www.kcws2013.org
Supporting partner organizations
PROCEEDINGS
THE 6TH KNOWLEDGE CITIES WORLD SUMMIT
(KCWS-2013) 9-12 SEPTEMBER 2013,
PROCEEDINGS
THE 6TH KNOWLEDGE CITIES WORLD SUMMIT (KCWS-2013) 9-12 SEPTEMBER 2013, ISTANBUL, TURKEY
Title:
Proceedings of the 6th Knowledge Cities World Summit, KCWS 2013
Editors:
Tan Yiğitcanlar, Melih Bulu Technical Editors:
Hasan Küçük Publisher: Lookus Scientific
Copyright The Authors, 2013. All Rights Reserved.
No reproduction, copy or transmission may be made without written permission from the individual authors.
Papers have been double-blind peer reviewed before final submission to the conference. Many thanks to the reviewers who helped ensure the quality of the full papers.
Organizers
In recent years, with the impact of global knowledge economy, a more comprehensive development approach has gained significant popularity. This new development approach, so called ‘knowledge-based urban development’, is different from its traditional predecessor. With a much more balanced focus on all of the four key development domains – economic, spatial, institutional, and socio-cultural – this contemporary approach, aims to bring economic prosperity, environmental sustainability and local institutional competence with a just socio-spatial order to our cities and regions. The ultimate goal of knowledge-based urban development is to produce a city purposefully designed to encourage the continuous production, circulation and commercialization of social and scientific knowledge – this will in turn establish a ‘knowledge city’.
A city following the ‘knowledge city’ concept embarks on a strategic mission to firmly encourage and nurture locally focused innovation, science and creativity within the context of an expanding knowledge economy and society. In this regard a ‘knowledge city’ can be seen as an integrated city, which physically and institutionally combines the functions of a science and technology park with civic and residential functions and urban amenities. It also offers one of the effective paradigms for the sustainable cities of our time.
This sixth edition of KCWS – The 6th Knowledge Cities World Summit 2013 – makes an important reminder that the ‘knowledge city’ concept is a key notion in the 21st Century development. Considering this notion, the Summit sheds light on the multi-faceted dimensions and various scales of building a ‘knowledge city’ via ‘knowledge-based urban development’ paradigm by particularly focusing on the overall Summit theme of ‘Establishing Bridges’. At this summit, the theoretical and practical maturing of knowledge-based development paradigms are advanced through the interplay between the world’s leading academics’ theories and the practical models and strategies of practitioners’ and policy makers’ drawn from around the world. This summit proceeding is compiled in order to disseminate the knowledge generated and shared in KCWS 2013 with the wider research, governance, and practice communities the knowledge co-created in this summit. All papers of this proceeding have gone through a double-blind peer review process and been reviewed by our summit editorial review and advisory board members. We, organizers of the summit, cordially thank the members of the Summit Proceeding Editorial Review and Advisory Board for their diligent work in the review of the papers. Also we thank Prof.Dr. Ahmet Ademoğlu, Rector of İstanbul Şehir University, for providing all the support for the Summit. We hope the papers in this proceeding will inspire and make a significant contribution to the research, governance, and practice circles.
Tan Yigitcanlar & Melih Bulu
PhD Consortium I 21
Onur Mengi, Koray Velibeyoğlu Wedding Wear Cluster In Izmir: How Does The Creative Knowledge Ecosystem
Self-Operate? 21
Yan Li,Dong Wang The study on policies which the government uses to guide the development
of low-carbon economy: based on Shenzhen case 36 Caroline Osbourne Social capital and knowledge cities: emphasising new epistemological
frameworks for sustainable societies in urban planning 45 Agne Ramanauskait The concepts of intellectual assets and intellectual liabilities: a review of
academic writings 57
Khaled Youssef Mohamed, Jamal Ahmed Abdul-Hameed, Ayman Mohammed Mostafa
The comparative importance of the architectural and urban potentials of
knowledge cities 68
Danilo Chavez Fostering innovation through strengthening institutional capacity in an
emergent innovation system 80
PhD Consortium II 92
Marjan Farhangi Moving Esfahan forward in knowledge based urban development: the
opportunities and constraints 92
Sanna Ketonen Oksi Strategic thinking in a viral society: the power of social media in remodeling
knowledge and knowledge management strategies 101 Meriam Chaab The institutional organization of the knowledge industries: analyze of their
spatial impacts. French and Russian cases 111
Caroline Scotto The spatial organisation for cooperation: what kind of knowledge can we use
from an historical analysis for the design of a new campus at Saclay 124 Muna Sarimin,Tan Yigitcanlar Knowledge based urban development lessons from a non-western country:
the Malaysia experience 132
Alexandre Mikolajczak The new innovative places in the knowledge city: a game change in the
classical innovative urban networks 143
Parallel Session 1.1. Knowledge-Based Urban Development 151
Robert Huggins, Hiro Izushi, Daniel
Prokop, Piers Thompson Regional evolution and waves of growth: a knowledge-based perspective 151 Talal Abdullah Al Harigi Knowledge based development in Saudi Arabia 168 Tan Yigitcanlar Knowledge-based urban development: a benchmarked international outlook 186 Katri Liis Lepik, Merle Krigul Challenges in knowledge sharing: a case of capital regions 191 Klaus Kunzmann, Tai-Shan Hu Taiwanese knowledge industries under the pressure of mainland China 199
Blanca Garcia Knowledge-based networks and norms: HEIs, policy-makers and clusters of
Innovation in the Texas-Mexico borderland 213
Xin Yi, Meng Sun Innovative way for cultural creative industry development in China’s
urbanization process: case study of Songzhuang in Beijing 227 Katarzyna Marciniak, Mieczyslaw L.
