Writing Fce Complete

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 1 Contents

Introduction of the FCE writing paper ... 3

TYPE 1: FORMAL LETTER ... 5

1. How should I approach the task? ... 5

2. Formal letter structure ... 5

3. Useful language ... 6

4. Sample letters ... 6

5. Exercise ...10

PART I ...10

PART II ...15

TYPE 2: INFORMAL LETTER ...18

1. How should I approach the task? ...18

2. Informal letter structure ...18

3. Useful language ...19

4. Exercise ...20

TYPE 3: ARTICLE ...24

2. Article structure ...24

4. Exercise ...27

TYPE 4: STORY ...34

2. Story structure ...34

4. Exercise ...37

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 2

2. Report structure ...41

4. Exercise ...46

TYPE 6: ESSAY ...51

2. Essay structure ...51

4. Exercise ...55

TYPE 7: REVIEW ...61

2. Review structure ...61

3. Useful phrases: ...61

4. Exercise ...63

TYPE 8: SET BOOK ...65

1. How should I prepare to write about the set book? ...65

3. Set book structure ...66

5. Exercise ...70

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 3 Introduction of the FCE writing paper

The Writing paper is paper 2 of the FCE exam and it lasts 1 hour and 20 minutes. In this paper you have to complete 2 writing tasks.

Task 1 is compulsory - you have no choice and you have to write about 120-150 words. This sounds a lot but if we say sentences are about 10 words long then it's only about 12-15 sentences. If you have average handwriting it's also only about 12 lines. A piece of cake. In task 2 you have a choice of 4 possible tasks and you have to write just a bit more 120-180 words. You should try to write at least 150 as it is difficult (but not impossible for a skilled writer) to complete the task and impress the examiner in task 2 if you only write 120 words. Generally time shouldn't be a problem for you in this part of the exam if you have had plenty of practice before the exam.

In task 1 you will be asked to write either a letter or an email. They give you some material to read and you must respond to that material with your letter or base your letter on the material given. For example, you might have to respond positively to an invitation, give or ask for information, express an opinion, give reasons for doing or not doing an activity or convey a preference. It's really important to show that you understand the reasons you are writing and to whom.

In Task 2 you could be asked to write an article, an essay, a letter, a report, a review or a story in questions 2-4. They are based on general topics such as health and fitness, sport, music and so on. Questions 5a and 5b are based on two set texts. There will be one question on each of the set texts (so question 5a and 5b). You might be asked to write the same kind of piece as in questions 2-4 apart from a story.

What are the examiners looking for?

The examiners are highly trained and have many criteria for marking your writing. As a general summary they are looking at the following aspects:

- Content - have you included what you are asked to include - not just part of the required content, but all of it? This is where writing a plan really helps. It takes just

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 4 3 minutes but can save you time when you are writing and help you not to miss important information. There's an example at the bottom of the article.

- Organisation and cohesion - is it organised? Are all the ideas linked together? Does it read like 1 piece of writing or lots of little bits thrown together? Paragraphs!!! (Generally speaking 3 is minimum and more than 5 would probably be an exaggeration). If you have written a good plan this part shouldn't be a problem for you.

- Appropriacy and format - if it's a letter, does it look like a letter? If it's a report, does it look like a report? E.g. A letter starts with Dear, a report doesn't. This also includes 'register' - this means the level of formality of language - if you are writing to a friend you should write more informally, if you are writing to someone in authority you should use a more formal style.

- Range - this is the area you really show off in. You must show that you know a variety of grammar structures and vocabulary. This will also make your work more interesting for the reader.

- Accuracy - mistakes!! Try not to make them! Spelling, punctuation, wrong vocabulary, grammar mistakes. When you check your work it's a good idea to check at least 3 or 4 times, but each time you check for something different. E.g. many people have problems with a/the - so check your work by looking at the nouns and seeing if you have the right article or no article. Tenses are tough in English, so check through your work by looking at the verbs. Spelling could be another check. What about checking to find ways to improve your range (see the point above)?

- Target reader. When he or she is checking your work, the examiner puts himself in the position of the target reader and wants to see what impression you make. Does your letter, email, article, essay etc. have the right effect on the readers? For example if you are asked to write a letter of complaint don't be too critical and aggressive because this would have a rather negative effect on the reader in real life and you may not get what you want - compensation etc. Remember the Brit's are generally a polite lot. So if you do the same in the FCE exam the examiner puts himself in the position of the target reader and will give you a lower mark because of the bad effect on the target reader.

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 5 TYPE 1: FORMAL LETTER

1. How should I approach the task?

What is the purpose of the letter? The task will tell you exactly what you have to do. This may include: asking for or giving information; initiating action or responding to a request; giving feedback on suggestions; making complaints, suggestions, or corrections.

Who will read it? Probably someone who you do not know well, if at all. This may be a named individual, or an unnamed representative of an organisation, possibly a person in a position of authority or responsibility.

What style should I use? Be polite. Use indirect expressions, formal linking phrases and set phrases wherever appropriate. Avoid being too familiar, or using contractions and colloquial language.

What information should I include? In a transactional letter you will need to read all the information you are given. This will include the task itself, plus one or more additional texts, such as letters, memos, adverts, and hand written notes. You must respond to all the questions and points in the texts or notes.

2. Formal letter structure Dear…,

Paragraph 1 _{Say why you are writing. Clearly state the subject or} context.

Paragraph 2 _{Organise all the essential information from the task} prompts in a clear and logical way in the main paragraphs of the letter. You may need to add some extra ideas of your own.

Paragraph 3 _{Say how you expect the other person to respond to your} letter if this is appropriate.

