9.5 CRUDE OIL REFINING
Career Connection: Petroleum Engineer (Page 387)
To become a petroleum engineer you will need at least four years of post-secondary education, such as a bachelor’s degree in petroleum engineering or a related discipline. Some universities have co-op programs, and some run internships in association with industry.
Investigation 9.3: Fractional Distillation (Demonstration) (Pages 388, 402)
Purpose
The purpose of this investigation is to use the concept and technique of fractional distillation to separate two hydrocarbon components from a liquid mixture.
Problem
What is the percent by volume of each of the two hydrocarbon components?
Evidence
The Fractional Distillation of a Hydrocarbon Mixture
Time (min)
Temperature (qC)
Time (min)
Temperature (qC)
0.0 25.5 8.0 63.5 0.5 27.0 8.5 68.5 1.0 30.0 9.0 71.0 1.5 31.0 9.5 72.5 2.0 32.0 10.0 73.5 2.5 32.0 10.5 74.0 3.0 32.1 11.0 74.2 3.5 32.1 11.5 74.2 4.0 32.1 12.0 74.2 4.5 32.5 12.5 74.2 5.0 33.8 13.0 74.2 5.5 35.5 13.5 74.0 6.0 38.0 14.0 74.0 6.5 42.0 14.5 73.2 7.0 49.0
7.5 56.8 15.0 73.0
Total volume of mixture = 50 mL Volume of pentane collected = 17 mL
Analysis
17 mL
pentane fraction = ( ) 100 = 34%
50 mL
2-methylpropan-2-ol fraction = 100% - 34% = 66%
u
According to the evidence and the graph, the first fraction is pentane with a boiling point of about 32 °C and the second fraction is 2-methylpropan-2-ol with a boiling point of about 74 °C. The proportion of pentane in the mixture (by volume) is 34%.
Practice (Page 388)
1. Both a fractionation tower and a laboratory-scale distillation apparatus operate by vaporizing some of the components of a mixture and then allowing these components to condense in a specific collection container. However, a laboratory-scale distillation apparatus can only separate and collect one component from the mixture at a time. A fractionation tower, in contrast, can separate multiple components at the same time in a continuous process.
Fractionation towers vaporize many components at once and the gas mixture components condense at different levels (temperatures) in the distillation tower. Laboratory distillation mostly vaporizes one component at a time.
2. (a) The absence of air reduces the risk of hydrocarbon mixture starting to burn or explode.
(b) C5H12(l) o C5H12(g) C8H18(l) o C8H18(g) (c) C5H12(g) o C5H12(l)
C8H18(g) o C8H18(l)
(d) Intermolecular bonding theory explains that octane has the higher boiling point because it is larger than pentane. Because a molecule of octane is larger, there are more electrons and therefore stronger London forces between its molecules in the liquid state.
(e) Because of its low boiling point, pentane will travel higher up the fractionation tower before condensing than octane. The higher regions of the tower have lower temperatures for low boiling point hydrocarbons to condense.
3. According to Table 1 (Student Book page 387), fractions used as cracking stock include kerosene, light gas or fuel oil, heavy gas oil, greases, and waxes. Using these fractions as cracking stock increases the yield of smaller, more desirable fractions like gasoline.
4. According to Figure 2 (Student Book page 386), at least 84% of petroleum or crude oil is used as fuel. Gasoline makes up 40% of fuel plus 5% for liquefied petroleum gases (LPGs),
7% for jet fuel and kerosene, 25% for diesel fuel, and, perhaps, 7% (from a 15% fraction) as fuel oil.
5. (a) The straight-run gasoline fraction contains hydrocarbons that are shorter in length (e.g., C5to C12) and have lower boiling points than fractions commonly used as cracking stock.
(b) C5H12(l) + 8 O2(g) o 5 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O(g) 2 C8H18(l) + 25 O2(g) o 16 CO2 (g) + 18 H2O(g)
6. (a) Crude oil is a solution because it is a homogeneous mixture of a variety of substances.
Solids and gases can dissolve in liquids as long as they are alike in polarity. Since all hydrocarbons are nonpolar, they dissolve together in solution.
(b) Hydrogen bonding between water molecules and lack of hydrogen bonding with hydrocarbon molecules prevent water from becoming a significant solute in a crude oil solution. Also, water molecules are polar, whereas hydrocarbon molecules are nonpolar.