Owoc Applying of Knowledge Grid models in Smart City Concepts 238
Gilberto Olavarrieta, Javier Carrillo,
Carlos Rodriguez Developing customer knowledge through adaptive intelligence 245 JinHyo Joseph Yun, Woo Young Jung The knowledge and business model condition for sustainable growth of SMEs 253
Parallel Session 1.3. Knowledge City and Region 267
Alain Thierstein, Sven Conventz, Florian
Wiedmann, Ashraf M. Salama Emerging knowledge cities: Doha as a rising knowledge hub in the Arabian Gulf region? 267 Omid Ali Kharazmi, Amin Nedaei, Nazi
Javadi Nejad Promoting the concept of knowledge cities through university-industry collaboration in the Iranian context 279 Gina Laura María de Lourdes Baena Paz,
Salvador Neme Calacich The relationship university, business and government in the construction of a knowledge region in Tabasco, Mexico 288 Lyu Peng-hui, Ren Jun-lin, Wang
Zhi-zhang Mapping the research trend of world wide knowledge city 300
Parallel Session 1.4. University, Industry and Government 306
Fatma Özmen, Songül Karabatak The effectiveness of web-based communication among the parties involved in
school, industry, and national education directorate 306 Patrizia Ingallina Universities as urban innovation hubs: comparisons New York City, London
and Paris 326
Muyesser Olmez Durur Building bridges: delivering education and the arts in a regional setting 341 Ingi Runar Edvardsson University foundation and knowledge-based development in Northern Iceland 354 Simon Huston ‘Smart city’ - contemporary frameworks and antiquity ? 362
Parallel Session 2.1. Knowledge, Management and City 369
Maciej Brzozowski Agile project management approach to managing innovation in SMEs 369 Zohreh A. Daneshpour, Asrin
Mahmoudpour, Vahide Ebrahimnia A knowledge management framework for integrated policy-making in Tehran 378 Antti Lonnqvist Managing the knowledge-based development of a city-region 391 Behruz Zarei, Mohammad Reza Zali,
Hadi Izadkhah, Amene Gholamy Mayani, Mahboobeh Aryani
Conceptual model design for e-readiness of entrepreneurial city case study:
entrepreneurial cities in Iran 399
Giovanni Schiuma Managing knowledge-based dimensions of creative environments through
Melih Bulu, Muhammed Ali Önder, Vural
Aksakallı A review of algorithm-based information technology applications in metropolitan cities 422 Muhammed Ali Onder, Vural Aksakalli,
Mehmet Mert, Esma Dilek, Batuhan Altun, Nihat Kocyigit
A mobile application for real-time traffic information for the city of Istanbul 429 Eleonora Gabriela Baban The role of new communication technologies in election campaigns: features
in the context of knowledge-based economy 435
Sang Ho Lee, Youn Taik Leem, Young
Kook Kim, Sung Su Jo Structural impact changes of ICT industry on the other Industries from 2000 to 2010 443
Parallel Session 2.3. Knowledge Economy and Society 453
Javier Carrillo The seven habits of highly successful economies 453
Javier Carrillo The Emergence of Knowledge Markets 464
Ana Cristina Fachinelli, Javier Carrillo,
Anelise D’Arisbo Capital system for creative economy and social innovation: a Brazilian case 472 Richard Hu Understanding migrant knowledge workers in global Sydney 485 Surinder Kumar Batra Ingredients of a successful knowledge village in a global context 500 Tommi Inkinen Creating a knowledge-based city: the university main library as a knowledge
resource and image creator in Helsinki, Finland 509
Parallel Session 2.4. Smart Planning Applications 520
Romano Fistola, Rosa Anna La Rocca Smart city planning: a systemic approach 520 Hamidreza Yazdani A decision support system for assessment of land-use changes: the case of
Izmir 530
Deniz Ay Understanding the relevant city characteristics in planning countrywide urban
transformation in Turkey 531
Jeremy Cenci, Vincent Becue,
Jean-Alexandre Pouleur, Damien Darcis Reclaiming the Val-de-Sambre post-industrial fabric: towards resilience territories in transition 543 Tuğkan Tuğlular, Selma Tekir, Koray
Yountaik Leem, Sang Ho Lee, Min Su Kim Households’ characteristics in energy consumption: data from carbon
emission monitoring system (CEMS) in Sejong City, Korea 563 Wang Zhi-zhang Wu Ling, Tan Xia The route choice of China’s low-carbon economy in the perspective of
knowledge city 580
Jaeyeong Lee, Myungsik Do, Yountaik
Leem Identifying influencing factors on bike sharing systems 586
Charlotte Tardieu, Morgane Colombert,
Youssef Diab, Olivier Blanpain Analysis of the integration of energy issues into a multi-scale urban project: Paris Nord-Est case study, France 600 Didem Dizdaroglu, Tan Yigitcanlar An ecological approach towards building knowledge-based urban ecosystems 608
Parallel Session 3.2. Planning for Clustering 623
Murat Akpinar , Melike Mermercioglu Knowledge potential of clusters: a comparative study from Turkey and Finland 623 Chih-Hung Chen, Lin-Fang Hsu, Yuan-Po
Li Spaces of fractional lots as potential places for knowledge production 633 Bahar Durmaz The role of place on creative clustering: the film industry clusters in Soho and
Beyoglu 642
Suheyla Turk Measurements achievıng socio-cultural sustaınable communities in historical
neighbourhoods of Istanbul 656
Sue Holliday Knowledge precincts as a policy tool for urban renewal and change in cities 667
Parallel Session 3.3. Knowledge Cities 677
Víctor-Raúl López Ruiz, José-Luís Alfaro
Navarro, Domingo Nevado Peña Knowledge cities, growth capacity, ranking, intellectual capital, index 677 Omid Ali Kharazmi, Masoumeh
Valipourerami The role of furniture cluster in promoting knowledge city concept in Iran 684 Khaled Youssef Mohamed, Jamal Ahmed
Abdul-Hameed, Ayman Mohammed Mostafa
The comparative importance of the architectural and urban potentials of
knowledge cities 695
Omid Ali Kharazmi, Amirali Kharazmi Knowledge cities and the role of industrial cluster: case of North East Saffron
and food clusters in the City of Mashhad 706
Carl Zillich International building exhibition Iba Heidelberg: addressing the spatial
challenges and potentials of education and research 715
Parallel Session 3.4. Miscellaneous Challenges 722
Melih Bulu, Omer F. Demirel, Pinar
Ozuyar, Ekrem Tatoglu, Selim Zaim Forecasting natural gas consumption using support vector regression model: a case study of greater metropolitan region of Istanbul 722 Hatice Ozer Balli Forecasting of Hong Kong International Airport’s passenger volumes 732 Ayşenur Erdil, Hikmet Erbiyik The effect of information technologies on employees 733 Hamza Kocatepe, Mesut Albeni, Adem
Sahin, Türkay Gözlükaya The replanning of fire brigades locations in city of Denizli based on industrial zones 757 Faruk Balli, Hatice Ozer Balli, Rosmy
Conference Chair
Assoc. Prof. Tan Yigitcanlar, Queensland University of Technology, Australia - (Knowledge based urban development) – General Chair Organizing Committee
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tan Yigitcanlar Assoc. Prof. Dr. Melih Bulu Assistant Prof. Dr. Vural Aksakallı
Confirmed Keynote And Invited Speakers
Prof. Surinder Batra, Institute of Management Technology, India - (Knowledge villages)
Prof. Javier Carrillo, Monterrey University of Technology, Mexico - (Knowledge based development)
Asst. Prof. Blanca Garcia, Northern Borderlands Research College, Mexico - (Knowledge cities)
Prof. Robert Huggins, Cardiff University, UK - (Regional economic development)
Prof. Tommi Inkinen, University of Helsinki, Finland - (Regional innovation and development)
Prof. Klaus Kunnzman, Dortmund University of Technology, Germany - (Knowledge and urban planning)
Prof. Antti Lönnqvist, Tampere University of Technology, Finland - (Regional intellectual capital)
Prof. Giovanni Schiuma, University of Basilica, Italy - (Intellectual capital of cities)
Assoc. Prof. Tan Yigitcanlar, Queensland University of Technology, Australia - (Knowledge based urban development)
International Scientific Committee
Al-Nuaim, Hana - King Abdulaziz University, SAU Batra, Surinder - Institute of Management Technology, IND Bennet, Alex - Mountain Quest Institute, USA
Carrillo, Javier - Tecnologico de Monterrey, MEX Charles, David - University of Strathclyde, UK Chatzkel, Jay - Progressive Practices, USA Edvinsson, Leif - UNIC Stockholm, SWE
Ergazakis, Kostas - National Athens Technical University, GRE Fachinelli, Ana Christina - University of Caxias do Sul, BRA Forbes, Dean - Flinders University, AUS
Franz, Peter - Halle Institute, GER
Garcia, Blanca - Northern Borderlands Research College, MEX Garner, Cathy - Knowledge Economy Innovations Manchester, UK. Gezici, Ferhan - Istanbul Technical University , TUR
Goonetilleke, Ashantha - Queensland University of Technology, AUS Husted, Kenneth - University of Auckland, NZL
Ingallina, Patrizia - University de Lille 1, FRA Inkinen, Tommi - University of Helsinki, FIN Koç, Muammer – Istanbul Şehir University, TUR Komninos, Nicos - Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GRE Kunzmann, Klaus - Technical University of Dortmund, GER Laihonen, Harri - Tampere University of Technology, FIN Lee, Sang-Ho - Hanbat National University, KOR Liebowitz, Jay - University of Maryland, USA Lin, Carol Yen-Yun - National Chengchi University, TPE Lönnqvist, Antti – Tampere University of Technology, FIN Metaxiotis, Kostas - University of Piraeus, GRE
Perry, Beth- University of Salford, UK Pulic, Ante - University of Zagreb, CRO Schiuma, Giovanni - University of Basilicata. ITA Searle, Glen - University of Queensland, AUS van Wezemael, Joris - University of Fribourg, SUI Velibeyoglu, Koray - Izmir Institute of Technology, TUR Wang Dong - Harbin Institute of Technology, CHN Zolnik, Edmund - George Mason University, USA
Monday, 9
thSeptember
9:00-17:00 Pre-summit Tours Private Meeting I.