Paragraph 4 _{More ideas}

Closing expression(s)

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 6 First name + surname

3. Useful language

Greeting _{Name unknown: Dear Sir/ Madam,}

Name known: Dear Mr. …/Dear Mrs. …/Dear Ms. … + surname,

Reason for

writing - I am writing to …

- I am writing with regard to… - I am writing on behalf of... Asking questions _{- I would be grateful if…}

- I wonder if you could… - Could you…?

- I would like/ be interested to know… Referring to their

letter/points - As you stated in your letter, … - Regarding …/ Concerning …

- With regard to… Closing

expressions - If you require any further information, please do not hesitate to contact me.

- I look forward to hearing from you. Signing off _{- If Dear + name: Yours sincerely}

- If Dear Sir/Madam: Yours faithfully, - If Dear + name or Dear Sir/Madam: Yours

Name _{Your first name + surname}

4. Sample letters  Sample question 1

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 7 Write your letter of application to Mrs Green. Do not write any addresses.

 Model answer

Dear Mrs. Green,

I am writing in response to your advertisement, which I saw in the „Daily News‟ yesterday. I would be very interested in applying for this position.

I am a nineteen year-old student, currently studying Math‟s at Warwick University. I love being with children. I have three younger brothers and sisters, who I regularly look after when my parents are at work. They also love sports and games-basketball, swimming, tennis, hide-and-seek- and I would be very happy to organize similar activities for your children.

I speak English very well. I was awarded an A grade in the Cambridge First Certificate in English examination last year.

I would be very grateful if you could let me know what the rate of pay per hour would be, and which hours during the summer I would be expected to work. I could be free everyday if necessary, from the beginning of June until the end of September.

If you require any further information, or wish me to attend an interview, please do not hesitate to let me know.

Yours sincerely, Helen Taylor

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 8  Sample question 2

You bought the personal stereo advertised in a mail order catalogue.

A GREAT LITTLE PERSONAL MUSIC CENTER THAT FITS IN YOUR POCKET! (Very big and too heavy for my pocket)

This high-quality stereo comes to you at the unbeatable price of $19.99, (not true – found one for $14.99 in shop) including cost of postage, lower than you will find in any shop.

It comes compete with: - Headphones (missing)

- Convenient carrying case (zip broken) - Batteries

It has a recording facility (didn‟t work), will pick up any radio station, and plays all your tapes (destroyed two tapes) with high-quality sound.

THIS IS A BARGAIN NOT TO BE MISSED!

Write a letter to Home Mail Order, complaining about the stereo, and asking for your money back, or a new stereo.

 Model Answer:

Dear Sir/Madam,

I am writing in connection with a personal stereo which I saw advertised in your mail order catalogue. Last week I bought one of these, and I am sorry to say that I was very disappointed when I received it.

First of all, your advertisement stated that the price would be lower than in any shop but I saw the same stereo at a price of $14.99 instead of $19.99.

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 9 Furthermore, your advertisement promised that it would be a high-quality stereo complete with all necessary accessories. However, when I received it, the headphones were missing and there was a broken zip on the carrying bag. As well, the recording facility did not work, and I have already destroyed two tapes that contained my favourite musical compositions.

Finally, you also promised that it would be a compact and portable device. However, the stereo was so big and heavy that it could not be carried in a pocket. Could you please arrange for me to receive a new one or refund my money in full? I look forward to hearing from you.

Yours faithfully, Peter Petrov.  Sample question 3 How much? Where in Dorset? What time?  Model answer

Dear Sir or Madam,

SEA CREATURES – a fun sea life centre for the whole family. Visit one of Dorset‟s finest attractions and meet some of the sea‟s most amazing creatures. Don‟t miss dolphin feeding time!

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 10 I recently saw an advert for the Sea Creatures and would like to visit the sea life centre with some friends. I am writing to ask for some more information.

My friend and I are all fifteen, so please could you let me know the price of tickets for this age group? Your advert does not say exactly where Sea Creatures is. Could you send me a map or give me details of your website so that I can find out. Finally, dolphin feeding is mentioned in your advert. Please let me know what time of day this usually happens.

I would be grateful if you would send me this information as soon as possible. Yours faithfully

Joe Hall

5. Exercise PART I

1. Read this example of a part I task and answer the questions. a. What is the main purpose of the letter?

b. What key fact should be included?

c. How formal or informal should the style be?

You have recently joined a leisure center which has not lived up to your expectations. You decide to complain to the management, pointing out the differences between their publicity and what you have found. Read the leaflet and the notes you have made. Using this information, write a suitable letter to the leisure center. Write between 120 and 150 words in an appropriate style.

2. Read this letter written in answer to the task. Is the relevant information included, and is the style appropriate?

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 11 3. Underline and correct any errors in spelling, grammar and punctuation.

Then rewrite any parts that are in an inappropriate style.

4. Find and underline five phrases in the letter which express a contrast. There are two each in paragraphs 2 and 4, and one in paragraph 3. The first has been underlined in the letter.

5. Which of the five words or phrases cannot be used to join contrasting ideas within one sentence?

6. Complete these sentences with appropriate contrasting phrases. More than one answer may be possible.

a. ---it was raining, I went for a run.

b. Jon usually beats me at tennis. ---, yesterday I beat him easily. c. I enjoy playing golf, ---I‟m not very good at it.

d. I tried to ring you yesterday, ---I couldn‟t get a reply.

e. He went to work by car, ---he knew the traffic would be very heavy.

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 12 7. Complete these sentences with your own ideas.

a. Even though I take regular exercise, ---. b. I enjoy watching sport on TV, but---. c. Despite the fact that she couldn‟t drive,---. d. I‟ve never been to Australia. However, ---.

e. Although I learn to swim when I was quite young, ---.

8. You are going to write a formal transactional letter. First, read the task and the other information provided. What key points should be included?

When you write, use contrasting language to highlight good and bad points or to point out the difference between your expectations and your actual experience.

