000 acres adjoining Alamo- sitas on the north. Had the re- trenchment been made without the burden of paying for this last addition, the Company might have weathered the depression without support from the out- side. As it was, the collapse of the Wall Street stock market in 1929 marked the beginning of genuine “hard times”; low prices on the livestock market and the drought which blighted both ranges thrust income below op- erating costs during the lean years, 1931-1935. For the second time in the 20th century outside aid was required and a loan of a half-million dollars was ob- tained from the Southwestern Life Insurance Company of Dal- las in 1934; the notes-two in the amounts of $200,000 and $300,000, -were secured by a lien against the Alamositas pasture, a 394,000 acre tract. The year 1936, marked by the death of Alexander Mac- kay who had been the Com- pany’s secretary since its incep- tion, saw an upturn in business fortunes, a trend which con- tinued through 1939 when the loan was repaid.

In 1937, a year after Mackay died, Murdo Mackenzie retired as General Manager and was succeeded by his son, John, who had been associated with the ranch since his boyhood, except for a la-year stay in Brazil.

The onset of the Second World War curbed somewhat the Com- pany’s activities, but not its profits. Operating its two divi- sions, short-handed at times after the United States’ entry into the war, the Matador owners saw in- come, dividends, and taxes rise

to new heights. Proceeds from cattle sales alone went above the million dollar mark in 1945 and remained there through 1950. Dividends rose steadily through 1950, when they amounted to 50 percent in the following form:

an interim dividend of 10 per- cent

an interim bonus of 5 percent a final dividend of 20 percent a final bonus of 15 percent. In view of these declarations it came as something of a surprise when, late in 1950, news releases originating in San Angelo, Texas, gave the first public announce- ments of the proposed sale of the Company’s stock. Despite de- nials by some of the Company officials, the reports persisted. As early as the middle of No- vember, 1950, prices of Matador shares on the London exchange began to rise to the extent that trading in these shares was halted at the request of the Board chairman. The finding of oil several miles from Matador ranch land was credited with in- spiring the upward surge, though the only known completion was miles away from the ranch in Dickens County.

In February, 1951, the Com- pany sent out to shareholders a short report dealing with the ap- proach made by American inter- ests for the possible purchase of the whole of the shares of the Company. On June 16, the first official Company public release was made to the newspapers; it stated that Lazard Brothers and Company, Ltd., on behalf of themselves and a number of American corporations, had made an offer of $23.70 per share for all the 800,000 outstanding shares of the Matador Land and Cattle Company, Ltd.; the offer was conditioned upon acceptance by holders of 90 per cent of the shares. By the end of July the offer was accepted and the trans- fer took place on July 31; the land involved in the transaction included over 400,000 acres at Matador and 394,000 acres at Ala-

mositas, plus the Montana land. Approximately 47,000 head of cattle went to the new owners. This was not a purchase of the property; it was a purchase of practically all the shares of stock in the corporation.

The former shareholders or- ganized a new corporation, the Toreador Royalty Corporation, to which Matador conveyed an undivided one-half of the min- eral rights; shares in the new concern, incorporated July 16, 1951, under the laws of the State of Delaware, were issued Pro rata to the former Matador shareholders.

134

London exchange in 1949; when

the shareholders were offered

$23.70 in 1951,-three and a-half

times the exchange price two

years before, and thirty-four

times their capital value, it is

little wonder

they sold. An

added advantage to shareholders

resident in Britain was the per-

mission granted them to reinvest

their proceeds in American se-

curities, since they were paid in

dollars.

When the liquidation process

began in 1951, the last of the

great foreign-owned cattle com-

panies in the United States de-

voted exclusively to the produc-

tion of beef disappeared. Its his-

tory was unique in *several re-

spects; for one, the fact of its

survival to the middle of the

PEARCE

twentieth century; for another,

it experienced, in its career, the

same vicissitudes that brought

elation and dejection, success

and failure, pride and humility,

to other organizations of its kind;

yet it persisted.

In retrospect, then, “four

stable features stand out

on

the balance sheet of the record:

a knowledge of good land, a re

liance on the best-bred cattle, an

ample source of reserves, and a

sound tradition of business man-

agement.“l To this might be

added the character of the men

who managed the American pro-

perties, Henry Campbell, Murdo

Mackenzie, John MacBain and

John Mackenzie.