Pre-summit WCI Executive Board Meeting (Chair: Javier Carrillo)
Tuesday, 10
thSeptember
12:00-18:30 Registration Desk Open
13:00-15:00 PhD Consortium I (Chair: Koray Velibeyoglu) Cinema Room
Koray Velibeyoglu, Tan Yigitcanlar, Javier Carrillo, Blanca Garcia
Introduction to PhD Consortium
Onur Mengi, Koray
Velibeyoğlu Wedding Wear Cluster In Izmir: How Does The Creative Knowledge Ecosystem Self-Operate? Yan Li,Dong Wang The study on policies which the government uses to guide the development of low-carbon
economy: based on Shenzhen case
Caroline Osbourne Social capital and knowledge cities: emphasising new epistemological frameworks for sustainable societies in urban planning
Agne Ramanauskait The concepts of intellectual assets and intellectual liabilities: a review of academic writings
Khaled Youssef Mohamed, Jamal Ahmed Abdul-Hameed, Ayman Mohammed Mostafa
The comparative importance of the architectural and urban potentials of knowledge cities
Danilo Chavez Fostering innovation through strengthening institutional capacity in an emergent innovation system
15:00-15:30 Afternoon Tea
15:30-17:30 PhD Consortium II (Chair: Koray Velibeyoglu) Cinema Room
Marjan Farhangi Moving Esfahan forward in knowledge based urban development: the opportunities and constraints
Sanna Ketonen Oksi Strategic thinking in a viral society: the power of social media in remodeling knowledge and knowledge management strategies
Meriam Chaab The institutional organization of the knowledge industries: analyze of their spatial impacts. French and Russian cases
Caroline Scotto The spatial organisation for cooperation: what kind of knowledge can we use from an historical analysis for the design of a new campus at Saclay
Muna Sarimin,Tan
Yigitcanlar Knowledge based urban development lessons from a non-western country: the Malaysia experience
Alexandre
Mikolajczak The new innovative places in the knowledge city: a game change in the classical innovative urban networks
Koray Velibeyoglu Wrapping up 18:30-20:00 Welcome Drinks
Wednesday, 11
thSeptember
8:00-17:30 Registration Desk Open
9:00-10:00 Official Summit Opening (Chairs: Melih Bulu, Tan Yigitcanlar) Conference Hall
Mayor of Istanbul*, President of Istanbul Sehir University, President of World Capital Institute, Summit Chairs 10:00-10:30 Morning Tea
10:30-12:00 Keynote Discussion Session I (Chair: Tan Yigitcanlar) Conference Hall Klaus Kunzmann, Robert Huggins, Javier Carrillo, Tommi Inkinen - Knowledge-based development of cities and regions
12:00-13:00 Lunch
TB01 TB02 Room 1003 Room 1004 Conference Hall
13:00-15:00 Parallel Session 1.1. Knowledge-Based Urban Development (Chair: Klaus Kunzmann) Parallel Session 1.2. Knowledge, Innovation and Intelligence (Chair:Antti Lonnqvist) Parallel Session 1.3. Knowledge City and Region (Chair: Surinder Batra) Parallel Session 1.4. University, Industry and Government (Chair: Simon Huston)
Workshop I (Chairs: Giovanni Schuima, Javier Carrillo)
Robert Huggins, Hiro Izushi, Daniel Prokop, Piers Thompson -
Regional evolution and waves of growth: a knowledge-based perspective
Blanca Garcia -
Knowledge-based networks and norms: HEIs, policy-makers and clusters of Innovation in the Texas-Mexico borderland
Alain Thierstein, Sven Conventz, Florian Wiedmann, Ashraf M. Salama - Emerging
knowledge cities: Doha as a rising knowledge hub in the Arabian Gulf region?