9. Read the information and the task. Then use the writing guide to help you write the letter. Remember to use informal language and some of the useful expressions.

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 13 Your parents have offered to pay for a climbing course for you and a friend. Look at the advert and the notes you made. Write a letter to your friend inviting him or her to do the course.

Paragraph one ask how your friend is and tell him/ her what you‟ve been doing

Paragraph two invite him/ her to go on the course and give details. Paragraph three explain how much you want your friend to come

10. Read the information and the task. Then use the writing guide to help you write the letter. Remember to use linking words and some of the useful expressions.

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 14 You went to see the band Storm. Unfortunately, some things went wrong. Read the advert and your notes, and then write a letter of complaint to the manager of the Octagon explaining what happened.

Paragraph one explain why you are writing Paragraph two describe what happened Paragraph three say what you want

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 15 PART II

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 18 TYPE 2: INFORMAL LETTER

What is the purpose of the informal letter? To respond to a request for action from somebody else, such as to give information or make suggestions. Alternatively, it could be to initiate action, for example, to request information or invite somebody to do something. The task will tell you exactly what you have to do.

Who will read it? The person or people you have been asked to write to.

What style should I use? An informal style. Slang and colloquial expressions are sometimes appropriate, for example, if you are writing to a friend, but not if you don‟t know the person. Contractions are always appropriate.

What information should I include? In a transactional letter you will need to read information which is included in a variety of texts, for example, letters, memos, adverts, and your hand-written notes. You must answer all the questions in the texts or notes and make reference to any other comments.

2. Informal letter structure

Dear…,

Paragraph 1 _{Begin by asking some personal questions or} making some personal comments

Paragraph 2 _{Say why you are writing. If you need to change} agreements or turn someone down, give reasons.

Paragraph 3 _{Give the information that you have been told to} give. Add some more details of your own if you like.

Paragraph 4 _{Like paragraph 3}

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 19 Don‟t just stop abruptly.

Your first name _………..

Greeting _{Dear + first name}

Asking about them _{Hi! How are things?}

How are you? How‟s it going?

Referring to their news _{Great news about …} Glad to hear that… Sorry to hear about…

Giving news _{Listen, did I tell you about …}

You‟ll never believe that… Oh, and another thing.

Making suggestions _{Why don‟t you…?}

Maybe you could… How about…?

Closing expressions _{Well, got to go now.} Give my love to… Say hello to… See you soon!

Signing off _Love,

Lots of love, Yours,

Name _{Your first name}

 Sample question:

Your Italian pen friend, Antonia, wrote and asked about your lifestyle in England. Read part of Antonia‟s letter and reply.

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 20 I think I have a very healthy lifestyle. I eat a lot of fruit and I get a lot of fresh air. My family lives near the mountains, so we often go walking. Last weekend, we went rock climbing. I saw a lot of wildlife and I took a lot of photos. What kind of lifestyle do you have?

Dear Antonia,

Thanks for your letter. Your lifestyle sounds really interesting! We don‟t live near the mountains so I‟ve never been rock climbing, but I‟d love to try it.

You asked me about my lifestyle. I think I‟m quite healthy too. I sleep for about eight hours every night and I eat a lot of fruit and vegetables. I like doing exercise. I‟m quite good at tennis and I often go swimming with my friends. Last month, I decide to do something different. I did a snorkeling course at our local swimming pool. While I was doing the course, I met some really great people! The course was hard, but we were all in the same boat!

I‟d love to visit you one day. I think we‟d get on really well! Please write soon!

Love Kate

4. Exercise

1. Read this example of a Part I task including the email and handwritten notes, and answer the questions.

a. What information should be included in the reply to the email? b. What style will the reply be written in? Why?

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 21 You have received an email from an English- speaking friend, Sam, who is coming to stay in your town. In the email, Sam, who is coming with a friend, has asked you for some information and suggestions. Read Sam‟s email and the noted you have made. Then write an email to Sam, using all your notes. Write your email in 120- 150 words.

2. Read this reply written in answer to the task. Is the relevant information included, and is the style appropriate?

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 22 Formal and informal language

3. Answer the questions with F (formal) or IFM (informal). Which kind of writing is more likely…?

a. To have short sentences? b. To have an impersonal tone?

c. To use contractions (shortened verb forms)? d. To include polite phrases?

e. To use passive verbs?

f. To use phrasal verbs rather than single-word verbs? g. To leave out certain words such as pronouns?

h. To use very simple words or slang?

4. How many of the informal features from the list a-h above can you find in the sample answer? Read the letter again and check.

Think, plan, and write

5. You are going to write an email. Read the task below and decide what style- formal or informal – is more appropriate.

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 23 6.

You have received an email from an English- speaking friend, Jo, who is planning to spend a year in your country, learning your language and doing some part- time work. Read Jo‟s email and the notes you have made. Then write an email to Jo, using all your notes. Write your email in 120- 150 words.

7. Decide in detail what information you can give your friend. 8. Here is a paragraph plan:

Paragraph 1 Greeting/ react to friend‟s news.

Paragraph 2 Answer the questions about the part- time work Paragraph 3 Answer the questions about language classes

Paragraph 4 Suggest where your friend could look for accommodation.

End the letter appropriately.

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 24 TYPE 3: ARTICLE

Who will read the article? Readers choose articles that interest them and ignore those that look dull.

What information should I include? You may have to describe personal experiences or express opinions and ideas which people of young age can identify with. What you write need not be true.

What is the purpose of the article? To inform readers about a particular topic in an entertaining way.

What style should I use? The style can be light or serious, depending on who the target reader is. Magazine articles, especially for young adult readers, are often written in a light-hearted style. The title and opening paragraph should try to capture the reader‟s attention. We may use some rhetorical questions: e.g. Can you imagine a school where every student enjoys themselves?