7. Pro Perspectives
Ɣ Technological: The processing of petroleum produces some useful products other than fuel.
Ɣ Ecological: Processing procedures such as solvent extractions require huge quantities of solvents. Mishandling or accidents involving these materials could have disastrous consequences for the environment.
Career Connection: The Petroleum Industry (Page 389)
The Petroleum Human Resources Council of Canada (Petroleum HR Council) is a national, non- profit organization supported by oil and gas industry associations to address the petroleum industry’s human resource needs. Stakeholders in the Petroleum HR Council include 11 national and regional oil and gas organizations. Funding for the council comes from the Canadian government. Seven HR resource issues that the Council has identified are:
1. promoting careers in the industry 2. access to a non-traditional workforce 3. skills shortages
4. labour market information gaps 5. shifting skill requirements 6. mobility of workforce
7. creative human resource practices
In order to address these needs, the Council has developed the following strategies:
1. A strategy that aligns training institution programs with industry needs.
2. An outreach strategy that increases understanding of the industry and the career opportunities it offers to traditional and non-traditional pools of labour.
3. A description of job requirements for entry-level positions and related pre-employment assessment tools.
4. Occupational standards for “in-demand” positions.
5. Resources that make it easier to attract employees to challenging locations, optimize their skills for local conditions, and retain them in such places.
The work of the Petroleum HR Council benefits students by providing clear and accessible information for careers in the oil and gas industry. This information includes careers that are most in demand, requirements for these careers, and where to obtain the necessary training for these careers.
Web Activity: Canadian AchieversKarl Chuang (Page 390)
Dr. Chuang lists his research areas as: air pollution, catalysis, distillation, sensors, and water treatment. He is particularly involved in mass transfer equipment, processes involving catalysts, and the treatment of industrial wastes (including the removal of H2S from natural gas).
Practice
(Pages 391–392)
8. Chemical processes in oil refining are necessary to ensure that the resulting products have the properties desired by the end market as well as to increase the yield of fractions that are in greatest demand.
9. [There are many possible answers, but the products must involve two or more smaller alkanes.]
(a) one possible reaction is:
(b) one possible reaction is:
(c) one possible reaction is:
10. Hydro-cracking is used to break down larger molecules into smaller molecules. Catalytic reforming then converts some of the aliphatic molecules in this mixture into aromatic molecules. The use of both processes helps to increase the yield of the gasoline fraction and improves its burning characteristics.
11. Molecules in the gasoline fraction can be produced by either direct fractionation of crude oil or by cracking larger hydrocarbon fractions. Increased branching is achieved during
alkylation, while catalytic reforming is used to produce more aromatic compounds in the gasoline fraction.
12. (a) (b) (c)
13. (a) propane + pentane o 2,2,4-trimethylpentane + hydrogen (b)
[Other isomers of dimethylbenzene are also possible.]
(c) pentane o ethylcyclopropane + hydrogen (d)
Extension
14. (a) Benzene, C6H6(l), has a hydrogen-to-carbon ratio of 1:1, since each molecule of benzene contains one atom of hydrogen for one atom of carbon. The ratio remains approximately 1:1 if a few small alkyl groups such as methyl and ethyl are attached to the benzene ring.
(b) Alkenes and cycloalkanes have H:C ratios of close to 2:1, i.e., a general formula of CnH2n. Alkanes and alkynes (plus cycloalkenes) are not far off the 2:1 H:C ratio. Most aliphatics have an H:C ratio close to 2:1. Aromatics are closer to 1:1.
(c) Hydrocracking improves the H:C ratio of aromatics because it also converts these compounds into aliphatic or long-chain hydrocarbons like alkanes. Reactive alkenes are eliminated by reaction with the hydrogen present. Furthermore, the addition of hydrogen to the process also ensures that the H:C ratio increases.
15. Hydrocracking is advantageous because it does not result in the production of coke and it works better for heavier fractions.
Case Study: Octane Number (Pages 392-393)
1. Catalytic reforming converts molecules in a naphtha (gasoline) fraction into aromatic molecules, which burn better in the internal combustion engine. The advantage of alkylation is that it converts straight-chain hydrocarbons into branched hydrocarbons, which are needed to produce gasoline with higher octane ratings.