Fatma Özmen, Songül Karabatak - The
effectiveness of web-based communication among the parties involved in school, industry, and national education directorate
Bridging the Global KBD Community Talal Abdullah Al Harigi - Knowledge based development in Saudi Arabia
Xin Yi, Meng Sun -
Innovative way for cultural creative industry development in China’s urbanization process: case study of Songzhuang in Beijing
Omid Ali Kharazmi, Amin Nedaei, Nazi Javadi Nejad - Promoting the concept of knowledge cities through university-industry collaboration in the Iranian context Patrizia Ingallina - Universities as urban innovation hubs: comparisons New York City, London and Paris Tan Yigitcanlar - Knowledge-based urban development: a benchmarked international outlook Carl Zillich - International building exhibition Iba Heidelberg: addressing the spatial challenges and potentials of education and research
Gina Laura María de Lourdes Baena Paz, Salvador Neme Calacich - The relationship university, business and government in the construction of a knowledge region in Tabasco, Mexico Muyesser Olmez Durur - Building bridges: delivering education and the arts in a regional setting
Katri Liis Lepik, Merle Krigul
Challenges in knowledge sharing: a case of capital regions
Gilberto Olavarrieta, Javier Carrillo, Carlos Rodriguez -
Developing customer knowledge through adaptive intelligence
Lyu Peng-hui, Ren Jun-lin, Wang Zhi-zhang - Mapping
the research trend of world wide knowledge city Ingi Runar Edvardsson - University foundation and knowledge-based development in Northern Iceland Klaus Kunzmann, Tai-Shan Hu - Taiwanese knowledge industries under the pressure of mainland China
JinHyo Joseph Yun, Woo Young Jung -
The knowledge and business model condition for sustainable growth of SMEs
Guenter Koch - From
the Vienna café to the knowledge café: culture matters for the knowledge society Simon Huston - ‘Smart city’ - contemporary frameworks and antiquity ? 15:00-15:30 Afternoon Tea
TB01 TB02 Room 1003 Room 1004 Conference Hall
15:30-17:30 Parallel Session 2.1. Knowledge, Management and City (Chair: Giovanni Schiuma) Parallel Session 2.2. Smart Urban Technologies (Chair: Robert Huggins) Parallel Session 2.3. Knowledge Economy and Society (Chair: Tommi Inkinen) Parallel Session 2.4. Smart Planning Applications (Chair: Koray Velibeyoglu) Workshop II (Chair: Blanca Garcia)
Maciej Brzozowski - Agile project management approach to managing innovation in SMEs Melih Bulu, Muhammed Ali Önder, Vural Aksakallı - A review of algorithm-based information technology applications in metropolitan cities
Javier Carrillo - The
seven habits of highly successful economies
Romano Fistola, Rosa Anna La Rocca -
Smart city planning: a systemic approach Advancing MAKCi City Benchmarking Zohreh A. Daneshpour, Asrin Mahmoudpour, Vahide Ebrahimnia - A knowledge management framework for integrated policy-making in Tehran Jung-Beom Lee, Myungsik Do, Wanhee Byun, Sang Hyuk Le - Determination
of carsharing service location using GIS
Javier Carrillo -
The Emergence of Knowledge Markets
Hamidreza Yazdani
- A decision support system for assessment of land-use changes: the case of Izmir
Antti Lonnqvist -
Managing the knowledge-based development of a city-region
Muhammed Ali Onder, Vural Aksakalli, Mehmet Mert, Esma Dilek, Batuhan Altun, Nihat Kocyigit - A mobile
application for real-time traffic information for the city of Istanbul
Ana Cristina Fachinelli, Javier Carrillo, Anelise D’Arisbo - Capital
system for creative economy and social innovation: a Brazilian case
Deniz Ay -
Understanding the relevant city characteristics in planning countrywide urban transformation in Turkey
Behruz Zarei, Mohammad Reza Zali, Hadi Izadkhah, Amene Gholamy Mayani, Mahboobeh Aryani -
Conceptual model design for e-readiness of entrepreneurial city case study: entrepreneurial cities in Iran
Eleonora Gabriela Baban - The role of
new communication technologies in election campaigns: features in the context of knowledge-based economy Richard Hu - Understanding migrant knowledge workers in global Sydney
Jeremy Cenci, Vincent Becue, Jean-Alexandre Pouleur, Damien Darcis - Reclaiming the Val-de-Sambre post-industrial fabric: towards resilience territories in transition Giovanni Schiuma Managing knowledge-based dimensions of creative environments through the arts
Sang Ho Lee, Youn Taik Leem, Young Kook Kim, Sung Su Jo - Structural impact
changes of ICT industry on the other Industries from 2000 to 2010 Surinder Kumar Batra - Ingredients of a successful knowledge village in a global context Tuğkan Tuğlular, Selma Tekir, Koray Velibeyoglu - Mapping information and communication sector In Izmir: exploring clustering potential Tommi Inkinen - Creating a knowledge-based city: the university main library as a knowledge resource and image creator in Helsinki, Finland
Thursday, 12
thSeptember
8:00-16:00 Registration Desk Open
9:00-10:30 Keynote Discussion Session II (Chair: Tan Yigitcanlar) Conference Hall Giovanni Schiuma, Antti Lonnqvist, Blanca Garcia, Surinder Batra, Guenter Koch - Knowledge assets and management
of cities and regions 10:30-11:00 Morning Tea
11:00-12:00 Most Admired Knowledge City Award (MAKCi) Ceremony (Chair: Blanca Garcia) Conference Hall
12:00-13:00 Lunch
TB01 TB02 Room 1003 Room 1004 Cinema Room
13:00-15:00 Parallel Session 3.1. Sustainable Urban Development (Chair: Didem Dizdaroglu) Parallel Session 3.2. Planning for Clustering (Chair: Sue Holliday) Parallel Session 3.3. Knowledge Cities (Chair: Caroline Osbourne) Parallel Session 3.4. Miscellaneous Challenges (Chair: Richard Hu) Private Meeting II (Chairs: Javier Carrillo, Tan Yigitcanlar, Blanca Garcia)
Yountaik Leem, Sang Ho Lee, Min Su Kim- Households’
characteristics in energy consumption: data from carbon emission monitoring system (CEMS) in Sejong City, Korea
Murat Akpinar , Melike Mermercioglu
- Knowledge potential of clusters: a comparative study from Turkey and Finland Víctor-Raúl López Ruiz, José-Luís Alfaro Navarro, Domingo Nevado Peña - Knowledge
cities, growth capacity, ranking, intellectual capital, index
Melih Bulu, Omer F. Demirel, Pinar Ozuyar, Ekrem Tatoglu, Selim Zaim-
Forecasting natural gas consumption using support vector regression model: a case study of greater metropolitan region of Istanbul Annual WCI Programme Review Meeting Wang Zhi-zhang Wu Ling, Tan Xia - The
route choice of China’s low-carbon economy in the perspective of knowledge city
Chih-Hung Chen, Lin-Fang Hsu, Yuan-Po Li
- Spaces of fractional lots as potential places for knowledge production
Omid Ali Kharazmi, Masoumeh Valipourerami- The role of furniture cluster in promoting knowledge city concept in Iran
Hatice Ozer Balli -
Forecasting of Hong Kong International Airport’s passenger volumes Jaeyeong Lee, Myungsik Do, Yountaik Leem- Identifying influencing factors on bike sharing systems
Bahar Durmaz -
The role of place on creative clustering: the film industry clusters in Soho and Beyoglu
Khaled Youssef Mohamed, Jamal Ahmed Abdul-Hameed, Ayman Mohammed Mostafa- The comparative importance of the architectural and urban potentials of knowledge cities Ayşenur Erdil, Hikmet Erbiyik - The
effect of information technologies on employees
Charlotte Tardieu, Morgane Colombert, Youssef Diab, Olivier Blanpain - Analysis
of the integration of energy issues into a multi-scale urban project: Paris Nord-Est case study, France
Suheyla Turk - Measurements achievıng socio-cultural sustaınable communities in historical neighbourhoods of Istanbul
Omid Ali Kharazmi, Amirali Kharazmi -
Knowledge cities and the role of industrial cluster: case of North East Saffron and food clusters in the City of Mashhad
Hamza Kocatepe, Mesut Albeni, Adem Sahin, Türkay Gözlükaya - The
replanning of fire brigades locations in city of Denizli based on industrial zones Didem Dizdaroglu, Tan Yigitcanlar - An ecological approach towards building knowledge-based urban ecosystems Sue Holliday - Knowledge precincts as a policy tool for urban renewal and change in cities
Carl Zillich -
International building exhibition Iba Heidelberg: addressing the spatial challenges and potentials of education and research
Faruk Balli, Hatice Ozer Balli, Rosmy Jean Louis - Risk
Sharing Across Countries: The Importance of Tourism Activity 15:00-15:30 Afternoon Tea
Friday 13 September
9:00-17:00 Post-summit Tours Private Meeting III.
