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AB ST

R

A C T

JU L I E A E B E R T Ev alu atio n of a n A lte rn ate Sam p l in_{g D} e vic e for In si de the Re s_{p i}r ator Fa c e_{p i}e ce.

(

Unde r the D ir ectio n of Dr. P A R

K

E R R E I S T

)

H istoric a l ly, the predom in a nt s am p l ing de v ice fo r quantitative re sp ir ato r fi t te sting ha s

be e n a " standa rd" ma sk probe in s erted thro u_{g h} the fr o nt of the r e s_{p i}r ato r. T h is probe w a s fi r st

de v elo_ped b y Dr Be n L iu at the Unive r sit_y of

M

in n e s ota an_{d i}s w i del y u s ed in _qu antitativ e

r e s_{p i}r ato r fi t te stin_g An alter n ate s am p l in _{g d}ev ice , a cann u la probe, has bee n u sed in p lac e of the

mask pr obe in re s_{p i}rator stud ie s c o ndu cted at the Lawr e n c e L iv ermore Natio n al Labo r ato r_y T he

pur_po se of th is stud_y wasto v al i date the _pre v iou s r e s ea rch performed and g iv e r e se arche rs the

o_ptio n of u sin_g a c a nnula _probe, b y c om pa ring the sam p l ing capab i l itie s of the c a nnula w ith tho s e

of the ma sk probe T he c a n nu la _probe is a ho s_{p i}tal-l ik_{e n a s a}

l c a n n ula, po sitio n ed betwe e n the

no se and the u_{p p}er l ip of the su b

j

ect w ith the _probes _po inted o utwa rd. T he ma sk and ca nn ula

pr obes s a_{m p l}ed a e r o s ol c on c e ntration s insi de the same re s_{p i}rato r fac e_{p i}e ce . The con d itio ns of the

e x_pe ri me nt we r e v ar ied to dete rm in e the af fe ct of d i f fere nt _prote ctio n fa cto r s, re sp iratio n r ate s,

a nd leak lo c ation s T he me asu r ed me a n _pr ote ction facto r s usin_g the ma sk a nd c a n n ula _probe s

were c om pared thro u_{g h} the a_{p p l i}c atio n of a re_gre s sio n model T he ca n n ula _probe mea s u red a

sl i g htl y h i g her c o nce ntratio n of a er os o l, r es ultin g in a sl i g htly lower prote ction facto r, tha n the

ma s_{k p}robe Ov er al l, the two probes we r e fo u n d to be c om pa r ab le sam p l in g dev ic es w ith a v e ry

str on_{g l i}n e ar r elatio n sh i p. A potential u s e of the c a n n ula pr obe, in p la c e of the ma sk probe, may

A C

K

N O

W

L E D G

M

E NT S

I wo ul d l i ke to than k J i m John s o n a nd Pa rke r Reist fo r their _gui da n c e in he_{l p i}n _{g m}e s u cce s sfu l ly

com p lete th is_pro

_j

e ct. A ls o

, th is pro

j

e ct c o uld n ot ha ve be e n c om p leted w itho ut Ste rl ing Saw ye r

Sterl in_g's in sig ht a nd understa nd in _{g w}er e inv alu ab le in work in_g thro u_{g h} the d i f ficu ltie s

en c o un te r ed thr o u_ghout the stu d_y.

T able o f C ontents

Pa_ge n um ber s

I In tr odu ction 1

I I Pu r_po s e 3

I I I

M

aterials and

M

ethods 4

I V . Re sults 9

V . An alysis 10

V I. D is c us sion o f Results 1 1

V I I I m pr o v eme nts 12

VII I Con clu sion s 1 2

Refe rences 14

A p pe nd ic es

A :Ae r o s ol C hara cterization a nd Calc ulatio n s 1 5 B: I l lu stratio ns

B- 1_: Sch_em_ati_{c o}f S_et-_u

p 1 7

B-2_:

M

a nn e_qu in

W

e arin_{g S}u r viv air Re s_{p i}rator 18

B-3_: P h

otomete r Il lu stratio ns 2 0

B

-4: T wo C y l inder

M

e cha nic alB r e ath in _g

M

ach in e 2 3

C: Dai l y Ro utin e 2 4

D: Raw D ata 2 5

E:Re_gre s sion Statistic s an d Co rr e s_pond in _{g G}r a_{p h}s

E- 1: R_e

gre s sio n Statistic s of A l l D ata _{2 9}

E-2

: Gra_{p h} of A l l D ata 3 0

E-3_: R_e

gr e s sion Statistic s of Data b y Ne ed le S ize 3 1 E-4_: G_{r a}

p h of Data b y Ne ed le S ize _{3 2}

E

-5: Re_gre s sio n Statistic s of Data _{b y R}e s_{p i}ratio n R ate 3 3 E-6_:

Gra_{p h} of Data b y Re s_{p i}ration Rate 3 5

E-7_: R_e

gr e s sio n Statistic s of Data b_y Leak Lo c atio n 3 6 E-8_: G

ra_{p h} of Data _{b y L}e ak Lo c atio n 3 7

1. Introduct io n

In indu str_y, the co ntr o l of airbo rne c o ntam in a nts is be st a c c om p l ished b y eng in e e ring

c on trol mea s ure s.

