PART 1
MULTIPLE CHOICE
VALUE
65 %
Instructions: Place the letter corresponding to the BEST possible answer on the answer
sheet provided.
1.
What results when rock layers are up-folded?
(A) anticline
(B) normal fault
(C) reverse fault
(
D) syncline
2.
What type of volcano is illustrated below?
(A) ash and cinder
(B) composite
(C) hot spot
(D) shield
3.
Which process results in the peeling of rock layers resulting from pressure release?
(A) exfoliation
(B) frost fracture
(C) hydrolysis
(D) oxidation
4.
Under which conditions would the rate of frost fracture be greatest?
(A) cold, dry
(B) cold, wet
(C) warm, dry
(D) warm, wet
5.
Which stage of the river life cycle is shown in the graphic below?
(A) early maturity
(B) late maturity
(C) old age
(D) youth
6.
Which accurately describes an estuarine delta?
(A) bow-shaped depositional feature
7.
Which two features are a result of continental glaciation?
(A) aréte, terminal moraine
(B) cirque, lateral moraine
(C) drumlin, hanging valley
(D) erratic, outwash plain
8.
Which refers to a circular hollow in a mountain caused by glacial erosion?
(A) aréte
(B) cirque
(C) drumlin
(D) moraine
9.
Which coastal landform feature is identified by the arrow below?
(A) sea arch
(B) sea cave
(C) spit
(D) stack
10.
Which illustrates landforms produced by tensional forces?
(A) W
(B) X
(C) Y
(D) Z
11.
What are the characteristics of a shield volcano?
12.
According to the map, which phrase best describes the location of volcanoes on Earth’s
surface?
(A) along the edge of plate boundaries
(B) along the southern edges of continents
(C) in the middle of continents
(D) in the middle of oceans
13.
What type of physical weathering has occurred in the graphic below?
(A) exfoliation
(B) frost fracture
(C) oxidation
(D) solution
14. What stage in the life cycle of the river is described below?
(A) late maturity
(B) maturity
(C) old age
(D) youth
15.
According to the diagram of a glaciated region in which direction did the glacier move?
(A) east to west
16.
Which term refers to a ridge of sand that runs away from the coastline, was developed by
a longshore drift, and has an edge that may be curved?
(A) barchan
(B) bay bar
(C) spit
(D) tombolo
17.
Which process and feature are illustrated at X?
(A) compressional and anticline
(B) compressional and syncline
(C) tensional and anticline
(D) tensional and syncline
18.
What fault is the result of compressional forces in the graphic below?
(A) normal
(B) overthrust
(C) reverse
(D) transform
19.
Which type of chemical weathering involves the reaction of metallic minerals in rocks to
the oxygen in water?
(A) exfoliation
(B) hydrolysis
(C) oxidation
(D) solution
20.
Which is the correct sequence for coastline erosion?
(A) arch
cave
stack
(B) arch
stack
cave
(C) cave
arch
stack
(D) cave
stack
arch
21.
Which describes Earth’s rotation?
(A) annual movement of Earth around the sun
(B) changing distance of Earth from the sun
(C) daily movement of Earth on its axis
(D) tilt of Earth on its axis
22.
Which describes the equinoxes?
(A) direct rays of the sun over the Tropic of Cancer
(B) indirect rays of the sun over the poles
23.
In comparison to the windward side of a mountain, which best describes the leeward
side?
(A) cloudier
(B) cooler
(C) drier
(D) wetter
24.
Why are the prevailing winds, in the pressure belt identified X, moving in the direction
indicated?
(A) high pressure system at the equator
(B) low pressure system at 30E
(C) winds always move from high to low
(D) winds always move from low to high
25.
What refers to the seasonal reversal of winds experienced in Southeast Asia?
(A) easterlies
(B) hurricanes
(C) monsoons
(D) westerlies
26.
Which statement is true regarding the development of land breezes?
(A) high pressure developing over ocean
(B) land cooling down much faster than the ocean
(C) low pressure developing over land
(D) ocean heating up much faster than the land
27.
In the graphic below, what is the most common type of rainfall experienced at location
X?
(A) convectional
(B) cyclonic
(C) frontal
(D) orographic
28.
Which refers to the distance of a location above sea level?
(A) elevation
29.