Post-summit WCI Executive Board Meeting (Chair: Javier Carrillo)
Workshop Proposal for KCWS 2013:
Bridging the Global KBD Community
Prof. Giovanni Schiuma, UniversitádellaBassilicata, Italy
Prof. Javier Carrillo, World Capital Institute
Theme and ObjectiveAmongst the elements that make possible to differentiate a scientific discipline are structured meetings, dedicated journals, scientific societies & networks and active communities. While Knowledge Based Development has rapidly covered all of these, there is plenty of opportunity for development in building a robust community of interest and practice. Due to the fact that KBD professionals come from very diverse fields, such as knowledge management, urban studies, geography, sociology, psychology, economics, computer science, technology and innovation policy, etc., there is ample opportunity for furthering the reach of the KBD by developing wider and deeper cross-disciplinary links. In reference to this year’s summit, the objective of this workshop will be: to establish further bridges amongst the different disciplines, networks and organizations related to KBD. Relevance to the Aim of KCWS 2013
As a WCI event, the KCWS is a yearly opportunity to gather, socialize, and energize the KBD Community. The very purpose of the KCs Summit has been to convey the KBD international community of interest and practice. Since the first KCs Summit in Monterrey 2007, the need to provide networking support to the Global KBD Community emerged. As a result, a number of WCI programs had taken shape, each involving a self-regulating international collegiate body working in close coordination with the WCI. The publications, events, awards programs are now in force, each with its proper development dynamics.
At this point, the promotion of a wider participation into the existing programs as well as the possible creation of new programs seems pertinent. This workshop would provide a lively scenario for the joint exploration of these opportunities.
Abstract: Dialogue Workshop
Subject to further session design, the idea is to engage in a very participative session where, after some initial context inputs, all workshop participants develop and present their initiatives as to how the objective could be best achieved. For this purpose, a highly participative open process will be followed (e.g.: Open Space or Knowledge Café) to facilitate participant´s engagement in current WCI programs and identify new initiatives. The participation dynamic will be followed by plenary discussion of all initiatives presented. The session will be closed by drawing general conclusions and next steps.
Organizers
Javier Carrillo, WCI presenter. Corresponding organizer [email protected]
President, The World Capital Institute and Professor of Knowledge Management & Director of The Center For Knowledge Systems at Tecnológico de Monterrey, México
Giovanni Schiuma, Session Chair, [email protected]
Professor Giovanni Schiuma is Professor in Innovation and Knowledge Management and Scientific Director of the Centre for Value Management at UniversitàdegliStudidella Basilicata, Italy.
18
Worshop Proposal for KCWS 2013:
Advancing MAKCi City-Benchmarking
Dr. Blanca C. Garcia, MAKCi Awards Chair @ World Capital Institute
2013 KCW Summit Theme: Knowledge cities, regions, nations and societies.
Key Words: Knowledge Cities metrics, indexes and indicators. Value-based Capital Systems.
Knowledge, City Taxonomies.
MAKCi Theme and Objective
This workshop offers a practical experience on one of the emblematic components of the WCI’s KCWS series: the Most Admired Knowledge City Awards (MAKCi Awards). Launched in 2006 by the Wordl Capital Institute (WCI) and Teleos UK, the MAKCi Awards is an annual consultation exercise that advances a number of criteria drawn from state-of-the-art research on knowledge-based development (KBD). Inscribed in knowledge-based frameworks, MAKCi is based on a knowledge-economy model that involves an assessment of the value base on which the future development of a city is made possible through a recombination or trading of existing capitals, both traditional and (intangible) knowledge-based capitals. Aim: In this opportunity, the aim of the MAKCi Workshop is to invite participants to have a glimpse of the MAKCi Framework in order to create a MAKCi Nomination of participant´s home cities with relevant knowledge-based initiatives.
MAKCi Relevance to the aim of KCWS 2013
The workshop will aim to attract practitioners and researchers interested in Knowledge City indexes and metrics, which is at the core of KBD interests and the KCW Summit series. The workshop will seek to elicit a consensus-building effort amid participants in a simulation of the exercise in order to reach a decision on which elements and indicators are successful in creating knowledge-based development initiatives for their city-regions.
MAKCi Workshop Audience, Format and Procedure
The MAKCi Workshop would seek for an Open Space format,
(http://www.kstoolkit.org/Open+Space), aiming to cover the main topic: Advancing the MAKCi Model for City-Benchmarking, but also letting topics emerge from working tables. Open
Space can work with groups of 5 to 2000, in which the common result is a powerful, effective connecting and strengthening of what's already happening in the gathering: planning and action, learning and doing, passion and responsibility, participation and performance (http://www.openspaceworld.org/cgi/wiki.cgi?AboutOpenSpace). Hence, The expected outcome of the MAKCi Workshop is to stir up debate and commitment within the 2013 KCWS community. This will also allow room to outline the future MAKCi nominations in preparation for future MAKCi exercises, and to collectively explore key topics in the field of Knowledge City metrics, indexes and indicators. Workshop Length: 90 minutes.
MAKCi Workshop Organizer: Blanca C. Garcia. MSc., PhD. Development. . Blanca is a Development Policy Assistant Professor at Northern Borderlands Research College (Colef), in Monterrey, Mexico. She also carries the Awards Programme Executive Director role at the World Capital Institute (WCI). In such capacity, she manages the knowledge-based development international consultation exercise known as MAKCi Awards (Annual
SEPTEMBER 9-12, 2013
ISTANBUL, TURKEY
Workshop II: Advancing MAKCi City Benchmarking
2013 KCW Summit Theme: Knowledge cities, regions, nations and societies.
Key Words: Knowledge Cities metrics, indexes and indicators. Value-based Capital Systems.
Knowledge, City Taxonomies.
MAKCi Theme and Objective
This workshop offers a practical experience on one of the emblematic components of the WCI’s KCWS series: the Most Admired Knowledge City Awards (MAKCi Awards). Launched in 2006 by the Wordl Capital Institute (WCI) and Teleos UK, the MAKCi Awards is an annual consultation exercise that advances a number of criteria drawn from state-of-the-art research on knowledge-based development (KBD). Inscribed in knowledge-based frameworks, MAKCi is based on a knowledge-economy model that involves an assessment of the value base on which the future development of a city is made possible through a recombination or trading of existing capitals, both traditional and (intangible) knowledge-based capitals. Aim: In this opportunity, the aim of the MAKCi Workshop is to invite participants to have a glimpse of the MAKCi Framework in order to create a MAKCi Nomination of participant´s home cities with relevant knowledge-based initiatives.
MAKCi Relevance to the aim of KCWS 2013
The workshop will aim to attract practitioners and researchers interested in Knowledge City indexes and metrics, which is at the core of KBD interests and the KCW Summit series. The workshop will seek to elicit a consensus-building effort amid participants in a simulation of the exercise in order to reach a decision on which elements and indicators are successful in creating knowledge-based development initiatives for their city-regions.
