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Volume-5, Issue-2, April-2015
International Journal of Engineering and Management Research
Page Number: 353-357
Quality of Ground Water of Lucknow City: A Review Article
Aisha Siddiqui1, Zulfiqar Ali2, S. Malhotra3 1
Research Scholar, Department of Chemistry, Integral University, Lucknow, INDIA 2
Assistance professor, Department of Chemistry, Integral University, Lucknow, INDIA 3
Ex Scientist Phytochemistry Division, NBRI, INDIA
ABSTRACT
Water is essential for life on surface of earth. Earth has enough water for its inhabitants in form of streams , springs, river, lakes , waterfalls etc. but very little amount of water is potable. This little amount of potable water is continuously being contaminated due to uncontrolled discharge of pollutant in water bodies and this cause water pollution.
Water present on earth can be divided into two i.e. surface water and ground water. Primarily ground water was considered safe. But with passage of time ground water is also showing presence of pollutant as all activities carried on surface of earth has direct or indirect impact on ground water, surface activity may include industrial, urban or agricultural activities. (Neelam Nigam). Water pollution is major cause of diseases in India. Diseases like jaundice, hepatitis etc. spread due to polluted water. Most of the cities in country have polluted water.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Water is equally important today for living being as it was at the time of origin of earth. The earth is water rich planet and man started civilisatation near plenty of water. Water possesses all the three state of matter i.e. solid, liquid and gas. Water is universal solvent and it has capacity to dissolve nearly all natural compounds. The water present on earth is always in movement, this movement of water on earth is known as water cycle. Water cycle or hydrological cycle describes movement of water above and below the surface of earth. India is rich in water resources. But with increase in population, man has exploited water sources for its own benefits and over period of time the availability of pure water has started shrinking. Groundwater is the water stored underground in rock fractures and pores that lay beneath the surface of the earth Ground water is a key component of water resources and it is integral part of hydrological cycle. Quality of ground water depends on use of land and quality of the waste water drained into the river of terrain. Due to our
irresponsible behavior quality of ground water is deteriorating day by day.
II.
STATUS OF GROUND WATER
QUALITY OF LUCKNOW
Lucknow district is a part of Central Ganga Plain in the state of Uttar Pradesh and lies between North latitudes 26°30’ and 27°10’ and East longitudes 80°30’and 81°13’( Anju Verma,2013) ) Lucknow is an important place from ancient times. Lucknow aspires to be a centre of cultural and tourism based on the history associated with the city.. The climate of Lucknow district is subtropical type with three district seasons namely summer, monsoon and winter. (Arun Kumar, 2008-09). The people of Lucknow get drinking water from both surface water source (Gomati River) and subsurface water sources. Subsurface water is made available through two sources. The first source is deep bore well. Another source of groundwater is hand pumps. (Annapurna Singh, 2012)
The investigation conducted by Annapurna Singh (2012) on drinking water of Lucknow revealed that the qualities of a majority of water samples were acceptable according to the BIS and WHO guidelines for domestic purposes except for the ground water of Telibagh and the ground water of Charbagh and Chinhat. Ground Water of Chinhat, Charbagh, Telibagh were found polluted.
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According to Stephen Foster and N.K.Choudhary(2009) many tube wells records elevated nitrate concentration (over 100 mg/l) and in other cases dissolved iron and manganese was reported.
S.K.Rawat of Lucknow for level of ammonium in 2007-08,and according to his analysis ammonium level in drinking water was found above the permissible limit ) i.e. 0.5 mg L-1 ,however, its level was found higher in winter season as compared to summer and rainy season. The highest value
of ammonium (4.51 mg L-1
Water quality index values calculated by Anju
Verma (2013) for Lucknow city shows that ground water in urban areas Like Dilkusha and Mahanagar is unfit for drinking, while areas like Indira Nagar, Gomti Nagar, Narhi, Gulistan colony, PQS phase cantt, Lucknow University old campus, Aminabad, New Hyderabad, Nirala Nagar, Campbell Road, Ganeshganj have very poor water quality and it is not good for human consumption. The areas like Thakurganj, Newajpur and Sabha khera which are in close contact with the city areas are also showing deterioration in water quality.
) was estimated in Hazaratganj (an urban site and business centre).
III.
TYPES OF POLLUTANT DETECTED IN GROUND WATER OF LUCKNOW.
Place Types of pollutant(mg/l) Reference
Nishatganj Nitrate-31.1
Chloride-35.5 Alkalinity-180 Total hardness-160 Sulphate--
Annapurna singh et al.2012
Charbagh Nitrate-37.9
Chloride-70.9 Alkalinity-234 Total hardness-220 Sulphate--
Annapurna singh et al. 2012
Telibagh Nitrate-53.2
Chloride-28.4 Alkalinity-192 Total hardness-180 Sulphate--
Annapurna singh et al. 2012
Chinhatt Nitrate-12.7
Chloride-21.3 Alkalinity-228 Total hardness-180 Sulphate--
Annapurna singh et al. 2012
Nitrate-0.9 Chloride-14 Alkalinity-- Total hardness-125 Sulphate--
Arun kumar 2008-09
Indira Nagar Nitrate-118
Chloride-71 Alkalinity- Total hardness Bicarbonate-317 Sulphate-29
Verma et al.2013
Nitrate-56 Chloride43 Alkalinity- Total hardness-220 Bicarbonate-195 Sulphate-10
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Gomti Nagar Nitrate-19
Chloride-28 Alkalinity- Total hardness bicarbonate-317 sulphate-43
Verma et al.