What language should I use? Probably some use of descriptivelanguage and language of opinion.There should be some examples.

2. Article structure

Title _{- Articles usually have a title. The title should be} informative (give the reader an idea of the subject) and attractive (make the reader want to read the article).

- Think of an interesting title which will make people want to read your article.

Opening _{- Start your article in an interesting way. You could} ask the reader a question or make a strong statement.

- Should be clearly defined, not too long and clearly linked.

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 25 Paragraph 1 _{The first paragraph should involve the reader in some} way. Try to end the paragraph in a way which makes the reader want to continue reading.

Paragraph 2 _{Build on the interest you have raised in the first} paragraph. This may mean answering the question or telling the next part of the story.

Paragraph 3 _{Use each paragraph to mark the next stage of your} article.

Ending _{Finish the article in an interesting way. This could be} humorous or thought-provoking.

Engaging the reader _{- Have you ever…?} - Do you find that…?

- Are you one of those people who…? Making suggestions _{- Imagine…}

- Let‟s suppose… - Why not…?

- Have you thought of…? - Try...

Giving examples _{- Take… for example/instance…} Expressing opinion _{- As I see it, …}

- To my mind, … - I believe (that) …

- As far as I‟m concerned… - In my view, …

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 26 Your teacher has asked you to write an article for your school magazine about your professional achievements.

Write an article for your teacher.  Model answer

MY ACHIEVEMENTS

I‟m very proud of some of the things I‟ve done in my life. Here are two of my greatest achievements!

Every year, we have a sports day at school. I‟m not very good at sports and I don‟t usually win any races. However, two years ago, I decide to get fit. I went running three times a week and I joined a karate class. On sports day, I entered three running races. I didn‟t win any of them, but I came second in the 100 metres. I was really pleased.

People have always said that I‟m good at singing, but I‟ve never been very confident. So, six months ago I started singing lessons. Then my teacher asked me to sing in the school concert. I sang a song by AvrilLavigne. I don‟t think I‟ll ever be a pop star, but I felt it was a real achievement!

There are a lot of things I want to achieve in my life. My next goal is to pass my exams!

 Sample question 2

You have seen this notice in an international magazine. IMPORTANT INVENTIONS

Inventions have affected all our lives!

Write us an article about one invention, explaining why you think it is important and saying how it has affected your own life.

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 27  Model answer

IMPORTANT INVENTIONS.

Nowadays, cars have become irreplaceable and people cannot stop using them. Cars have been invented to improve the quality of our lives but recently we have become addicted to them.

Not only do we use vehicles to do shopping but we also use them as the way of travelling. Getting to work by using public transport is very difficult sometimes, dependenton traffic. There are some other advantages of having a car such as spending less money on buses and trains.

My life has changed since I collected my driving license. I have become more independent which is very important. I can decide the same day when I want to go and visit my uncle, who lives in different town. Having a car also is needed if I want to get a good job.

There are some disadvantages to having a car such as pollution, increasing noise and number of accidents on the roads. I try not to go by car everywhere because I know how important is to take care of environment. From my point of view the age of drivers is terrifying low. Young people are irresponsible and don't really care much about anything. Honestly, I think a car is a good invention but we need to think before using it. The time goes so fast and must be aware of our future. However serious the problem is, I don't think we can stop using car.

4. Exercise

1. Read this part 2 task and answer the questions.

1. In what situations do people read magazine articles?

2. Why do people choose to read or not to read a particle magazine article 3. What would be an appropriate style for this kind of article?

An English- language magazine for students is running a series of articles entitles “I‟m just crazy about…” in which young people write about their personal interests. Write an article for the magazine in 120-180 words about an activity you are enthusiastic about.

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 28 2. Read this article and answer the questions.

a. How does the writer try to interest the reader? b. How interesting does you find the article?

c. How would you describe the style? Formal or informal? Personal or impersonal? Serious or humorous?

d. In which paragraph does the writer describe a personal experience? e. What descriptive language does the writer use?

3. Which of these are essential features of an article tittle? a. It should attract your attention.

b. It should make you want to read the article. c. It should tell you exactly what the text is about. d. It should give you an idea of what the text is about. e. It should be short.

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 29 4. Which of these titles would make you want to read an article about the sky- diving?

Give reasons.

5. Which of these opening sentences would make you want to continue reading? Give reasons.

6. You are going to write a magazine article. First, read the task.

An English- language magazine for students of your age is running a series of articles entitled “I‟ve always wanted to….” in which young people write an activity they‟d be keen to try. Write your article for the magazine in 120- 180 words.

7. Decide on an activity to write about and note down some key ideas. If possible, choose an activity you would really like to try.

8. Plan your article. Make brief notes as you work through these stages.

a. work out a paragraph plan. Think particularly about what you will write in your first and last paragraphs. Hoe many paragraphs will you need? Remember to plan a new paragraph for each main idea.

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 30 c. who is going to read this article? Think about people of your own age: what kind of things interests them?

d. can you include your own opinions and personal anecdotes?

e. what style and tone would be appropriate- informal? Personal? Humorous?

9. Write an article based on the notes you have made. Don‟t forget to check your grammar, spelling and punctuation.

PART 2

10. In part 2 of the First Writing test, you may be asked to write an article. Look at the following Part 2 question.

You have seen this announcement in an international magazine. My Favorite Holiday Destination

Tell us about a holiday destination you know well, giving details of the following:

 What is the best time to visit?  What can tourists see and do there?

Write us an article answering these questions. We will publish the most interesting articles next month.

Write your article in 120- 180 words.

1. Answer the following questions in pairs. a. What should a good article have?

b. How can you interest the reader at the beginning of an article? c. Discuss your ideas about what to include in the article?

d. Think of two or three interesting tittles for your article and share your ideas with the rest of the class.