MAKCi Workshop Audience, Format and Procedure
The MAKCi Workshop would seek for an Open Space format,
(http://www.kstoolkit.org/Open+Space), aiming to cover the main topic: Advancing the MAKCi Model for City-Benchmarking, but also letting topics emerge from working tables. Open
Space can work with groups of 5 to 2000, in which the common result is a powerful, effective connecting and strengthening of what's already happening in the gathering: planning and action, learning and doing, passion and responsibility, participation and performance (http://www.openspaceworld.org/cgi/wiki.cgi?AboutOpenSpace). Hence, The expected outcome of the MAKCi Workshop is to stir up debate and commitment within the 2013 KCWS community. This will also allow room to outline the future MAKCi nominations in preparation for future MAKCi exercises, and to collectively explore key topics in the field of Knowledge City metrics, indexes and indicators. Workshop Length: 90 minutes.
MAKCi Workshop Organizer: Blanca C. Garcia. MSc., PhD. Development. . Blanca is a Development Policy Assistant Professor at Northern Borderlands Research College (Colef), in Monterrey, Mexico. She also carries the Awards Programme Executive Director role at the World Capital Institute (WCI). In such capacity, she manages the knowledge-based development international consultation exercise known as MAKCi Awards (Annual International Most Admired Knowledge City Awards), and participates in the Executive Board of the Knowledge Cities World Summit that convenes the Summit on an annual basis.
WEDDING WEAR CLUSTER IN IZMIR: HOW DOES THE CREATIVE KNOWLEDGE
ECOSYSTEM SELF-OPERATE?
Onur Mengi
1, Koray Velibeyoğlu
21 Izmir University of Economics, Faculty of Fine Arts and Design, Department of Industrial Design, Izmir, TURKEY - [email protected]
2 Izmir Institute of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Department of City and Regional Planning, Izmir, TURKEY - [email protected]
The present research aims to analyze the ways of the creative knowledge ecosystem is being self-operated in a certain environment in order to comprehend how creativity and knowledge flow and exchange are generated within the creative industries framework. Creative knowledge ecosystem refers to all the physical and organizational mechanism of the creative environment which together form a self-sufficient entity. For this study, how firms feed and supply each other, how they survive and sustain their production and distribution processes within such entity thus becomes essential. Therefore, a wedding wear cluster in Izmir, Mimar Kemalettin Fashion District, has been chosen as a case study. The methodology consists of semi-structured interviews with the managers, designers and workers employed in the wedding wear and fashion-linked firms located in the district. The data is collected and processed by means of the DICE method. The findings reveal particular ecosystem characteristics within the wedding wear cluster, and present its current organizational conditions regarding the ecosystem major components; distribution, interaction, competition, and evolution.
Keywords
Creative Cluster, Creative Industries, Ecosystem Management, Fashion Industry, Knowledge Ecology
1. Introduction
Examination of the new economy over the last three decades reveals that the competitive advantage for cities arises from creativity and knowledge flow as well as exchange of the innovative ideas among the workers since they are increasingly important pull factor for the city development and inter-urban competition. Within new economic structuring, traditional cultural work (designing, making, decorating and performing) started to be emerged with range of creative industries such as advertising, design, fashion and moving image media to create new forms of commercial culture. Hence, culture began to move much closer to the centre of policy making as a potential economic resource, subsuming into the creative industries. In other words, creative industries now appear as an important indicator of post-industrial new creative economy and serve as a considerable incubator for urban development. Growing attention on creative industries and success stories have enabled increasing number of governments recognize the significance of certain sectors, wedding wear in our case, and started to develop specific goals to develop and merge them into creative industries. Izmir has recently been familiar with the term creative industries and increased its focus on the wedding wear sector as a sub-branch of the overall fashion industry. Regarding the potential of this sector, Izmir is now being evaluated as a wedding wear capital of Turkey. Besides and along with the new economic reconstructing in the city, paving a new path for its future development is now seen urgent for the city managerial. Wedding wear sector is thus found
in the core of such path for Izmir. This intention brings the existing sector and its creative knowledge ecosystem under focus. Therefore, a wedding wear cluster in Izmir, Mimar Kemalettin Fashion District, has been chosen as a case study.
Standardized research formulas have been widely used to investigate the role of the creative industries in the city growth. These often have taken the form of quantitative research that links the creative industries to the city economic development. However, very little attention is then given to the internal dynamics of creative industries; how this flow and exchange are generated within the creative industry framework. This research aims to intensify the preliminary studies that illustrate the overall business network and locational preferences of the fashion industry in the city of Izmir and to further its analysis to how the creative knowledge ecosystem is being self-operated and to bound its focus to a certain wedding wear cluster. We approach the creative knowledge here as an ecosystem consisting of people network in a creative industry where they share and contribute to their creative and innovative ideas, stimulations, and inspirations as well as take roles in the process. This ecosystem includes not only the certain creative industries and creative class of which it is composed but some other supporting creative drivers associated with it, and also all the physical and organizational mechanism of the immediate environment which together produce a self-sufficient entity. For this study, causalities and circularities, how mechanism feeds and supplies each other, how it survives and sustains the entire wedding wear production and distribution process as a so-called creative cluster becomes essential. The methodology of this study consists of a survey conducted with managers and owners of the firms located in the district. The data is collected via firm visits and questionnaires with some open-ended questions, and processed through DICE method, regarding their very specific ecosystem components; distribution, interaction, competition, and evolution. In addition to that, the spatiality of the district as well as their needs and wants and their interrelations of the firms are presented in this paper.
The paper consists of the following sections; the second section begins with discussing how creativity is defined in general and what it refers to cities in our time. Then, it carries on with describing and understanding the new economy framework by means of the base of this study. Following, previous definitions for creative industries are presented. Along with such industries, the emergence of the creative clusters is next described. In this respect, ecosystem approach and the creative knowledge ecosystem properties in such clusters and its particular specifics are discussed. The third section portrays a case study giving general description of fashion industry in Izmir, and then goes into the details for the wedding wear cluster and its ecosystem accordingly with the literature review. It then gives brief description of the methodology employed in the study. Furthermore, results from a case study and four propositions based on the DICE model are analyzed and evaluated. Finally, implications and conclusions for planning are discussed.
2. Creative Milieu for Cities
Since the late 1980s and early 1990s, creativity as a term has been regarded, in its broadest sense, looking at how knowledge and creativity in practice can help cities to solve their everyday problems. Creativity today refers to the production of new ideas and their application built unique works of art, design and cultural products, functional creations, scientific inventions and technological innovations. The shift towards the production and marketing of creative products and ideas within the creative economy associates and the flow and exchange of knowledge and creative environment among workers has recently led the emergence of the creative industries and creative clusters.