Which location would experience the greatest temperature range in the graphic below?
(A) A
(B) B
(C) C
(D) D
30.
Which is responsible for day and night on Earth?
(A) elevation
(B) latitude
(C) revolution
(D) rotation
31.
Which creates the greatest temperature range from day to night?
(A) cloud cover for 24 hours
(B) cloudy in daytime only
(C) cloudy in night-time only
(D) no cloud cover
32.
Which refers to the most common and dominant wind at a given location?
(A) hurricane
(B) monsoon
(C) prevailing
(D) tornado
33.
How do night-time and temperature conditions at 40 °N compare to 40
°S?
(A) fewer hours of night and cooler temperatures
(B) fewer hours of night and warmer temperatures
(C) more hours of night and cooler temperatures
(D) more hours of night and warmer temperatures
34.
Which is true regarding the development of a sea breeze?
(A) air is heavier over the land than the sea
35.
What creates the Coriolis Force?
(A) equinox
(B) revolution
(C) rotation
(D) solstice
36.
What accounts for differences in temperature as the seasons change?
(A) directness of the sun’s rays and length of days
(B) sun’s closeness to Earth and regular variation in the sun’s output
(C) longer days and the sun is closer to Earth
(D) regular variation in the sun’s output and more direct sun’s rays
37.
Which sequence identifies the North to South arrangement of temperature profiles?
N
S
(A) 1
4
3
2
(B) 2
3
4
1
(C) 3
1
2
4
(D) 4
1
3
2
38.
Which best defines a prevailing wind?
(A) direction
(B) dryness
(C) force
(D) steadiness
39.
Which description of Earth’s temperature in the Northern Hemisphere is best?
(A) Latitude has no effect on temperature.
(B) The higher the latitude, the higher the temperature.
(C) The lower the latitude, the higher the temperature.
(D) The lower the latitude, the lower the temperature.
40.
How does cloud cover affect the range of temperature from day to night?
(A) Clouds absorb the sun’s energy which decreases the range.
(B) Clouds absorb the sun’s energy which increases the range.
41.
What does the diagram below best represent?
(A) decomposers
(B) ecosystem
(C) food chain
(D) food web
42.
Which best explains why there are fewer organisms at the top of a food pyramid?
(A) energy is lost from the bottom trophic level to the top
(B) organisms at the top trophic level eat less food to get energy to survive
(C) the available energy is constant through all trophic levels
(D) there is less energy available at lower trophic levels
43.
Which world ecosystem is defined as having annual temperatures between 23°C - 27°C
and precipitation between 100 cm - 150 cm per year?
(A) desert
(B) grassland
(C) savanna
(D) tropical rain forest
44.
Which refers to the relationship between living and non-living elements of a region?
(A) ecosystem
(B) food chain
(C) food web
(D) trophic level
45.
Which forest ecosystem is described below?
(A) boreal
46.
What climatic sub-region is represented by the data below?
(A) continental cold winter
(B) marine west coast
(C) temperate mild winter
(D) tropical wet and dry
47.
Based on the graphic below, which soil would be least desirable for farming?
(A) 10% sand, 70% clay, 20% silt
(B) 20% sand, 20% clay, 60% silt
(C) 30% sand, 40% clay, 30% silt
(D) 40% sand, 40% clay, 20% silt
48.
Which ecosystem is described in the statement below?
(A) desert
(B) mountain
(C) savanna
(D) tundra
49.
Why would the 3rd level consumer in a food pyramid have a relatively large concentration
of toxins?
(A) Higher level organisms need to consume more food for energy.
(B) Higher level organisms need to consume less food for energy.
(C) Lower level organisms are more resistant to toxins.
50.
Which climate region is described below?
(A) marine west coast
(B) mediterranean
(C) temperate mild winter
(D) tropical
51.
According to the diagram below, which number would represent producers?
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
52.
Which is an example of biological amplification?
(A) hawks dying from eating prey exposed to insecticides
(B) lake trout dying from exposure to a chemical spill
(C) sea birds dying from exposure to an oil spill
(D) trees dying from exposure to acid rain
53.
Which pattern best describes the change in ecosystems from polar regions to the equator?