2. (a) octane + oxygen o carbon dioxide and water
(b) 2,2,4-trimethylpentane + oxygen o carbon dioxide and water
2,2,4-trimethylpentane
(c) heptane + oxygen o carbon dioxide and water
(d) methylbenzene + oxygen o carbon dioxide and water
3. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Practice (Page 394)
(Extension or optional questions) 16.(a)
(b)
17. (a) I would be willing to pay extra to support a cleaner environment. We could also search for more creative sources of revenue to pay for the further refining of gasoline.
(b) There is a variety of alternative fuel sources either currently in use or in development.
Possibilities include:
Ɣ Liquified petroleum gas (LPG) is a mixture of light hydrocarbon gases that are found in oil and natural gas deposits.
Ɣ (The advantage of LPG over gasoline is that it burns much more cleanly and produces fewer pollutants. LPG is currently being used in some cars and commercial vehicles.) Ɣ Hydrogen is one of the most promising future alternative fuels.
(Although prototypes of hydrogen-powered vehicles have been in existence for some time, many technological hurdles must be overcome before hydrogen cars are a
commercial reality. These include: a hydrogen production and distribution network and a safe hydrogen storage tank.)
Ɣ Ethanol is made from corn and farm waste, while methanol is made from wood, coal, or natural gas.
(The advantage of alcohols over gasoline is that they burn more cleanly (they contain oxygen) and generate more power. A major disadvantage of alcohol fuels is that they provide less energy per litre than gasoline. Consequently, an alcohol-powered car travels a shorter distance on a tank of fuel than a gasoline-powered car.)
Ɣ Electricity can be used to power vehicles.
(Electric cars rely on batteries as their power source. However, to become viable, battery technology has to improve so that batteries become significantly smaller and more powerful. Some hybrid vehicles contain a fuel cell that converts a fuel, such as gasoline, hydrogen, or methane, to electricity as they operate. Other hybrid vehicles rely on an electric engine while operating at lower speeds where gasoline economy would otherwise be low, and then switch to a gasoline engine at higher speeds.) Ɣ Bio-diesel fuel is derived from plant and animal waste material.
(Although bio-diesel is less clean burning than some of the other alternative fuels mentioned above, its advantage is that its source is renewable.)
Investigation 9.4: Bitumen from Oil Sands (Pages 394, 403)
[Note that this investigation compares the bitumen recovery from hot water with a pH of 7, 9, and 11, respectively. The pH 9 solution is prepared by adding about 4 drops of 0.010 mol/L
NaOH(aq) and the pH 11 solution is prepared by adding about 4 drops of 1.0 mol/L NaOH(aq).]
Purpose
The purpose of this investigation is to test the need for caustic soda in the extraction of bitumen from oil sands.
Problem
What is the percentage, by mass, of bitumen in an oil sands sample?
Evidence/Analysis
Percent Extraction of Bitumen from Oil Sands
pH of water used (drops of NaOH(aq))
Qualitative observations Initial mass of oil sands (g)
Mass of bitumen recovered (g)
Percent by mass of bitumen (%) 7
(0) clear water with small
recovery of bitumen 102 3.42 3.35 9
(4 of 1.0 mol/L)
cloudy water with much
more recovery of bitumen 98 8.56 8.73 11
(4 of 0.01 mol/L)
very cloudy water with
medium recovery of bitumen 96 5.95 6.20
According to the evidence collected in this one investigation, the percentage of bitumen is 3.35 % for pH 7, 8.73 % for pH 9, and 6.20 % for pH 11.
Evaluation
The design appears adequate to answer the Problem with no obvious flaws. Although the materials and procedure were adequate to obtain a result, a better method (than spooning) for removing the frothy bitumen layer might improve the yield. The major source of uncertainty is in the recovery of all of the bitumen that floated to the top. Overall, I am reasonably confident in the experiment.
The purpose was achieved in this investigation because we showed that caustic soda is important in the hot-water extraction method. Apparently, there is an optimum pH. Further
investigation of pH and temperature would provide a better answer (at least at the laboratory scale).
Investigation 9.5: Solvent Extraction (Demonstration) (Page 394)
[Note that the first part of this investigation is to simulate the process of finding a method for extracting bitumen from oil sands by the use of solvents. The use of solvents has been, and continues to be, investigated by oil sands companies. Also note that the lack of dissolving of bitumen in water can be a positive result. The second part is to simulate the secondary extraction of bitumen from water, after the bitumen has been extracted from the oil sands.]
Purpose
The purpose of this investigation is to test solubility theory to determine which solvents can be used to dissolve bitumen.