A fitting conclusion is this ex-

cerpt from a letter written on

August 28, 1951, by Harry P.

Drought to James Wright, an-

other one of the directors in Scot-

land:

And so the great Matador

Company is going into voluntary

liquidation. I consider myself

very fortunate to have been a

part of its fine organization. Re-

gardless of how advantageous to

the shareholders the sale may

have been, there are many heart-

aches caused by this conclusion.

The Company, however, will live

forever in the history of the

Southwest. We were connected

with a cattle empire and our

pride in it outweighed our de,

sire for profits.

1J. Evetts Haley, Heraldry of the Range (Canyon, Texas; 1949), p. 22.

Climate And Vegetation

As

Soil Forming

Factors On The Llano Estacadol

FREDERICK B. LOTSPEICH AND MARION E. EVERHART

Soil Scientist, Southern Plains Branch, Soil and Water Conservation Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Southwestern Great Plains Field Sta- tion, Bushland, Texas, and Range Conservationist,

Soil

Although most of the Llano

Estacado is devoted to field crop

production, some of it is still

used as native ranges for live-

stock. The floristic composition

of these ranges is sensitive to

small differences in soil, espe-

cially texture, and aspect asso-

ciated with the large number of

depressions of this featureless

plain. An understanding of the

native plant communities and

the associated

soils of these

ranges assists both range and soil

scientists in managing

them.

This paper describes the broad

features of the vegetation and

climate of the area and relates

them to the soils.

Description Of The Area

“Llano Estacado” is Spanish

for that part of the Great Plains

physiographic unit south of the

Canadian River bounded on the

west by the Pecos valley in New

Mexico, and on the east by the

Rolling Plains of Texas. On the

south it merges with the Ed-

wards Plateau (Fenneman 1931).

The Llano Estacado is a plateau

without prominent topographic

features but with elevation rang-

ing from 2500 to 5000 feet, south-

east to northwest. It is about 250

miles long, north to south and

125 miles wide with an area of

about

20,000 square

miles

(Figure 1)

Climate

Classification

Russell (1945) supplied a de-

tailed classification of Texas cli-

mates based on Koppen’s termi-

nology (Trewartha 1954, p. 381-

383)

and delineated several cli-

matic types that were too small

to be considered on a regional

basis. With the possible excep-

tion of the extreme NW corner,

all of the Llano Estacado falls

under Russell’s BScDw climatic

type described as steppe, meso-

thermal with occasional micro-

thermal years, with dry winters.

A mesothermal year is one in

which the mean temperature of

the coldest month is 32-64°F; a

microthermal year one in which

the me an temperature of the

coldest month is below 32°F.

Russell (1945) emphasized the

importance of oscillating boun-

daries of climatic

types and

based his selection of boundaries

on frequency of years that ex-

ceeded or were less than that

set by his definition. He also

stressed the distribution

and

wide variability of rainfall com-

pared to temperature.

Temperafure and Precipitation

Summer temperatures are high

on the Llano Estacado. Most sta-

134

London exchange in 1949; when

the shareholders were offered

$23.70 in 1951,-three and a-half

times the exchange price two

years before, and thirty-four

times their capital value, it is

little wonder

they sold. An

added advantage to shareholders

resident in Britain was the per-

mission granted them to reinvest

their proceeds in American se-

curities, since they were paid in

dollars.

When the liquidation process

began in 1951, the last of the

great foreign-owned cattle com-

panies in the United States de-

voted exclusively to the produc-

tion of beef disappeared. Its his-

tory was unique in *several re-

spects; for one, the fact of its

survival to the middle of the

PEARCE

twentieth century; for another,

it experienced, in its career, the

same vicissitudes that brought

elation and dejection, success

and failure, pride and humility,

to other organizations of its kind;

yet it persisted.

In retrospect, then, “four

stable features stand out

on

the balance sheet of the record:

a knowledge of good land, a re

liance on the best-bred cattle, an

ample source of reserves, and a

sound tradition of business man-

agement.“l To this might be

added the character of the men

who managed the American pro-

perties, Henry Campbell, Murdo

Mackenzie, John MacBain and

John Mackenzie.

A fitting conclusion is this ex-

cerpt from a letter written on

August 28, 1951, by Harry P.

