The Roots Vol 1

(1)

(2)

The Roots of the Filipino Nation

V

Volu

olume

me II

e

(3)

The University of the Philippines Press

Diliman, Quezon City

The Roots of the Filipino Nation

V

Volu

olume

me II

O

(4)

THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES PRESS THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES PRESS

E. de los Santos St., UP Campus, Diliman, Quezon City 1101 E. de los Santos St., UP Campus, Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Tel. No.: 9253243 / Telefax No.: 9282558

Tel. No.: 9253243 / Telefax No.: 9282558

e-mail: [email protected] / [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] / [email protected] website: www.uppress.org

No copies can be made in part or in whole without prior No copies can be made in part or in whole without prior written permission from the

written permission from the author and the author and the publisherpublisher..

First published in 1989 by AKLAHI Foundation Inc., Quezon City, Philippines First published in 1989 by AKLAHI Foundation Inc., Quezon City, Philippines Book Design by Zenaida

Book Design by Zenaida NN. Ebalan. Ebalan ISBN 971-542-460-0

ISBN 971-542-460-0

Printed in the Philippines by the UP Press Printery Division Printed in the Philippines by the UP Press Printery Division

(5)

C

ONTENTSONTENTS A

A CKNOWLEDGEMENTSCKNOWLEDGEMENTS, , ixix

P

PROLOGUEROLOGUE, xi, xi

C

CHAPTERHAPTER 1: B1: BARANGAYARANGAY, , CCRESCENTRESCENT, C, CROSSROSS, 1, 1

From the Tabon Caves to the Barangay, 3

The Great Traditions, 8

The Barangay, 15

Jolo,

Jolo, MaguindaMaguindanao, nao, Cebu, Cebu, and and Manila, Manila, 4646

Crescent and Cross, 53

The Kingdom of Filipinas, 59

C

CHAPTERHAPTER 2: L2: LIFEIFE ANDAND DDEATHEATH ININ THETHE EENCOMIENDASNCOMIENDAS, 62, 62

The Conquest of the Barangays, 66

The Encomiendas, 90 The Encomiendas, 90 Filipinas in Jeopardy, 118 Filipinas in Jeopardy, 118 The Vineyard, 123 The Vineyard, 123

Death in the Encomiendas, 126

C

CHAPTERHAPTER 3: C3: CHRISTIANHRISTIAN RREVOLTSEVOLTS, M, MUSLIMUSLIM RRAIDSAIDS, 128, 128

The Christian Uprisings, 129

The Muslim Wars, 157

C

CHAPTERHAPTER 4: L4: LIFEIFE ININ CCOLONIALOLONIAL SSOCIETYOCIETY: T: THEHE DDOCTRINA OCTRINA , 185, 185

The Doctrina, 187

The Reco

The Recovery of very of the Filipino Pthe Filipino Populatioopulation, 193n, 193

Highland Missions and Lowland Pueblos, 195

The Gobernadorcillos, Cabezas, and the Friar, 206

The Three W

(6)

vi

vi  THE ROOTS OF THE FILIPINO NATIONTHE ROOTS OF THE FILIPINO NATION

C

CHAPTERHAPTER 5: P5: PUEBLOUEBLO FFUNDSUNDS, S, SCHOOLSCHOOLS, F, FILIPINOILIPINO PPRIESTSRIESTS, 244, 244

The Caja de Comunidad, 245

The School in the Doctrina, 250

Filipinos in Holy Orders, 266

C

CHAPTERHAPTER 6: S6: SPANIARDSPANIARDS, S, SANGLEYSANGLEYS, M, MESTIZOSESTIZOS, 293, 293

The Spaniards, 296

Sangleys and Mestizos, 300

C

CHAPTERHAPTER 7: P7: PUEBLOUEBLO LLANDSANDS, F, FRIARRIAR HHACIENDASACIENDAS, T, TAGALOGAGALOG UUPRISINGSPRISINGS, 318, 318