Problem 1
Which of water, propan-2-ol, or naphtha is the best solvent for extracting bitumen from oil sand?
Prediction 1
According to solubility theory, naphtha should be the best solvent for bitumen when choosing among water, propan-2-ol, and naphtha. The reasoning is that bitumen is composed of mostly nonpolar hydrocarbon molecules. Naphtha is composed of nonpolar C5-C6 hydrocarbon
molecules. Propan-2-ol is composed of polar molecules, with a somewhat nonpolar end. Water is a very polar molecule, so it is unlikely to dissolve the bitumen. Bitumen (nonpolar) is most likely to dissolve in naphtha (also nonpolar).
Design 1
An equal quantity of oil sands is added to an equal volume of the three different solvents. The mixtures are observed for evidence of the bitumen dissolving.
Materials 1
Ɣ lab apron (2 per station) Ɣ eye protection (2 per station) Ɣ paper towel and/or newspaper Ɣ oil sands (one teaspoon) Ɣ water
Ɣ propan-2-ol (isopropyl alcohol)
Ɣ naphtha (camp stove gas or petroleum ether) Ɣ wood splints or plastic spoons
Ɣ disposable (e.g., plastic) cups Ɣ plastic spoons
CAUTION: Propan-2-ol and naphtha are flammable. There should be no open flames in the lab when these organic substances are being used. The lab should be well ventilated. Dispose of the organic solvents in an Organic Waste container.
Procedure
1. One teaspoon of oil sands is added to each of three plastic cups.
2. A small but equal volume (e.g., 20 mL) of each solvent is added to the oil sands in the cups and stirred. Results are recorded.
3. The mixtures are disposed of as directed.
Evidence
Use of Solvents to Extract Bitumen from Oil Sands
Solvent used Evidence of bitumen extraction
water some bitumen floats to the top of the water propan-2-ol a small colour change occurs in the solvent
naphtha a significant colour change occurs in the solvent; smaller quantity of solid bitumen remains
Analysis
On the basis of the evidence gathered in this investigation, naphtha is the best solvent for extracting bitumen from oil sands. Water also extracted some of the bitumen, but not because it acted as a solvent—it is just the opposite. Propan-2-ol was the least effective solvent used for extracting bitumen from oil sands.
Evaluation
The design, materials, procedures, and skills are all adequate for answering the problem
presented. Variables that need to be controlled are controlled. I am reasonably confident that the evidence gathered can be used to test the prediction and the solubility theory.
The prediction is judged to be verified, since the evidence agreed with the prediction. The solubility theory used to make the prediction is judged to be acceptable because the prediction is verified.
The purpose of the investigation is met—solubility theory is tested. The qualitative evidence gathered is sufficient to meet the purpose of this investigation.
Purpose 2
The purpose of this investigation is to test solubility theory to determine which solvents can be used to dissolve bitumen.
Problem 2
Which of water, propan-2-ol, or naphtha is the best solvent for extracting bitumen from water?
Prediction 2
According to solubility theory, naphtha should be the best solvent for bitumen when choosing among water, propan-2-ol, and naphtha. The reasoning is that bitumen is composed of mostly nonpolar hydrocarbon molecules. Naphtha is composed of nonpolar C5-C6 hydrocarbon
molecules. Propan-2-ol is composed of polar molecules, with a somewhat nonpolar end. Water is a very polar molecule, so it is unlikely to dissolve the bitumen. Bitumen is most likely to dissolve in naphtha, as both are nonpolar. The propan-2-ol is likely to dissolve in the water, making it less effective as a solvent for bitumen.
Design 2
An equal quantity of bitumen is added to an equal volume of water in three different containers.
The three different solvents are then added to the bitumen-water mixture, with one in each container. The mixtures are observed for evidence of the bitumen dissolving.
Materials 2
Ɣ lab apron (2 per station) Ɣ eye protection (2 per station) Ɣ paper towel and/or newspaper Ɣ bitumen or wet bitumen froth (a dab) Ɣ water
Ɣ propan-2-ol (isopropyl alcohol)
Ɣ naphtha (camp stove gas or petroleum ether) Ɣ wood splints or plastic spoons
Ɣ disposable (e.g., plastic) cups Ɣ plastic spoons
CAUTION: Propan-2-ol and naphtha are flammable. There should be no open flames in the lab when these organic substances are being used. The lab should be well ventilated. Dispose of the organic solvents in a container for organic waste.