Drought to James Wright, an-

other one of the directors in Scot-

land:

And so the great Matador

Company is going into voluntary

liquidation. I consider myself

very fortunate to have been a

part of its fine organization. Re-

gardless of how advantageous to

the shareholders the sale may

have been, there are many heart-

aches caused by this conclusion.

The Company, however, will live

forever in the history of the

Southwest. We were connected

with a cattle empire and our

pride in it outweighed our de,

sire for profits.

1J. Evetts Haley, Heraldry of the Range (Canyon, Texas; 1949), p. 22.

Climate And Vegetation

As

Soil Forming

Factors On The Llano Estacadol

FREDERICK B. LOTSPEICH AND MARION E. EVERHART

Soil Scientist, Southern Plains Branch, Soil and Water Conservation Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Southwestern Great Plains Field Sta- tion, Bushland, Texas, and Range Conservationist,

Soil

Although most of the Llano

Estacado is devoted to field crop

production, some of it is still

used as native ranges for live-

stock. The floristic composition

of these ranges is sensitive to

small differences in soil, espe-

cially texture, and aspect asso-

ciated with the large number of

depressions of this featureless

plain. An understanding of the

native plant communities and

the associated

soils of these

ranges assists both range and soil

scientists in managing

them.

This paper describes the broad

features of the vegetation and

climate of the area and relates

them to the soils.

Description Of The Area

“Llano Estacado” is Spanish

for that part of the Great Plains

physiographic unit south of the

Canadian River bounded on the

west by the Pecos valley in New

Mexico, and on the east by the

Rolling Plains of Texas. On the

south it merges with the Ed-

wards Plateau (Fenneman 1931).

The Llano Estacado is a plateau

without prominent topographic

features but with elevation rang-

ing from 2500 to 5000 feet, south-

east to northwest. It is about 250

miles long, north to south and

125 miles wide with an area of

about

20,000 square

miles

(Figure 1)

Climate

Classification

Russell (1945) supplied a de-

tailed classification of Texas cli-

mates based on Koppen’s termi-

nology (Trewartha 1954, p. 381-

383)

and delineated several cli-

matic types that were too small

to be considered on a regional

basis. With the possible excep-

tion of the extreme NW corner,

all of the Llano Estacado falls

under Russell’s BScDw climatic

type described as steppe, meso-

thermal with occasional micro-

thermal years, with dry winters.

A mesothermal year is one in

which the mean temperature of

the coldest month is 32-64°F; a

microthermal year one in which

the me an temperature of the

coldest month is below 32°F.

Russell (1945) emphasized the

importance of oscillating boun-

daries of climatic

types and

based his selection of boundaries

on frequency of years that ex-

ceeded or were less than that

set by his definition. He also

stressed the distribution

and

wide variability of rainfall com-

pared to temperature.

Temperafure and Precipitation

Summer temperatures are high

on the Llano Estacado. Most sta-

LLANO ESTACADO

0

\ 0

-9 -.

A\-

FIGURE 1. Outline map of the Llano Estacado and surrounding areas.

tions report maximums greater than 100°F during the warmer months. One feature of summer is the large diurnal temperature change; variations of 30 to 40” are common. Winter tempera- tures average above freezing, but short periods with below zero minimum temperatures 0 c c u r nearly every year. Diurnal tem- perature variations are as great in winter as summer. Cold fronts may cause reductions of 40 to 50” in a few hours.

Mean monthly temperatures of 4 stations (Figure 2) indicate that temperatures are highest in the south and decrease north- ward with increased elevation and latitude. Big Spring has the highest mean annual tempera-. ture and Amarillo the lowest.

An important feature of the rainfall pattern of the Llano Estacado is in the summer maxi- mum, with 70 to 80 percent of the total falling between May and October. Figure 2 shows that the rainfall occurs during the warm season; however, this dis- tribution pattern restricts the depth to which moisture pene- trates because plants extract moisture at a rapid rate.

Rainfall of the Llano Estacado

varies widely from year to year (Figure 3). Although the mean annual rainfall for most stations is less than 20 inches, the maxi- mum is usually greater than 30 inches, with minimums less than 10 inches for most stations. Clovis, with a normal precipita- tion of about 18 inches, received 46.91 inches in 1941 and only 7.58 inches in 1943, a variation within 4 years of more than 6 fold. Other stations show similar de- grees of variation with extremes usually occurring during the same year. Areas of least rain- fall have the widest variability; thus, Roswell shows a variability of about 8 fold whereas Amarillo shows variability of about 4.