Nitrate-2.1 Chloride14 Alkalinity- Total hardness-120 Bicarbonate-159 Sulphate-
Arun kumar2008-09
Sarojini Nagar Nitrate-12
Chloride-57 Alkalinity- Total hardness- Bicarbonate-117 Sulphate- 10
Verma et al. 2013
Nitrate-1.7 Chloride-14 Alkalinity- Total hardness-180 Bicarbonate-117 Sulphate- 28
Arun kumar 2008-09
Maha Nagar Nitrate-366
Chloride-185 Alkalinity- Total hardness- Bicarbonate-366 Sulphate- 43
Verma et al. 2013
Nitrate-3.5 Chloride-36 Alkalinity- Total hardness-175 Bicarbonate-232 Sulphate- 20
Arun kumar 2008-09
Vikas Nagar Nitrate-12
Chloride-57 Alkalinity- Total hardness- Bicarbonate-293 Sulphate- 38
Verma et al. 2013
Aminabad Nitrate-56
Chloride-142 Alkalinity- Total hardness- Bicarbonate-427 Sulphate- 38
Verma et al. 2013
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Chloride-71Alkalinity- Total hardness- Bicarbonate-256 Sulphate-24
Behta Nitrate-0.9
Chloride-14 Alkalinity- Total hardness-215 Bicarbonate-268 Sulphate-7
Arun kumar 2008-09
Bakshi –ka – Talab Nitrate-5.2
Chloride-11 Alkalinity- Total hardness-230 Bicarbonate-250 Sulphate-20
Arun kumar 2008-09
Lucknow University Nitrate-60.11
Chloride Alkalinity- Total hardness- Bicarbonate- Sulphate- Nitrite-0.19 Ammonium-2.83 Phosphate-2.03
Sameer Chandra et al.2012
IV.
CONCLUSION
Without water life cannot be imagine on earth. Clean water is the basic nessesity of healthy life. From above discussion it is clear that with time ground water of Lucknow city is getting polluted day by day.Polluted water will cause scarcity of drinking water. To get unpolluted water it is important to assess its quality and check the level of pollution in ground water from time to time.
REFERENCE
[1] Anju Verma, Biswajeet Thakur, Shashwat Katiyar, Dharam Singh and Madhu Rai, February, 2013 Evaluation of ground water quality in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh using remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS), International Journal of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Vol. 5(2), pp. 67-76.
[2] Arun Kumar, (A.A.P.: 2008-09), Ground Water Brochure Of Lucknow District, Uttar Pradesh
[3] Annapurna Singh, Jaspal Singh and Shikh, 2012,Status Of Ground Water And Municipal Water Supply Of Lucknow Region U.P., international journal of plant,animal and environmental sciences, volume-2,issue-4,oct-dec-2012, ISSN 2231-4490
[4] S.K. Rawat, R.K. Singh and Rana P. Singh 2013 Ex-situ Management of Ammonium Contamination in Water using Eight Aquatic Plants, Adv. Biores., Vol4 (2) June 2013: 21- 26
[5] Stephen Foster and N. K. Choudhary, 2009, Lucknow City – India: Groundwater Resource Use &Strategic Planning Needs, Sustainable Groundwater Management Lessons from Practice.
[6] Das N.C., 2013,Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Selected Ground Water Samples of Ballarpur City of Chandrapur District, Maharashtra, India, International Research Journal of Environment Sciences, Vol. 2(11), 96-100, November (2013), ISSN 2319–1414
[7] Anjali Verma, Amit Kumar Rawat and Nandkishor More ,2014 Extent of Nitrate and Nitrite Pollution in Ground Water of Rural Areas of Lucknow, U.P., India, Current World Environment Vol. 9(1), 114-122 (2014)
in India,
[9] Neelam Nigam, Sudhir K. Srivastava, Puja Mehrotra & Kiran Singh, Status Of Ground Water Quality In Uttar Pradesh,Central Ground Water Board, Northern Region, Bhujal Bhawan, Ram Ram Bank Chauraha, Sitapur Road Scheme, Lucknow –226 021, (UP)
[10] Vinay kumar singh ,Zulfiqar Ali and Abhay Raj, “study of impact of tannery effluent on river water quality using vigna radiate L.bioassy,” Research Journal of chemistry and environmental .v 18(1) jan 2014.
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seasonal variation .,journal of applicable chemistry. 3(2)2014.