Procedure 2
1. One teaspoon/dab of bitumen is added to each of three plastic cups.
2. An equal volume of water (e.g., 20 mL) is added to the bitumen.
3. A small but equal volume (e.g., 20 mL) of each of the solvents is added to the bitumen in the cups and stirred. Results are recorded.
4. The mixtures are disposed of as directed.
Evidence 2
Use of Solvents to Extract Bitumen from Water
Solvent used Evidence of bitumen extraction
water no evidence of any dissolving (water and bitumen remain separate) propan-2-ol no colour change occurs in the solvent (propan-2-ol dissolves in the water) naphtha a significant colour change occurs in the naphtha layer; a smaller quanity of solid
bitumen remains (the naphtha and water form separate layers, as expected)
Analysis 2
On the basis of the evidence gathered in this investigation, naphtha is the best solvent for extracting bitumen from water. Neither propan-2-ol nor water dissolved the bitumen.
Evaluation 2
The design, materials, procedures, and skills are all adequate for answering the problem
presented. Variables that need to be controlled are controlled. I am reasonably confident that the evidence gathered can be used to test the prediction and the solubility theory.
The prediction is judged to be verified, since the evidence agreed with the prediction. The solubility theory used to make the prediction is judged to be acceptable because the prediction is verified.
The purpose of the investigation is met—solubility theory is tested. The qualitative evidence gathered is sufficient to meet the purpose of this investigation. A further test might be to use other solvents such as pentan-1-ol, toluene, and xylenes (with appropriate precautions).
Case Study: The Athabasca Oil Sands (Pages 395-396)
1. (a) Since the sand grains are surrounded by a thin water coating, sand and water must form attractions. Therefore, sand and water must have similar polarities. The water and oil remain separate because they have different molecular polarities.
(b) Water is inexpensive and readily available in huge quantities. Furthermore, because water is polar and bitumen is a mixture of nonpolar compounds, water and bitumen will
spontaneously separate, with the aid of blown air, once the viscosity of the bitumen is decreased.
(c) If oil sands dry out, the water coating around each sand grain disappears, allowing the bitumen to stick directly to the sand grain.
(d) Hydrocarbon solvents are necessary because, like the compounds in bitumen, they are nonpolar. Consequently, bitumen will dissolve into these solvents sufficiently to separate from the sand.
2. (a) 0.8 (b) 1.1 (c) 2.3 3. (a)
(b) 0.8, 2.3, 2
4. (a) H2NCH2CSCH2COOH + 6 H2(g) ĺ NH3(g) + H2S(g) + 2 H2O(g) + CH3CH2CH2CH3
(b) During hydrocracking, hydrogen is added to bitumen. This causes some of the
unsaturated compounds in bitumen to become saturated. Consequently, less hydrogen is needed during the hydrotreating process. Coking, however, does not involve the addition of hydrogen. As a result, more hydrogen must be added during hydrotreating to saturate the bitumen.
5. (a)
2 mol H2 required (b)
2 mol H2 required 6. Pro Perspective
Ɣ Economic: According to the Alberta and Energy Utilities Board, the oil sands contain an estimated 1.6 trillion barrels of crude bitumen, making it one of the largest oil deposits in the world. It is estimated that by 2010, production from the oil sands will represent about 10% of oil production in North America. Oil extracted from the oil sands will become even more important economically as reserves of “easily accessed” oil decrease. The
economic benefits of oil sands development are felt at a variety of levels. Oil sand development creates numerous jobs in Alberta as well as other parts of Canada where oil is processed. Taxes generated from the oil industry stimulate local, provincial, and the national governments.
Con Perspectives
Ɣ Economic: In recent years, many prominent Canadian oil companies have been purchased by international investors. Many Canadians fear that if this trend continues we will lose control of this valuable resource.
Ɣ Ecological: Many concerned citizens caution, however, that oil sand development must adhere to strict environmental guidelines, to minimize the threat of pollution associated with oil sands development, and minimize the destruction of the lands where the oil sands are mined.
Ɣ Social (or legal): Oil sands developers must respect all Aboriginal treaty rights when considering oil sands on Aboriginal lands.
7. (Various answers are possible. One example is:)
Section 9.5 Questions (Page 397)
1. (a) Fractionation is based on differences in boiling points.
(b) Differences in the strength of the intermolecular bonds account for differences in boiling points.