2.1 New (Creative) Economy as a Background
The twenty-first century has been witnessing a growing understanding of the mutuality between creativity, culture and economics. Landry [1], Scott [2], Begg [3], Leadbeater [4], Hall [5], Florida [6], Uzun [7], Hutton [8], Durmaz et al [9] have emphasized the rise of new economy which was initially named “knowledge” then “creative” over the last three decades. For the concern of this research, we approach new of economy within the creative framework. For the last mid century, we have witnessed three shifts of evolving production systems and their influence on urban environment. During the 1950s and 1960s, urban restructuring was based on industrial development and the growth of size and height of the city centers was substantial. Between the 1970s and 1980s when the post-fordist mode of production became visible, new service sectors including management, marketing and engineering consulting, commercial and industrial real estate were emerged. Consequently, urban area became a part of greater global networks. Through the 1990s, new specialized services, information technology, innovation and design, cultural production and creativity have led a major change in the spatial and social structure of cities. Since then, cities have been shifted and expanded, consequently restructured into a new spatial, governmental as well as social structure [10]. Along with the restructuring process, the term new economy started to be used for changing economic, technical and social structures in urban areas [9]. Examination of the new economy within the creative framework reveals that the competitive advantage of cities is derived from investment in marketing the culture as creative industries, creating ideas and products they are increasingly important leverages to take role in the global urban competition. On the other hand, the creative economy reveals potentials to generate social inclusion, cultural diversity and human development [11]. The creative economy is now seen an emerging concept rooted in creative assets of the urban environment which likely generate economic growth and development. At the heart of the creative economy are the creative industries [12]. For the developing countries such as Turkey, have eventually started benefiting from the dynamism of the creative economy and they are establishing cross-fertilizer policies to enhance different existing creative sectors.
2.2 The Emergence of Creative Industries
The choice of the term creative over cultural for industries is actually a reference to the information society, the new economic analyses and policy arguments. While the cultural industries are derived from the technological advances of the early twentieth century the creative industries emerged as a product of the technological advances of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries within the knowledge society.
The term creative industries takes its roots from its initial DCMS [13] conception, which was an extension (re-conceptualization) of the cultural industries definition. In general, cultural industries are independent economic field dealing with production, distribution and intermediation of artistic and cultural products or services with creative content whereas creative industries are more business oriented consisting of diverse art and design related sectors. The term creative industries was developed in the Anglo-Saxon context and first adapted by the Britain’s New Labor government to bring the creative arts into an economic policy agenda as leverage. By its definition, creative industries merge art with commerce. In other words, it links what is publicly supported and what is commercial [14]. Creative industries encompass a broader range of activities that indicates knowledge and information live or produced as an individual unit, and indicate all the cultural industries. These activities in different industry categories are largely based on the capabilities of creative workers, a substantial realization of artistic or creative endeavors. Perhaps the best-known usage of the term creative industries derives from the Department of Culture, Media and Sport in the United Kingdom in the late 1990s. The department describes the creative industries as “those industries which have their origin in individual creativity, skill and talent and which have a potential for wealth and job creation through the generation and exploitation of intellectual property” (p.4) [15]. This
contains thirteen creative sectors; Advertising, Architecture, Arts and Antique Markets, Crafts, Design, Fashion, Film and Video, Software, Computer Games and Electronic Publishing, Music and the Visual and Performing Arts, Publishing, Television and Radio. Yet, classification structure for the creative industries varies country to country. Besides the UK DCMS model, there are Symbolic Texts Model that focuses attention instead on popular culture [16], WIPO Copyright Model that involves directly or indirectly in the creation, manufacture, production, broadcast and distribution of copyrighted works [17], and Concentric Circles Model which takes the core creative arts in the form of sound, text and image through a series of layers [18]. However, The UK DCMS model makes not much of a difference from the complimentary models except their core industries definitions (Figure 1).
Figure 1 Classification Systems for the Creative Industries of Previous Models (Source: UNCTAD [19]). Lastly, UNCTAD [19] defines creative industries as series of creation, production and distribution of goods and services that indicates creativity and intellectual capital as primary inputs. They all contain a set of knowledge-based activities producing tangible goods and intangible intellectual or artistic services with creative content, economic value and market objectives. Their research report has taken the creative industries as cultural heritage; visual and performing arts; audiovisual industries; publishing and printed media; new media; design; and creative services, including advertising and architecture. Specific to our approach in this paper, design sector by definition in UNCTAD [19] indicates jewellery design, toy design, graphic design, interior design and more importantly fashion design (Figure 2).
Figure 2 Our Approach to Creative Industries (Source: UNCTAD [19]).
2.3 Creative Clusters
The conception of industry clusters points the importance of spatiality, location, settings and inter-firm links, networks and connections in productivity, seen as being very central in the context of creative industries. Clustering is an act that brings numerous benefits for both firms and the districts or regions in where they operate, and creates fostered competition higher productivity, new knowledge and creativity formation, increased job availability, innovation and urban growth. The term clusters were originally defined by Porter [20] as geographic concentrations of firms producing a particular product or service. Porter [21] adds to the definition that “a geographically proximate group of inter-connected companies and associated institutions in a particular field, linked by commonalities and complementarities”, while also stating that the geographic scope of a cluster can “range from a single city or state to a country or even a group of neighbouring countries” (p. 254) [21].
Economic wise, clusters are seen as joint formal or informal cooperation spreading knowledge sharing through socio-spatial networks. More central to this research, creative clusters differ from typical business clusters since there are some additional factors vital to their development and formation. Creative clusters goals and intentions are not similar to the regular clusters in a sense that they have additionally social concerns as well as cultural objectives [22]. For the concern of this research, agglomeration economy arise from the concentration of particular creative industry, namely clusters, with some similarities in their localities, geographies and patterns as well as their worker profile, and also from the growth of the related creative sectors (i.e. photography from the fashion, or advertisement from the music industry) in a specific location. Creative industries do cluster to take advantage from the existence of a skilled human capital, creative class and the suitable (in terms of the demands of the firms and workers) land and physical environment. In such environments, existing human capital benefits from the face to face relations in terms of knowledge evolution. There is also a competitive base for them to develop, promote and transfers of their knowledge, skills and innovations. For creative industries, close proximity or with strong networks are able to achieve cost advantages and innovations that increase their productivity, creativity and competitiveness relative to firms outside the cluster.
Furthermore, Florida [6] claims that creative industry clusters in cities where creative people concentrate to enable innovation and economic growth. Human capital and the creative class have tended to locate where a varied offer of culture, and interesting jobs [23]. Scott [24] has conducted a research on Los Angeles and Paris and mainly found out that that creative industries flourish where three conditions are met: first, multiple interdependency and agglomerations of competitive firms; second, regional policy enterprises that attract and retain these industries and consider their locational preferences; and, last, the industries should reflect and capitalize their status and distinction of their urban locations [24]. Creative industries today reside at the very center of the cluster phenomenon. Their very unique characteristics also come from their ecosystem.