2. Read the following statements and in groups decide if they are true (T) or false (F) and correct the false ones.

1. These article should be based on your experiences and include some description.

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 31 2. You must answer both parts of the question. If you do not do this, you

will lose marks.

3. You should begin with Dear Sir and Madam. 4. You have to write about 100 words.

5. You should write your article in a neutral style as it is for an international magazine.

6. You can write your article in pencil.

7. You should make a plan before writing, and try to connect your ideas clearly.

8. You must remember to use paragraphs and make sure the language is suitable for your target audience.

9. You don‟t need to worry about spelling and grammar mistakes when you write.

10. You can use subheadings and numbered points.

11. For questions 1-12, read the text below and think of a word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space. There is an example at the beginning (0).

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 32 Use the text on Portugal above as a model answer and discuss the following questions.

1. How many paragraphs are there?

2. What tense is used throughout the article?

3. Find some interesting vocabulary in the article. If necessary, check its meaning in a dictionary.

4. Are there any other expressions which you could use in your own article?

12. Write your article, using three or four paragraphs. Remember to read through the task again carefully and include all the information needed.

13. Write a description for youe school magazine of somebody you get on well with. Use the writing guide to help you. Remember to use linking words and some of the useful expressions.

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 33 Paragraph one

Who is the person? Paragraph two

What qualities does he/ she have? How does he/ she make you feel? Paragraph three

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 34 TYPE 4: STORY

What is the purpose of the story? To entertain and interest the reader.

Who will read it? Your story may be for a competition or a magazine. The task may say who will read it, for example, your teacher or other foreign language students.

What style should I use? Use a neutral style- not formal but not too informal either. Use descriptive language: adjectives and adverbs make a story more dramatic.

What information should I include? A good story has an interesting beginning, a middle which maintains our interest and a definite end. You need to set the scene and choose two or three events to describe in detail.

2. Story structure

Title _………..

Paragraph 1 _{-Begin or end your story with the words given, if this is} asked for in the task.

-Unless you are writing in the first person, introduce the main characters. Say where and when the events took place, and give any other important background information. Make your beginning interesting so that people will want to read on.

Paragraph 2 _{Develop the story: event 1.}

Add descriptive detail to make it more real. Paragraph 3 _{Develop the story: event 2}

Add descriptive detail to make it more real. Paragraph 4 _{Bring the story to an end.}

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 35 3. Useful language

Time phrases _{It all began…}

It was one of those days when… At first…

Some time later, … Meanwhile… Later, … Eventually, … In the end, … Finally, … Dramatic devices _{Suddenly, …}

All of a sudden, … Just at that moment, … Direct speech _{„…,‟ said x. “… .” said x} Verbs with

direct/indirect speech Tell whisper shout think cry

Concluding _{It had all been…}

After everything that had happened, …

You have decided to enter a short story competition. The competition rules say that the story must begin with the following words:

As John got off the train, he couldn‟t believe how cold it was. Write your story for the competition.

JOHN’S TRIP

As John got off the train, he couldn‟t believe how cold it was. He quickly put on his warm hat and gloves and walked carefully in the snow. He looked around

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 36 excitedly and saw his Uncle Bill at the end of the platform. With him were John‟s cousins. Alex and Tony.

The train left the station and John came up to his relatives. He hadn‟t seen his uncle for a long time, but he hadn‟t changed. He was still short and fat, with a round, bald head. They all said hellp nervously and then they laughed and kissed each other. The boys started talking loudly and began to walk towards the car.

„ Where are your bags, John?‟ asked Uncle Bill, suddenly. John stopped. „ Oh no,‟ he cried, sadly. „They‟re on the train!‟ They all looked. In the distance, the train was slowly disappearing. John felt so foolish.

Uncle Bill quickly found a guard and spoke to him. He came back a second later. „It‟s okay.‟he explained. „They are going to send them back from the next station.‟ They all smiled and John knew it was going to be a great holiday, after all.

Your English teacher has asked you to write a story for the college magazine. Your story must begin with the following words:

Alice knew that it was going to be a very special day for her. Write your story.

Alice knew that it was going to be a very special day for her.

She knew her name as she had been hearing it for the last nine months.

She thought it was a beautiful name and she felt very happy each time somebody said her name.

That day she felt really strange.She moved as she never did before. The most confusing thing was that even though it had been her room, her space, she felt she didn't fix there any more as she was bored with the same things all the time.

Suddenly, she started hearing people shouting like in a real rush but happy at the same time; she hasn't any idea about what was going on in that external world and

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 37 her desires of getting out of that unbearable place were increasing each time. She had to work very hard for it but finally she succeeded, she did, she was out. It was like a shock but a great adventure and she just cried and cried

Now she is at home with her parents who take care of her all the time. Besides she has brought a lot of happiness to many other people. Certainly it was a very special day.

4. Exercise

1. Work in pairs. Find out what makes your partner feel bored, excited and nervous.

2. Reads the part 2 task and tell your partner about a situation when you got very angry.

Your language school is running a short story competition. The story must begin or end with the following word:

I had never been so angry in my whole life. Write your story in 120-180 words.

3. The sentences in the answer to the question have been jumbled. Put them in the correct order, ignoring the gaps. The first one has been done for

3. The following adverbs have been removed from story. Complete the text by putting them into the most appropriate spaces.

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 38 Carefully furiously noticeably patiently politely

4. Read this answer to the same question. Make it more dramatic by adding the adverbs in italic at appropriate places in the graph.

5. Replace the parts in italic in each sentence with more descriptive verbs from this list, making any other necessary changes.

Crawl creep dash stroll whisper yell

a. He ran across the road very quickly. b. She told me the answer very quietly

c. The traffic moved slowly through the town center. d. He walked upstairs very quietly.

e. She shouted very loudly, “Look out!”

f. She walked slowly through the park arm in arm. 6. You are going to write a short story. First, read the task.