(A) boreal forest
temperate forest
tropical rain forest
tundra
(B) boreal forest
temperate forest
tundra
tropical rain forest
(C) tundra
boreal forest
temperate forest
tropical rain forest
(D) tundra
boreal forest
tropical rain forest
temperate forest
54.
Which best describes energy flow throughout an ecosystem?
(A) Decomposers obtain energy from 3
rdlevel consumers only.
(B) Energy flows from 3
rdlevel consumers to 2
ndlevel consumers.
(C) 10-15% of energy is passed from one trophic level to the next.
(D) There is no energy transfer from one trophic level to the next.
55.
Which factors affect soil texture?
(A) leaching, eluviation, capillary action
(B) particle size, particle type, bonding ability
(C) percent of particle type, humus, particle size
(D) precipitation levels, air movement, percent of particle type
56.
Which describes the sequence of nutritional needs of various species from producers to
higher level consumers?
57.
Which factor contributes most to increased soil fertility?
(A) capillary action
(B) eluviation
(C) humus accumulation
(D) leaching
58.
Which explains why toxins concentrate at the top of the food pyramid?
(A) Top consumers are the primary target of pesticides.
(B) Top consumers receive all the energy and toxins from producers.
(C) Toxins are fat soluble and at each higher level become more concentrated.
(D) Toxins are found in water and higher order consumers drink more.
59.
Which is the most suitable for growing crops based on the graph below?
(A) 10% sand; 10% clay; 80% silt
(B) 20% sand; 50% clay; 30% silt
(C) 40% sand; 20% clay; 40% silt
(D) 50% sand; 40% clay; 10% silt
60.
Which term refers to the increase in the accumulation of toxins in the higher trophic level
of the food chain?
(A) biological amplification
(B) climax vegetation
(C) energy transfer
(D) pollution transfer
61.
What describes how the rotation of Earth causes freely moving water and air masses to be
deflected from their original courses?
(A) coriolis effect
(B) high pressure
(C) pressure zones
(D) trade winds
62.
What is the horizontal movement of unusually warm or cold surface water?
(A) convection cell
63.
Which term refers to the process by which particles of insoluble inorganic matter are
transported downward through the soil?
(A) accumulation of humus
(B) capillary action
(C) eluvation
(D) leaching
64.
Which term refers to the process by which minerals and dissolved salts are transported
upward through the soil?
(A) accumulation of humus
(B) capillary action
(C) eluvation
(D) leaching
65.
Which process transports insoluble inorganic matter downward through the soil?
(A) accumulation of humus
PART II
QUESTIONS
VALUE:
35 %
Instructions: Do ALL questions in PART II. Answer the question in the space provided.
66.
Using a diagram and your knowledge, explain how toxins make their way up afood chain. 3 %
Space for diagram:
67.
Based on the diagram below, use two pieces of evidence to explain in which_____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________
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CASE STUDY 1: Earthquake Destruction: A Closer Look
Most of the world’s earthquakes take place in the 40 000 km long, horseshoe-shaped zone called the Pacific Ring of Fire, which for the most part bounds the Pacific Plate. Massive earthquakes
tend to occur along other plate boundaries, too,such as the Himalaya Mountains. Minor
earthquakes happen every day around the world, but most of them go unnoticed and cause no
damage. Large earthquakes, however, can cause
serious destruction, loss of property, and loss of
life. Most large earthquakes are also accompanied by other, smaller ones that can occur either before or after the main shock.
The severity of an earthquake can be measured in terms of intensity and magnitude. The analysis of
earthquake severity allows scientists to estimate the locations and likelihood of future earthquakes. This helps identify areas of greatest hazard and ensures the safety of people and infrastructure located in such areas.
Figure 1 depicts tectonic plates in the regions near the Indian subcontinent where earthquake activity is common.
2005 Pakistan Earthquake
The Pakistan earthquake occurred on October 8th, 2005. It registered a magnitude of seven point six on the Richter scale. Most of the affected people lived in the mountainous regions where access was blocked by landslides, leaving an estimated 3.3 million homeless in Pakistan. The United Nations reported that 4 million people were directly affected at the worst possible time – just prior to winter snowfall in the Himalayan region. It is estimated that damages incurred were well over $5 billion Canadian.