Wind

Winds blow almost constantly on the Llano Estacado, and gusts exceeding 60 mph have been re- corded for most stations. Aver- age wind velocities are greater in the early spring (March totals are about 50 percent greater than for August, Figure 4) , gradually diminishing to a minimum dur- ing late summer and increasing slightly toward winter. Average monthly miles of wind is never less than 1800 for Portales with most stations reporting from 2400

135

to 4400 miles as a minimum. Maximum miles of wind vary from 6500 for Amarillo to 4000 for Portales.

Evaporation

Total evaporation, April through September, varies from 63.39 inches at Portales to 45.53 at Spur, (Table 2). Stations hav- ing the highest mean tempera- tures do not necessarily have the highest evaporation rates

(Figure 4) ; for example, al- though Portales has the highest evaporation rate, its mean an- nual temperature is lower than that of Spur, which has the low- est evaporation rate. Amarillo and Lubbock also show the ef- fects of humidity on evaporation; Lubbock, with higher humidity, has a lower evaporation.

Mean relative humidity tends to be somewhat higher in the southeast compared to the north and northwest. Thus, Amarillo has a mean relative humidity of 53 percent whereas Lubbock has 60 percent. Moisture in the air fluctuates drastically, especially during the summer, from nearly saturation to 10 percent or less within a few days.

Figure 4 graphically shows the influence of temperature versus wind on the rate of evaporation. Evaporation for March and April, when the maximum winds occur, is considerably lower than for the warmer months of June and July, when winds are much less. However, wind movement is considerable even during the summer and contributes to the high evaporation rates on the Llano Estacado.

Insolafion

136 LOTSPEICH AND EVERHART

Table 1. Climafological dafa from major weafher bureau sfafions on and near fhe Llano Esfacado.

Station

Temperature extremes Precipitation extremes _{Length of Av. Cloudiness/year} Maximum Minimum High Low Mean record (yr) Clear Partly cloudy Degrees F Degrees F Inches Inches Inches Temp. Prec. Days Days Amarillo, Texas

Lubbock, Texas Midland, Texas Clayton, N. M. Roswell, N. M. Tucumcari, N. M. Clovis, N. M. Big Spring, Texas Crosbyton, Texas Dalhart, Texas Memphis, Texas

108 -14 107 - 9 109 - 1 102 -17 110 -15 108 -18 110 -17 109 - 7 110 -10 109 -17 117 -11

39.75 (1923) 40.55 (1941) 30.33 (1941) 37.65 (1941) 32.92 (1941) 34.96 (1941) 46.91 (1941) 29.22 (1932) 44.42 (1941) 40.91 (1941) 29.84 (1923)

9.94 (1956) 21.12 66 66 160 107

8.73 (1917) 18.89 44 46 169 94 4.24 (1951) 16.20 44 51 173 93 5.54 (1936) 15.42 50 50 175 96 4.83 (1927) 12.07 61 76 184 100 6.13 (1934) 16.04 41 50 234 66 7.58 (1943) 18.19 38 42 207 120 10.81 (1924) 17.39 56 60 169 104 9.84 (1934) 21.17 47 71 206 96 9.78 (1934) 18.01 38 38 181 155 11.98 (1927) 21.32 51 49 206 69

!t

:70

z

a

60

a ; 50

;40

30

MAT 57.7 MAPl8.19

\’ ELEV. 4220

80

70

60

50

40

30

jvlAT 55.8 MAP21.12

JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJ JASOND

CLOVIS AMARILLO

‘MAT 59.5 MAP18.89

40 .

ELEV. 3241 ELEV. 2537

30 .

JFMAMJ JASOND

LUBBOCK BIG SPRING

FIGURE 2. Mean monthly temperature and precipitation data for Amarillo, Lubbock, Big Spring, and Clovis.

means that 0.4 to 0.7 of the total sky is obscured during daylight, on these days a large amount of light reaches the ground surface. Clear days during winter also cause the daytime temperatures to rise above freezing during a large portion of the colder months. Daily maximum tem- peratures of 50 to 60°F are com- mon during winter.

Effectiveness of Precipifafion Moisture is the critical element of the microenvironment in the area. High evaporation, tempera- ture, and wind combine to re- duce the effectiveness of the low precipitation. Finally, the yearly distribution of rainfall reduces the moisture available for soil forming processes because the vegetation is growing vigorously during the summer and draining the moisture supply.