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 39 7. Before you write, spend some time thinking of some ideas to include in the story. Use the questions below to help you. Choose one of the answers given or use your own.

8. Write your ideas into a story. Remember to

- Set the scene (where and when did it take place?)

- Give any necessary background information (what happened before?)

- Conclude the story (what was in the envelope? a letter? happy news? sad news?).

9. Imagine you were the witness to a burglary at your school. Write a story. Answer the questions below before you begin. Remember to use time words and phrases and some of the useful expressions.

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 40 When did you first see the burglar?

What did the burglar look like?

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 41 TYPE 5: REPORT

What‟s the purpose of the report? You may be asked to give information, evaluate something, or make suggestions and recommendations.

Who will read it? The people who are asking for the report will read. This may be an official group or somebody in authority, like a boss or a college principal.

What style should I use? Be clear and avoid unnecessary detail. Give essential information and recommendations. An impersonal style is often appropriate, avoiding overuse of the pronoun “I”.

What information should I include? Make a number of points in answer to the question. Give some description and explanation. Conclude with a personal recommendation.

2. Report structure

Reports should have a clear factual heading and may also have subheadings which divide the writing into shorter sections. The information should be organised and presented as clearly and logically as possible, with a short introduction explaining the aims of the report and how the information was obtained and a suitable conclusion, summing up the information and making recommendations if necessary. To: From: Subject: ………. ……….. ……….. Introduction _{ Use heading: Introduction}

Normally we state the aim or purpose of the report at the beginning.

 Avoid repeating exactly the words of the question, e.g. the question says recommend improvements. The report says how these could be made better.

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Paragraph 3: _{Heading:………}

Paragraph 4: _{Heading:……….}

Conclusion _{ Use your conclusion to summarize briefly. Make} sure that you express your personal recommendation if this is asked for in the question. Make points clearly and directly.

 Give reasons for your recommendations. 3. Useful language

Initial inforation _{To: From: Subject: or Re: Date}

Headings _{Introduction conclusion Recommendation}

Introduction _{As requested,…}

This involved visiting/ speaking to…

This report is intended to This report looks at / describes It is based on

It draws on It uses...

Having visited/spoken to…

My findings are outlined/presented below. The aim of this report is + infinitive

The purpose of this report is + infinitive Reporting an

observation

It seems/appears that The majority / minority of It was found that

It was felt that

Quoting _{According to}

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In the words of

Speculating _{It may / could / might (well) be that} Generalising _{In general}

On the whole In the main

Commenting _{Interestingly}

Surprisingly

As might be (have been) expected Curiously

Predictably Oddly Strangely

It is interesting that

Recommending _{Having considered the options,…} I would lik eto suggest/recommend… I therefore suggest/recommend… You may wish to consider…

I recommend that……

I would recommend+ v-ing… I suggest that…

It would be agreat idea (for somebody)+ infinitive…

It is recommended that

(Perhaps) it would be advisable for X to (do) (Perhaps) X might /should consider

Summing up _{To sum up / To summarise}

On balance In short

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 44 Look at this task:

An English friend of yours is working on a series of articles called “Young and Old around the World” which looks at different towns and cities through the eyes of teenagers and senior citizens. She has written asking for your help and this is an extract from her letter.

What I want is some first-hand information about what it‟s like to live in your town from the point of view of the two different age groups. You would need to interview, say, ten people in each category on the main topics of public transport, entertainment, and shopping and write me a brief report. Could you also include a short introduction about your town and give a little summing up at the end?

Write your report in about 250 words.  Modal answer

LEISURE FACILITIES IN GRIMTHORPE Introduction

The aim of this report is to describe and assess the leisure facilities available in Grimthorpe. It is based on information made available by the Grimthorpe Tourist Office, and on views expressed by local people who were interviewed.

Sport

Grimthorpe has a wide range of sports facilities, both public and private. There is a large modern leisure centre in the High Street and facilities include a swimming pool, a sports hall for judo, fencing and other activities, and tennis courts. The centre runs courses in all these sports and these tend to be very popular. Membership costs £150 a year, which was felt to be rather expensive, but a special temporary membership is available to visitors. The public swimming pool on the outskirts of the town is older, less attractive and often overcrowded, but entry is only £1.50.

Theatres

There are two theatres in town, the Kings Theatre in Bee Street, which offers mainly “serious” drama and has a good reputation for its productions of Shakespeare, and the Little Theatre in Sea Street which specialises in lighter entertainment and the occasional pop concert. In general, it seems that the Kings Theatre is more popular with the older members of the community while the Little appeals more to people in their teens and twenties.

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Museums and Art Galleries

The City Museum has an extensive collection of maps, pottery and other articles connected with Grimthorpe‟s history. The attendants are said to be very friendly and helpful, and there is also a small café with reasonably priced home-made snacks. Interestingly, few of the local people interviewed had ever been to the museum but it was recommended highly by several tourists.

Conclusion

Grimthorpe is well provided with leisure facilities for a town of its size and these are well used by the townspeople on the whole. Sport seems to be the most popular leisure activity, while cultural activities like visiting the museum or art gallery appeared to be the least popular among the Grimthorpians who were interviewed. Perhaps the City Council should consider launching a publicity campaign to show how much these facilities have to offer.

Your teacher has asked you to write a report on things for young people to do in their free time in the area where you live. In your report, you should mention what free-time facilities there are and recommend improvements.

Write your report.  Model answer

REPORT ON FREE-TIME FACILITIES IN MY AREA Introduction

The aim of this report is to outline what young people do in my area in their free time, what facilities exist for them and how these could be made better.

