Supplementary Material

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10.1071/FP20298_AC © CSIRO 2021

Supplementary Material: Functional Plant Biology, 2021, 48(5), 469–482.

Supplementary Material

Leaf gas exchange and bean quality fluctuations over the whole canopy vertical profile of Arabic coffee cultivated under elevated CO2

Miroslava RakocevicA,B,F_{, Eunice R. Batista}B_{, Ricardo A. A. Pazianotto}B_{, Maria B. S. Scholz}C_,

Guilherme A. R. SouzaA_{, Eliemar Campostrini}A_{and José C. Ramalho}D,E

A_{Northern Rio de Janeiro State University – UENF, Plant Physiology Lab, Av. Alberto Lamego 2000,}

28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, Brazil.

B_{Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Rodovia SP 340 km 127.5, 13820-000 Jaguariúna-SP, Brazil.}

C_{IAPAR, Department of Ecophysiology, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, km 375, PO Box 10030,}

86047-902 Londrina-PR, Brazil.

D_{University of Lisbon, School of Agriculture, Plant Stress and Biodiversity, Forest Research Center,}

2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal.

E_{Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, GeoBioTec, 2829-516}

Caparica, Portugal.

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Fig. S1. (A) FACE dispositive with 12 rings, 6 with additional CO2 – e[CO2] (about 550 μL

CO2 L–1), and 6 with current air [CO2] – a[CO2], at 7 ha of C. arabica cv 'Catuaí Vermelho IAC

144' in 2011. View of the ring and canopy structure in April 2016 of one (B) e[CO2] and (C)

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Fig. S2. Dynamics in: (a) average daily air maximum and minimum temperatures (°C) and estimated maximum vapor pressure deficit at midday (VPDmax, KPa), (b) daily rainfall (mm),

(c) daily CO2 under elevated (e[CO2]) and actual (a[CO2]) CO2 treatments (µL CO2 L–1)

registered inside the FACE octagons from January 2016 to May 2016. Only daylight injection

of CO2 was applied when plant CO2 assimilation occurred. Active and reduced coffee growth

seasons are indicated, as the periods of measurements.

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 VP D m ax (KP a) Tem per at ur e ( °C)

T min T max VPD max

a) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Ra in fa lls (m m ) Rain (mm) Reduced growth Active growth b) Measurements _Measurements 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 1-Ja n-16 16 -J an -1 6 31 -J an -1 6 15 -F eb -1 6 01 -… 16 -… 31 -… 15 -A pr -1 6 30 -A pr -1 6 15 M ay -1 6 30 M ay -1 6 CO 2 (μ L CO 2 L -1) aCO2 eCO2 c)

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Fig. S3. Leaf net photosynthetic CO2 assimilation (A, μmol m–2_s–1_{) estimated over the} whole-canopy vertical profile of coffee plants (Layer 1 < 50 cm, Layer 2: 51–100 cm, Layer 3: 101–

150 cm, Layer 4 >151 cm) during berry expansion (a, c, e, g) and berry ripening (b, d, f, h).

Plants were cultivated under elevated (e[CO2]) or actual (a[CO2]) atmospheric CO2. Values

represent the mean ± s.e. (n = 8). P-values for the effects of [CO2] and diurnal periods ≤ 0.05

were considered significant and marked in bold. When different, lower case letters indicate

differences between CO2 levels. Upper case letters bellow the x-axis indicate significant

differences between diurnal periods. -1.0 1.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 9.0

Morning Midday Afternoon

A (µ mo l m -2s -1) Layer 3

PCO2=0.0499; PDiurnal period= 0.0046

B A B a b a b b a c) -1.0 1.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 9.0

A (µ mo l m -2s -1) Layer 4

Berry expansion a[CO2] e[CO2]

PCO2<0.0001; PDiurnal period= 0.5801

a b a b b a A A A a) -1.0 1.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 9.0

A (µ mo l m -2s -1)

PCO2= 0.2296; PDiurnal period= 0.0847

A A A Layer 2 a a aa a a e) -1.0 1.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 9.0

A (µ mo l m -2s -1) Layer 3

B A B a b a b a b d) -1.0 1.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 9.0

A (µ mo l m -2s -1) Layer 2

PCO2= 0.2349; PDiurnal period<0.0001

B A B a a a a a a f) -1.0 1.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 9.0

A (µ mo l m -2s -1)

Berry ripening a[CO2] e[CO2]