2.4 Creative Knowledge Ecosystem and Its Characteristics
One of the complex aspects characterises the creative environment of the clusters, is the presence of particular systems that regulate and inform the environment. These can be identified with creative knowledge ecosystem. Starting from its definition, ecology is a field of science looking into the complex relationships and interaction among members or species of a certain communities and their relation with the environment. Traditionally, it is defined as a scientific study on the interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of organisms [25]. Ecological studies are carried out at the levels of species, population, community, and ecosystem. Species are the essentials in ecology. A group of organisms of the same species occupying constitute a population. Several populations together grow to be a community. Thus, the ecosystem includes several living organisms interacting in networks. Ecosystem is described by A.G. Tansley in 1935 as “a unit of vegetation which... includes not only the plants of which it is composed but the animals habitually associated with them, and also all the physical and chemical components of the immediate environment or habitat which together form a recognizable self-contained entity” (p.7) [26]. Regarding, we use the ecosystem metaphor to describe creative cluster structure and creative industry organization that indicate numerous firms interacting in networks in a particular space at a particular time, that grows mutually beneficial relationships with each other and other industries, and that are challenged by newly arrivals as well as by new interventions. We define the creative knowledge ecosystem as self-sufficient entity that creative intercourse occurs between creative and knowledge workers and industries, and their interaction with their environment. Creative knowledge ecosystem is an urban space and setting that can allow, support and foster the development as well as the flow and exchange of creativity and knowledge. It encourages workers, teams, managers, firms and the whole industry towards creative growth and success for cities that are planned on creativity. The development of such ecosystem supports and governs the creative and knowledge workers and industries. There is also a social aspect within the ecosystems that bounds people together. The ecosystem approach recognizes that humans are an integral component of ecosystems [27]. Connection between individuals or groups and even firms is not steady or consistent, rather varies over time, and with the diversity, density, intensity and quality of interactions [28]. Ecosystem approach to the creative industries and clusters integrates many aspects together to produce a dynamic, holistic view of the creativity and its relationship to the urban space for the field of urban planning. It addresses many factors that produce today’s dynamism, rapidly changing structure, especially the way how creative industries and creative clusters self-operate. Following the definitions presented by Pirot et. al [26] and Dvir and Pasher [29], for ecosystem characteristics such as interrelation and interaction integrity, sustainability, resilience and biodiversity, diversity variety creativity, virtuality, spontaneity; ecosystem theories and ecosystem management approaches from different fields have lastly introduced a creative view into organizational science that has received significant attention [30]. Chen et al [30] in their ecosystem management focused research presents four concepts to provide major functions in ecological research. They are distribution, interaction,
interest of our research in the planning field we have derived the necessary tools and methods regarding the DICE model. The ecosystem approach to the creative industries and clusters have brought a method that intents to examine environmental, economic and social factors for certain sectors and locations. The approach in such subject is based on the application of appropriate scientific methodologies focused on levels of workers and firms that indicated very specific internal and external processes and interactions among each other and their physical space.
3. Case Study
3.1 Fashion Industry in Izmir and Wedding Wear Sector
Izmir, located on the west coast of country by the Aegean Sea and according to the Turkish Statistical Institute census record for 2010 with population of 3.9 million has recently been familiar with the term creative industries. Since the city of Izmir fell behind in the global inter-urban competition and began to lose its attractiveness, Izmir Greater Metropolitan Municipality and Izmir Mediterranean Academy that brings various creative professionals and academics from different sectors have started to plan a creativity-based development to overcome this deficit. Wedding wear sector is thus found in the core of such intention for Izmir, regarding its creative potential as a sub-branch of the fashion industry.
Fashion industry reveals some path dependent development for Izmir, yet still evaluated as an emerging creative industry, regarding various weaknesses. Preliminary research conducted by Mengi and Velibeyoglu [31] have illustrated that firm clusters, inter-firm networks and linkages, and relationships with the supporting creative activities and their market have been reported as inadequate and unorganized and lacking of a strong identity for the industry [31]. For the fashion industry network in Izmir, it operates through a complex yet very weak and unconnected pattern of networking including following components; fashion photography, modelling agencies, fashion designers, retailing (boutiques and franchise), accessory (mainly zip and footwear), ready-to-wear, manufacturers (factories), magazine and media. For the physicality of the industry, certain points in the centre of the city and the peripheries especially industrial zones and free zones appear as major spots, but none of these acts as serving pieces of the whole fashion industry. Rather, they are mainly divided into ready-to-wear, accessory and wedding wear concentrations. Despite its potential to serve as a creative industry to city where creative class can both live and work, the fashion industry is still not well-planned or organized in Izmir [31]. Though having such picture for the fashion industry that includes main activities (ex. clothing design, wedding industry), related activities (ex. textile and ready-to-wear) and supported activities (ex. events and fashion education), there are hardly a complete fashion district for now in Izmir. Yet, wedding wear clustering around the core area, in the Mimar Kemalettin Fashion District, is worth mentioning.
For the wedding sector, Izmir dominates the Turkish market [32]. Throughout the formal meetings with Aegean Exporters’ Associations, the share held by Izmir is said almost 70% of the entire wedding wear production in Turkey. According to results of the sectoral analysis conducted by IZKA [32], this sector has been found sufficient in terms of its production capacity, human resources, financial resources and information and knowledge web. Yet, it is unsatisfactory for international trade and marketing. It is also insufficient regarding fashion design implications on their products range. For the few recent years, national and international fashion events, wedding fairs have started to be held, and there has been attempts to shift towards more design based creative production and improvement of the wedding wear sector as well as its physical environment [32]. Previous research based on the statistical data and conducted with the key actors in the region has presented three major clusters for the Izmir metropolitan
area; mature clusters, developing clusters and potential clusters [32]. According to its findings weeding sector has been evaluated as a promising one and included in the potential cluster categorization (Table 1).
Table 1 Izmir Clustering Categories with Sectors [32]
Mature Clusters Developing Clusters Potential Clusters Sector Cooling, Industrial Ventilation and Air Conditioning Canned
Food On-Car Equipments Chemistry Wedding Wear Logistic
For the last three years, it has been observed that the weeding wear sector has been evolved into a developing cluster. Therefore, wedding wear sector is now under focus for the future development. There is a need for analyzing the ways of the creative knowledge ecosystem is being self-operated in the wedding wear sector in order to comprehend how creativity and knowledge flow and exchange are generated within the creative industries framework. Thus, wedding wear sector in Izmir has been chosen as a case study. Since the wedding wear is aimed to be a restructuring sector in Izmir, good understanding of its structure regarding its creative knowledge ecosystem is therefore very significant to the planning field for delivering a creative future.
3.2 Methodology
The data has been collected through an intense and detailed-questionnaire. The questionnaire has been carried out with 12 large scale wedding wear firms located along the main boulevard in the Mimar Kemalettin Fashion District where hundreds of firms in various scales are clustered in the entire district. Locationally, main boulevard, as a very vivid core of the cluster, has been taken under focus since the firms are found here behaving more professionally in the sector. In addition to that, relatively larger size firms have been selected randomly and each owner (employer) of the firms has been questioned for 30 minutes with regard to the DICE questions. Some of the questions have been left open-ended in purpose. Their responses have been interpreted within the ecosystem approach. For the data processing phase, DICE model proposed by Chen et al [30] has provided a useful tool for us to investigate certain components of the ecosystem in creative clusters, in other words, how the ecosystem self-operates. The questionnaire containing 30 various questions have explored distribution, interaction, competition and evolution of firms in the wedding wear sector. For the concern of this questionnaire the followings taken by the work of Chen et al [30] are taken into consideration in the data processing:
• Knowledge Distribution refers to a snapshot of a given space at a particular moment to understand the what is and the how is. Knowledge distribution indicates two further components; knowledge intensity and knowledge diversity.
• Knowledge Interaction conveys the information flow among different knowledge and creative populations in building a base for knowledge and creativity flow and exchange in the sector. The form of knowledge interactions can be internal or external.
• Knowledge Competition emerges when firms are under resource constraints, different knowledge populations will need to compete in order to grow. If the competition is collaborative knowledge