Free time activities

My town, Beauvoir, is quite small, so it does not have a cinema or theatre and there is only one club for young people. As a result, young people have to take the train or bus to Nantes, which is about 30 kilometers away if they want these things. On the other hand, it is situated by the sea; so many young people spend their free time on the beach or doing water sports.

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 46 Other facilities

Beauvoir has a sports center with tennis courts, a football pitch and a swimming pool. There are also a number of cases where young people normally go to meet each other and spend their free time.

Recommendations

I recommend that the town council should set up a youth club where young people could meet, do other activities and also see films. This would encourage young people to stay in the town at weekends and improve their social life.

4. Exercise

1. Read this example of a Part 2 task and answer the questions below. a. Who is going to read the report?

b. How formal and informal should the style be?

c. What information is it essential to include in the report?

Your town would like to attract more foreign visitors, especially young people. The local council has asked students to write reports suggesting how the town might update its image to attract more young visitors. Write your report in 120- 180words.

2. Read the report and answer the questions. a. Is it written in an appropriate style?

b. Does it contain everything that is asked for in the task? c. What features of the layout make this report clear to follow? d. What is wrong with the clause in blue?

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 47 3. The passive may be used in reports to express ideas in an impersonal way.

a. Underline all the uses of the passive in the answer above?

b. The words in italic in the introduction to the answer are too informal. Rewrite these words using the passive.

4. Rewrite these sentences using the passive to make them more appropriate for report. The beginnings of the new sentences have been given.

a. We should replace the old- fashioned hotels with youth hostels The old- fashioned hotels---. b. The town should provide better sports facilities for foreign visitors.

Better sport facilities---.

c. We could put adverts in the local papers asking for the host families where foreign students could stay.

Adverts---.

d. Lots of foreign students come to our language schools. We could open more of these.

More language schools---. e. The town should get someone to design an up- to- date website.

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 48 5. You are going to write a report. First, read the task and decide

a. Who is going to read the report?

b. What information is it essential to include in the report?

The director of the language school you attend is considering making improvements to the general appearance of the school. He/ She has asked you to write a report making your recommendations on how this might be achieved. Write your report in 120- 180 words.

6. Plan what you are going to suggest in your report and make some notes. Remember: you are making recommendations about a school- not a leisure center, and about the school‟s appearance – not what happens there. Think about:

g. The approach to the school, the entrance and the reception area. Are these areas warm and welcoming?

Is there always a receptionist to welcome visitors? h. The classrooms.

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 49 Are they lights, spacious and well- decorated?

Are they comfortable to work in?

Are they well equipped with learning aids, like a video machine, computers, etc.?

i. Other areas.

Is the café or dining room a pleasant place to spend time? Are the menus interesting?

Are the notice boards kept up to date? Is it easy for students to find the information they need?

When you write, don‟t forget to include all the information required in the task. Make sure the layout and style are appropriate.

7. Read the task. Then use the writing guide to help you write the report. Remember to use appropriate adjectives and some of the useful expressions

A group of English students are coming to visit your school. You have been asked by your teacher to write a report recommending a suitable day trip. Write about where to go, what to do, how to get there and the cost.

Paragraph one recommend a place to go Paragraph two suggest how to spend the day Paragraph three recommend how to get there

Paragraph four suggest how much money students will need Paragraph five write a conclusion

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 51 TYPE 6: ESSAY

What is the purpose of the essay? Essays are usually set by teachers for students. They give students the opportunity to express their opinions on subjects which may be controversial.

Who will read it? Probably only the teacher will read, but possibly other students in your class do.

What style should I use? Essays are formal pieces of writing. Your opinions should be expressed in a clear and logical way. Use discourse markers to make clear how your different points are related.

What information should I include? A good essay includes clearly –stated opinions supported by well-chosen examples and convincing reasons.

2. Essay structure

The opening paragraph should establish the general topic of the composition and the conclusion should give a balanced personal comment on the topic. There is more than one way of structuring this essay:

• Introduction, arguments for, arguments against, conclusion

• Introduction, one argument for, several arguments against and obvious conclusion (as in the sample essay 3)

• Introduction, argument for or against only, conclusion

Stating an aim _{I will discuss both point of view and express my own} opinion.

Introducing the first

point in a list of points First,… _Firstly,… First of all,… To start with, … To begin with. … Introducing a further

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 52 Moreover,…

Furthermore, … In addition,… What‟s more, … Apart from that,… Also, …

Another point to be made is that… Introducing a final point

in a list of points

Finally,… Lastly,…

Presenting two

(dis)advantages together

…not only… but … also … Presenting two opposing

points of view

On one hand, … on the other hand,… Expressing results _{For this reason,…}

Because of this,… As a result,… Therefore, … Thus,…

Expressing contrast _However but Although Though Even though In spite of Despite Nevertheless In contrast to this, …

On the other side of the argument, Giving examples _{For example for instance such as like} Expressing your opinion In my opinion …

As I see it,… To my mind, …

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 53 I believe (that)…

As far as I‟m concerned,… In my view,…

I do believe that …

On balance, it seems to me that … Expressing someone

else‟s opinion Some people believe (that)… _{According to …} It is said (that)…

Scientists argue/claim/ say that... Introducing a conclusion To conclude,… In conclusion,… To sum up,… In summary,…

Conclusion _{The advantages of … outweigh the disadvantages.}

Your teacher has asked you to write an essay giving your opinions on the following statement:

It is better to have a low-paid job you enjoy than a highly-paid job you dislike. Write your essay.

“It is better to have a low-paid job you enjoy than a highly-paid job you dislike” Many of us would like to have a job which is both well paid and enjoyable.

Unfortunately, however, monotonous and badly-paid work is the reality for most people. Nevertheless, it is interesting to reflect on which is more important to us: job satisfactory or money.