2. Natural gas for cooking at home – useful
camping fuel (as back-up in the bush) – essential
gas (for car and ATV) – both essential and a luxury, at different times jet fuel (for hospital travel) – essential
furnace oil (for heating at school) – useful lubricating oils (in vehicles) – essential candles – both useful and a luxury cosmetics – luxury
asphalts (roofs and roads) – convenient
3. (a) Chemical processing is necessary to increase the yield of the fractions that are in greatest demand, such as the gasoline fraction. Fractionation alone would not produce enough gasoline.
(b) Without the development of chemical processing technologies, the supply of gasoline would be limited, making gasoline significantly more expensive. As a result, fewer people would be able to purchase and run automobiles. A weak auto sector would have a negative impact on the overall health of the Canadian economy. Furthermore, if gasoline were expensive, the cost of shipping all goods would increase. High fuel costs would stifle global economic growth.
4. (a) Type of reaction: ethane cracking or dehydrogenation
(b) Type of reaction: catalytic reforming
(c) Type of reaction: hydrocracking
(d) Type of reaction: combustion
(e) Type of reaction: catalytic reforming
(f) Type of reaction: hydrocracking
5. (a) (b) (c)
6. Coking, hydrotreating, and hydrocracking are chemical processes used to upgrade bitumen.
7. (a) Bitumen contains a higher proportion of aromatic compounds than crude oil.
(b) Synthetic crude oil is produced as a result of a series of chemical reactions involving the upgrading of bitumen.
8. (a) Anthracene – C14H10 phenanthrene – C14H10
(b) 1.4
(c) C14H10 (s) + 11 H2 (g) o C6H14 (l) + C8H18 (l)
9. Low-octane gasoline contains more straight-chain hydrocarbons, while high-grade gasoline contains more branched and aromatic hydrocarbons. Catalytic reforming and alkylation are two chemical processes that were developed to convert low-octane gasoline to high-octane gasoline. Catalytic reforming converts aliphatic hydrocarbons to aromatics, while alkylation converts straight-chain hydrocarbons into branched hydrocarbons.
10. Con Perspectives
Ɣ Social: Given that the vast majority of the crude oil that we extract from the Earth is being burned, it is wrong for our society to rob future generations of the useful materials that can be made from petroleum products.
Ɣ Economic: As we consume more oil, the “easily accessed” oil will soon be consumed.
Consequently, future generations will be extracting oil that is more difficult to reach, which translates into significantly more expensive oil and oil-derived products.
Pro Perspectives
Ɣ We are providing a better life for our children by using fuels at the rate we are.
Extension
11. (a) Both thermal and catalytic cracking involve the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules. Thermal cracking, as its name implies, relies on high temperatures.
Catalytic cracking uses heat and catalysts. It requires less severe conditions and produces more desirable reaction products while generating less waste materials.
(b) Both processes involve the use of catalysts. However, the products of catalytic reforming are approximately the same size as the reactants while the products of catalytic cracking are much smaller.
(c) Both hydrotreating and hydrocracking are technologies that involve the use of hydrogen in the processing of crude oil. Hydrotreating removes impurities such as nitrogen and sulfur during the refining of crude oil. Hydrocracking converts large organic molecules into smaller ones.
(d) Catalytic reforming and alkylation are technologies used to improve the combustion characteristics of gasoline. Catalytic reforming converts aliphatic molecules in the gasoline fraction into aromatic molecules which have better burning properties.
Alkylation results in increased branching in the molecules of the gasoline fraction.
Branched molecules have better burning characteristics than its unbranched isomer.
12. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
13. (a)
(b) 1,2-dimethylbenzene o ethylbenzene
9.6 COMPLETE AND INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION REACTIONS
Practice(Page 399)
1. 2 C4H10(l) + 13 O2(g) o 8 CO2(g) + 10 H2O(g)
2 C4H10(l) + 5 O2(g) o 8 C(s) + 10 H2O(g)
[There are several other possibilities, such as the following:]
2 C4H10(l) + 9 O2(g) o 8 CO(g) + 10 H2O(g)
2. [The relative chemical amounts of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide are variable. Other answers are possible.]
(a) C7H16(l) + 9 O2(g) o 4 CO(g) + 3 CO2(g) + 8 H2O(g) (b) C6H6(l) + 6 O2(g) o 3 CO(g) + 3 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(g) (c) C6H12(l) + 8 O2(g) o 2 CO(g) + 4 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(g)