Barangay Lands, 319

Pueblo Lands, 320

Landgrabbers, Haciendas, Revolts, 328

C

CHAPTERHAPTER 8: T8: TUMULTUMULT ININ THETHE 17601760SS: T: THEHE EEVEVE OFOF CCHANGEHANGE, 355, 355

Manila in the 1750s, 356

The British Conquest of Filipinas, 363

The Rebellion of

The Rebellion of FFrancisco Dagohoyrancisco Dagohoy, 375, 375

The Rebellion of

The Rebellion of JJuan de la Cruz Palarisuan de la Cruz Palaris, 381, 381

The R

The Rebellion of ebellion of Diego Baltasar SilangDiego Baltasar Silang, 390, 390

Minor Revolts, 398

Spanish Soul-Searching, 400

F

Four French Vour French Views of iews of Filipinas, 406Filipinas, 406

C

CHAPTERHAPTER 9: A 9: A ZIMZIM UUDD-D-DININ I; TI; THEHE A A POGEEPOGEE OFOF THETHE MMUSLIMUSLIM WWARSARS, 417, 417

The Saga of Alimudin, 420

The Crest and the Ebb Tide, 448

C

CHAPTERHAPTER 10: A 10: A GRICULTUREGRICULTURE, T, TRADERADE, I, INQUILINOSNQUILINOS, S, SHARECROPPERSHARECROPPERS, 463, 463

Agriculture, 467

Land Tenure, Agrarian Relations, 485

Local Trade, Urbanization, 518

Foreign Trade, 533

The Non-Spanish Foreigners, 537

(7)

CONTENTS

CONTENTS  viivii

C

CHAPTERHAPTER 11: F11: FIGHTINGIGHTING FORFOR THETHE PPARISHESARISHES; T; THEHE FFILIPINOILIPINO CCLERGYLERGY, 541, 541

Ancient Laws in the Nineteenth Century, 543

Spain, 1780s-1830s, 544

A Veil Is Lifted, 547

New Laws, Old Regime, 554

An “

An “Astonishing Astonishing Increase of Increase of ImpietyImpiety,” 563,” 563

Reform Without Change, 577

The Secular Clergy Becomes Filipino, 584

A

A PPENDIXPPENDIX: : TTHEHE PPOPULATIONOPULATION OFOF THETHE A A RCHIPELAGORCHIPELAGO, 1565-1898, 598, 1565-1898, 598

Population Loss in the Archipelago, 1565-1700, 598

The Spanish Population Estimates, 601

The Popul

The Population Level of ation Level of the Archipelathe Archipelago, 1565, 613go, 1565, 613

Population Estimates, 1588-1686, 619 Population Estimates, 1588-1686, 619 Population Estimates, 1733-1799, 626 Population Estimates, 1733-1799, 626 Population Estimates, 1805-1850, 639 Population Estimates, 1805-1850, 639 Population Estimates, 1858-1903, 654 Population Estimates, 1858-1903, 654 N NOTESOTES, 669, 669 I INDEXNDEX, 715, 715

(8)

A

CKNOWLEDGEMENTSCKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I

ITT WWASAS NOTNOT possible to think through possible to think through the idea of the idea of this book and then tothis book and then to

labor on its writing save by living like a hermit upon my retirement into

private life. Dr. Serafin D. Quiason and Romeo G. Roxas sought me out

and extended precious aid and encouragement.

Of

Of institutions, ninstitutions, notes I took ages ago from the Wotes I took ages ago from the Widener andidener and

Houghton libraries of Harvard University (1950s); the British Museum

Reading Room (1960s); and the Archivo General in Sevilla (1960s) went

into the core of

into the core of my material. I thank their staffs belatedlymy material. I thank their staffs belatedly..

To modern scholars, Filipino and others, whose work illuminate

specific aspects of

specific aspects of our historyour history, I give profuse thanks for the citations I, I give profuse thanks for the citations I

made from their research and, in some cases, translations.

My son Dr. Arturo G. Corpuz forced me to strengthen some

concepts in Volume I with his criticism. As Volume II took shape the

poet Gémino H. Abad and historian Oscar M. Alfonso of the University

of the Philippines read chapters and eliminated most typos.

I also thank friends on the staff of the National Library who took

on the indexing work. The chore of nursing copy through the printer fell

upon Ma. Julie S. Roxas, who patiently accommodated all last-minute

revisions.

And, for all the days and nights of writing in peace for more than

four years, I record my thanks to Aurora, because she understood I had

to write.