PCO2<0.0001; PDiurnal period<0.0001

b a B A B b Layer 4 a b a b) -1.0 1.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 9.0

A (µ mo l m -2s -1) Layer 1

PCO2= 0.3086; PDiurnal period= 0.0123

B A A g) -1.0 1.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 9.0

A (µ mo l m -2s -1) Layer 1

A A A h) -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5

Morning Midday Afternoon a

a a a aa _-1.0

-0.5 0.0 0.5

Morning Midday Afternoon a a a a a a Diurnal Period

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Fig. S4. Stomatal conductance (gs, mol m–2_s–1_{) estimated over the whole-canopy vertical profile} of coffee plants (Layer 1 < 50 cm, Layer 2: 51–100 cm, Layer 3: 101–150 cm, Layer 4 >151

cm) during berry expansion (a, c, e, g) and berry ripening (b, d, f, h). Plants were cultivated

under elevated (e[CO2]) or actual (a[CO2]) air CO2. Values represent the mean ± s.e. (n = 8).

P-values for the effects of [CO2] and diurnal periods ≤ 0.05 were considered significant and

marked in bold. When different, lower case letters indicate differences between CO2 levels.

Upper case letters bellow the x-axis indicate significant differences between diurnal periods.

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35

gs (mo l m -2s -1) Layer 4

Berry expansion a[CO2]

e[CO2] PCO2 = 0.9672; PDiurnal period= 0.0026;

PCO2 x Diurnal period= 0.0140

a a b AB A B a a b a) 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35

PCO2<0.0001; PDiurnal period= 0.0019

ba B A B ba ba d) 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35

a b a b b a A A A c) 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35

PCO2=0.0156; PDiurnal period= 0.6882

b a A A A b a b a e) 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35

Berry ripening a[CO2]

e[CO2] PCO2=0.0046; PDiurnal period<0.0001

a b B A B a b a b b) 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06

Morning Midday Afternoon a b a b ba 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35

b a b a b a A A A g) 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35

b a b a b a A A A f) 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35

gs

(mo

l m

-2s -1)

a b Layer 1 a b b A A A h) a 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03

Morning Midday Afternoon a b a b b a 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03

Morning Midday Afternoon b a b a b a 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

Morning Midday Afternoon b

a

b _b

a _a

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Fig. S5. Leaf transpiration (E, mmol μmol–1₎_{estimated over the whole-canopy vertical profile} of coffee plants (Layer 1 < 50 cm, Layer 2: 51–100 cm, Layer 3: 101–150 cm, Layer 4 >151

Upper case letters bellow the x-axis indicate significant differences between diurnal periods. 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

E (mmo l m -2s -1) Layer 3

b a b a b a A A A c) 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

Berry expansion a[CO2]_e[CO2]

b a

a

b aa

B A B

PCO2= 0.0002; PDiurnal period= 0.0017;

PCO2 x Diurnal period= 0.0016 a) 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

b a B A B b a b a d) 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

Berry ripening a[CO2]_e[CO2]

PCO2<0.0001; PDiurnal period= 0.0001;

PCO2 x Diurnal period = 0.0309

b a b B A B a a b b) 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

a b b a b a A A A e) 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

A A A a b a b a b f) 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

b a a b a b A A A g) 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

PCO2<0.0001; PDiurnal period= 0.999

a

b ba ab

A A A

h)

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Fig. S6. Water use efficiency (WUE, mol mol–1_{) estimated over the whole-canopy vertical profile} of coffee plants (Layer 1 < 50 cm, Layer 2: 51–100 cm, Layer 3: 101–150 cm, Layer 4 >151

Upper case letters bellow the x-axis indicate significant differences between diurnal periods. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

W UE (mmo l mo l -1) Layer 3

PCO2= 0.0415; PDiurnal period =0.0180

a b B A B a b a b c) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Berry expansion a[CO2]

e[CO2]

a a A A A a a a a a) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

a b A A A b a b a d) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

a a b ab b A A A e) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Berry ripening a[CO2]

e[CO2]

PCO2= 0.0284; PDiurnal period<0.0001

b b A B A b a a a b) 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0

a aa a A A A a a g) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

PCO2=0.0123; PDiurnal period= 0.0015

b a B A B b a b a f) 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0

a a a a a a A A A h) Diurnal Period 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1

Morning Midday Afternoon a a a a a a 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

Morning Midday Afternoon a

a a _aa