On the one hand, earning a high salary allows you to do the things you want. It enables you to have holidays in exotic places, own the house of your dreams and

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 54 buy the latest technology. Even if you do not like your job, at least you will be happy in your free time.

On the other hand, a well-paid job would mean working long hours, with little free time to enjoy your wealth. By contrast, a satisfactory job may not make you rich, but it might give you more control over your time and make you more contented with your life.

In my opinion, the ideal solution would be to spend several years earning a large salary, and then find a job you really want to do and live on your savings.

You have been doing a class project on the environment. Your teacher has asked you to write a composition about the following statement:

Everybody can help to protect the environment.

You should state whether you agree or disagree with this statement, explaining your reasons clearly.

Write your composition.  Model answer

There is no doubt that the environment is in danger. Mankind has caused the world‟s environmental problems, and only man can solve them. But can we, as individuals, do anything to help?

There are many environmental problems that only governments and businesses can solve. For example, one of the causes of global warming is pollution from factories and cars. Governments must persuade factories to take responsibility for reducing their pollution, and car manufacturers to produce cars which do not give out damaging exhaust fumes.

Nevertheless, there are things that individuals can do. Firstly, we can recycle our used plastic, glass and paper. If we do this, factories will not have to produce so much. As a result, there will be less pollution. Secondly, we can use our cars as little as possible. This will also reduce pollution. Finally, we can raise awareness

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 55 about environmental issues, and put pressure on governments and businesses to act responsibly.

In conclusion, one individual has little effect on protecting the environment. However, if we work together, we can all make the world a cleaner place.

You have had a class discussion on shopping. Your teacher has now asked you to write an essay, giving your opinions on the following statement:

Shops should be open 24 hours a day, seven days a week Write your essay.

Should shops be open 24 hours a day, seven days a week? I totally disagree with it. Of course, if shops were open all day all time, it would be very convenient for us. There are some times when we want something suddenly, and how nice it would be if we could get that exact thing immediately!

But think about the other aspect of it. If shops had to be open all the time, someone would have to work for those shops. Then people would have fewer holidays because of the more work that has to be done, and it would not be good for our mental health. What is more, to open the shops even at night, we would have to consume much more electric energy, and it is not environmental at all, needless to say. Contrary, what we should do is to cut down our energy as much as possible to protect our earth.

To sum up, shops should NOT be open 24 hours a day, seven days a week. I think we‟d better consider about our environment first, before meeting our selfish and individual demands.

4. Exercise PART 1

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 56 You have had a class discussion about social networking websites. Your teacher has now asked you to write an essay giving your opinion on the following question:

Is Facebook good for friendship? Write your essay in 120- 180 words.

2. Think of as many ideas as possible either in support of Facebook or against Facebook.

Reasons in favor of Facebook Reasons against Facebook

3. The following statements are all about Facebook. In pairs decide if each one is for or against Facebook.

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 57 Are any of the ideas similar to yours? Which of the above points would you include in your essay?

PART 2

1. Read the model answer below. What is the purpose of each of the four paragraphs?

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 58 2. In an essay, it is important to link your ideas. Look at the underlined linking

expressions in the model answer and say which ones are used to: j. List/add points

k. Show contrast

l. Introduce a conclusion

PART 3

1. Read this discursive essay, ignoring the gaps. Then answer this question. m. What is the purpose of each of the four paragraphs?

n. What are the main points made in the second and third paragraphs? o. Where are the writer‟s opinions expressed?

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 59 2. Complete the essay using appropriate words and phrases from this list. More

than one answer may be possible.

3. Match each phrase in the list below with its purpose a, b, c. a. to introduce additional information

b. To introduce information which contrasts with that has gone before c. To summarize or conclude an argument

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 60 a. What is your first reaction to the statement about advertising?

b. Would you prefer to write only your own opinions on the subject or both sides of the argument?

5. Before you write, think about the topic. Discuss some of these questions in pairs.

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 61 TYPE 7: REVIEW

Who will read the review? Your review will be read by readers of a magazine. What is the purpose of the review? The review is intended to give information to the reader which will help them decide whether to attend the event themselves. What style should I use? Use a style similar to an article which is likely to interest the reader.

What information should I include? Give essential information about the story, cast, band members, etc. Say what you like and didn‟t like about the performances. Make a recommendation to the reader about whether or not they should go.

2. Review structure

Title _{State the name of the film, play, concert, ect.} Paragraph 1 _{Introduce the topic of the review}

Paragraph 2 _{Give the positive features} Paragraph 3 _{Give the negative features}

Paragraph 4 _{Finish with a final recommendation.}

3. Useful phrases: Say what you are

reviewing - The (film, book…etc) I would like to review is….. - The last Film I saw / book I read was…….

Giving background _{- This show stars…}

- The play is directed by… - The film is about…

- It‟s set in……….

- The story is based on (a book...) ….. - It‟s about…..

- There are many memorable characters including ….

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AMA DANANG – CARE & SUCCESS Page 62 - - What the film is saying is…..

Expressions which

introduce a contrast - On the plus side,… - On the down side,… - On the one hand,… - On the other hand,…

Recommending _{- Overall, I‟d recommend…}

- All in all, the film was…

- I wouldn‟t hesitate to recommend… - I wouldn‟t encourage anyone to … - I would recommend this film to anyone.

- Although I enjoyed it, I would not recommend it for….

- It‟s one of the best (shows) I‟ve ever seen.

- Although I am not normally keen on (musicals), I am glad that I decided to go.

- The (film) lifts you out of your everyday life.

 Sample question

You have seen this notice in your school library: REVIEWS NEEDED

We want to buy some new books for the library. Have you read a good book in English recently? Write us a review of a book you enjoyed, explaining why you liked it and why you think it would be a good choice for the school library.

We will use your reviews to help us decide which books to buy. Write your review.