LLANO ESTACADO

Table 2. Tofal wind and evaporafion dafa from weather bureau siafions on and near fhe Llano Esfacado.

Evaporation April Mean annual Station Annual Wind through October temperature

Total miles Inches Degrees F

Amarillo, Texas 62,245 54.98 55.8

Lubbock, Texas 51,559 45.66 59.5

Big Spring, Texas 37,949 54.54 64.6

Spur, Texas1 58,093 45.43 61.9

Portales, N. M. 34,944 63.39 56.9

Tucumcari, N. M.l 41,887 55.83 57.8

Dalhart, Texas1 51,549 50.56 54.5

IThese stations are not on the Llano Estacado but are in similar climatic zones. Texas stations data are from Bloodgood et al. (1954) ; Tucumcari, N. M., from Burnham (1954); and Portales from Weather Bureau records.

depth of 2 to 3 feet. Some pre- cipitation received after the grasses become dormant remains in the profile and is available for soil forming processes and plant growth for the following season. From moisture retention data, Taylor (1960) has calculated the depth to which a a-inch rain will penetrate several soils of the Llano Estacado. Assuming the upper 6 inches is air dry and the rest of the profile at wilting point, these data show that 2 inches of water will only pene- trate 5.4 inches of Pullman silty

30 MEAN ANNUAL

RAINFALL 20

IO

30

IO

DALHART

30

20’ _IT.39

IO

BIG SPRING

30

20

IO

;;;

‘? AMARILLO

IIIlIIIIIIIIII ,,,,I I, I,,,,,,, I,, 1920 1930 1940 1950

FrcunE 3. Variation from normal of precip- itation (in inches) of Amarillo, Lubbock, Big Spring, Clovis, Dalhart, and Roswell.

clay loam soil. Water at this depth is lost by evapotranspira- tion in a short time and a similar quantity must be added to the surface layer before the deeper layers can be wetted. The same quantity of water will penetrate to greater depths for coarser soils: 14.7 inches on Amarillo fine sandy loam, 20.4 inches on Amarillo loamy fine sand, and 33.7 inches on dune sand (Tivoli sand).

From this evidence it is ap- parent that large areas of Llano Estacado soils are seldom wetted by a single rain much below the O-6 inch layer where evaporation alone is effective in removing moisture. Since vegetation is also very effective in removing water from the upper 2 feet of soil it is apparent that unless heavy rains persist, these soils seldom contain moisture below this depth under native vegeta- tion. In most years the soil is not wetted below the 2- to S-foot zone and it is only during ab- normally wet years that the deeper horizons are wetted.

Vegetational Zones

The entire Llano Estacado is covered by plant communities of the mixed prairie association of the grassland formation. These vegetational units are described by Shantz (1923)) Weaver and Albertson (1956)) and Molden- hauer, Coover, and Everhart

(1958). Although this area is considered to belong in the mid-

137

short grass association, certain variations include tall species. Variation in the floristic com- position between the extreme northern and the southern parts of the area occurs in response to changes in climate, variations in soil texture, and minor changes in exposure associated with the playas. Under the present cli- mate with the present stage of soil development, the plant com- munities growing on the various kinds of soils are those described below. Authorities for plant names are Silveus (1933)) Van Dersal (1938)) and Forest Serv- ice (1937).

All variations of the climax re- lated to soils or exposure have grasses as dominants, but the composition is simple and usu- ally consists of 2 to 4 species. Compared to the dominants, the subordinant forbs comprise many species although their total basal area is usually less than 5 percent of the total plant cover- age. These forbs are prominent when flowering but are widely scattered, hence do not con- tribute much to the vegetational cover. West of Amarillo, galleta (Hilaria jamesii) comes into the climax community in response to somewhat drier conditions on the western portion of the pla- teau. Mesquite (Prosopis juli- flora) is common along the north portion of the plateau next to the Canadian River, and extends completely across it in the south- ern part. Table 3 gives composi- tion of vegetation occurring in the study area.

Hardland

This plant community occurs on the silty clays and silty clay loam soils on very smooth topog- raphy in the north and eastern portions of the Llano Estacado. These soils are hard when dry and, although a 4-foot profile contains about 11 inches of avail- able water at field capacity, are difficult to wet because of low permeability owing to the high clay content.