Table 1 2005 Pakistan Earthquake Summary
Resulting Damages
wiped out in Northern Pakistan with surrounding areas also suffering severe damage. On October 26th, the government urged people at higher elevations to come to valleys and cities for relief because bad weather, mountainous terrain, landslides and blocked roads were making it difficult for relief workers to reach each house and winter storms
were imminent.
An assessment of the buildings in urban areas revealed that 60% were built of unreinforced concrete block. Seventy percent of these poorly constructed buildings collapsed and were
responsible for the majority of deaths and injuries.
Rescue and Relief Operations
Distributing relief supplies to victims was especially urgent as the victims faced the risk of exposure to cold weather due to the region’s high altitude and the approaching winter. Many areas had no power and were without adequate food and water which increased the spread of disease. Food, medicine, tents and blankets were quickly identified by relief workers as essential items.
Relief efforts in many remote villages were hampered as roads were buried in rubble and many affected areas remained inaccessible. Rescue required heavy equipment to clear roads and rescue survivors buried under earthquake wreckage. However, many rescuers had nothing to use but their bare hands and
pickaxes. Rescue efforts were also affected by the numerous aftershocks that continued to rattle the
region. To make the situation even worse, on October 13th, snow started on the Indian side of Kashmir.
This caused more people to be cut off from help as snow closed more roads in the mountain region.
Lasting Effects: One Year Later
One year after October’s massive Pakistan earthquake, nearly two-million people faced the Himalayan winter without proper shelter. Teachers in the area were still using make-shift schools and many children were too frightened to come back to class. Most survivors lived in the same basic tents they erected 12 months before and they indicated that conditions were getting worse, not better. The camps were crowded, the tents leaked, and fresh drinking water was hard to find.
The international aid agency Oxfam said it was much the same story throughout the quake zone. The earthquake had left more than three million people homeless.
Construction began on thousands of new homes throughout the region. The government promised about $1 200 to every family that lost property in the earthquake, and distributed nearly $500 million for construction projects.
68. Using the case study and your geographical knowledge, provide two ways
residents of this region respond to earthquake destruction. 4 %
69. Pakistan’s and Kashmir’s low level of development has slowed recovery efforts
from the earthquake. Describe two social or economic factors that contributed to
this problem. 4 %
70. Using the case study and your geographical knowledge, propose three possible
solutions to decrease deaths, injuries and the amount of property damage that may occur in future
earthquakes. 6 %
CASE STUDY 2
River Erosion and Flooding
Flooding is a natural environmental process. It is often caused by heavy rainfalls in combination with rapidly melting of snow. Other causes of floods include ice jams in rivers and high tides with storm surges along the coast. Flooding is essential for a healthy ecosystem; however, human encroachment on the flood plains of water bodies means that flooding also causes human hardship and economic loss. Flood damage is an increasing problem in Newfoundland and Labrador because of increasing population density around water bodies and the higher values of water-front property. More than 57 communities in the province have been affected by flooding which has caused over $40 million in damage over the past 15 years.
One community greatly impacted by flooding during its history is the town of Badger. It is situated at the meeting point of three water sources, the largest of which is the Exploits River. Badger has a long recorded history of flooding dating back to 1916.
The flood risk zone map for Badger (Source 3) shows the flood-plain of the Exploits River and its tributaries. These floods are caused by ice-jams and high spring run-off, in which the ice-dams are occasionally dynamited to allow the floodwater to flow away. The map shows a number of residential streets inside the 20-year flood risk zone, or floodway fringe; there are even some streets within the 100-year flood risk zone, or designated floodway. From this it can be suggested that these streets were developed before the map was available, or before the community had regulations in place to minimize construction in the flood zone.
The flood that occurred in 2003 was the most severe in terms of the depth of floodwaters, the speed at which the flooding occurred, and the damage to the town. On the morning of February 15th, in less than an hour, the water level rose 2.3 metres. In the days that followed, extremely cold conditions froze the floodwaters and encased a large portion of the town in ice for weeks.
71. Name and explain the types of water erosion taking place in Figure 1 and 2. 4%
72. What evidence identifies the life cycle stage of each river in Figures 1 and 2? 4%
73. As a resident living in the Badger area, you have seen the effects of continued
flooding on the community. Identify two ways flooding would affect the lives of
residents in Badger and describe two possible solutions to deal with this flooding. 6 %