W

he n the se c ontrols a re i m p leme nted in the wo rk p lac e

, many times the

e_{m p l}o_ye e's e x_po sur e

'

c a n be ef fe ctiv ely loweredto an a c c e_ptab le le v el. Un fo rtun atel y

,

e n_{g i}n e erin_g c o ntr ols are n ot al wa_ys fe a sib le or ade_quate. T h is oft e n r e sults in the n e ed fo r

r e s_p ir ator s to lowe r the ex_posure to a con tam in a n t or c om pensate for a n o x_{y g}en-d_ef_{i c}i_{e n} t

e nv ir on me nt. T he us e o f r e s_{p i}rator_{y p}r otectiv e e_qu_{i p m}en t is r e_gu late_{d b y} the Oc c u_patio n al

Safet_y an d He alth A d m in istr atio n

(

O S H A

)

'

T here ar e t wo t_{y p}e s of re s_{p i}rators a v ai la b le : air

-pu ri f_yin_g and s u_{p p l i}ed a ir T he a ir

-pu ri f y in _g r e s_{p i}rato r cle a n s e s the c o ntam in ated air b y r emo vin_g the _pa rticle s, ga s e s, and v apors o r

a c om b in atio n of the s e. Th is t y pe is l im ited to e n v iron me nts w ith s uf f icie nt o xyge n le v e ls to

s ustain l i fe a nd e x _po s u r e c onc en tr ation s ar e w ith in the ma x imu m u s e conc entratio n of the

res_{p i}rator _{T h}e su_{p p l i}ed air re s_p

i

r ato r _prov ide s a r e s_{p i}r ab le e n vir o nme nt to the e_{m p l}o_ye e,

inde_pe ndent of the su rr o u nd in _g atmo s_{p h}e r e Re_ga rd le ss of the _{t y p}e of re s_{p i}r ator u s ed, a pr ope r

fit tin_{g m}a sk is a _pri mar_{y f}a ctor in _pr ote ctin_g the e_{m p l}o_ye e^

Before a n e_{m p l}o_ye e c a n we ar a r e s_{p i}r ato r in a ha z a rdo u swo rk e n viro nment, a re sp ir ato r

f it te st is r e_quired b_y O S H A H isto ric al ly, qu al itativ e fi t te sting ha s pr edom inately be en u s ed to

e v aluate r e s_{p i}rator fi t. T h is t

y pe of te stin _{g i}s e a s_{y t}o _pe r_fo rm and relativ e ly in e x_pe n siv e T he

e_{m p l}o_ye e don s a r e s_{p i}r ato r and is e x_po s ed to the te st a_gent w h i le _perform in_g a s erie s of e x ercis e s

to r e_pre sent v arious work a ctivitie s T he te st a_ge nt is a su bstanc e that is easi ly detected b_{y t}he

e

m

_{p l}o_ye e, such a s is o am y la c etate

(

ban a n a oi l

)

or ir rita nt smoke. I f the em p loye e dete cts the te st

a_ge nt du rin_g the fi t te stin_{g p}r o c e_dure, that is, smel ls a ba n a n a odo r w he n te sted w ith is o am y l

a c etate o r be_{g i}n s c ou _{g h i}n _{g w h}e n te sted w ith ir ritant smoke, the em p loye e ha s

"

Us u al ly, ad

j

u stme nts a r e made to th

e ma sk, su ch a s ti g hte n ing the str aps or u sing a d i f fe r e n t siz e

ma sk, a nd the proc edu re is repeated

W

hen the em p loye e doe sn ot dete ct o r r e spond to the te st

a_ge nt du rin_g the f it te st _pro c edur e, the em p loye e ha s "

pa s s ed" the f it te st. On c e em p lo

yee s ha v e

pa s s ed, they a r e pe rm it ted to we a

r that _pa rtic ula r r e s_{p i}r ato r mo del a n d siz e in a_ppro_priate

en viro nments A prob lem w ith th is method of f it te stin_{g i}sthe c om p lete rel ia n c e o n the

em_plo_ye e '

s s ub

j

e ctiv e r e s_pon se. A ls o, the te st do e s n ot prov i de qua n titativ e mean s to determ in e

how wel l the r e s_{p i}r ato r fits, it is on ly pa s s/ fai l.

Be c om in_{g i}ncrea sin _{g l y p}o_pu la r ov er the _pa st de cade, qu antitative fi t testing is the

me a s ur eme n t of the te st a_gent leaka_ge into the re s_{p i}r ato r fa c e_{p i}e c e. To obtain the c on ce ntr atio n

of the te st a_gent in si de the re s_{p i}r ato r a s urr o_gate re s_{p i}rato r, in p la c e of the em p loye e '

s re s_{p i}r ato r,

is _ge n e r al l_y u s ed T he s ur r o _gate r es_{p i}r ato r is e_qu i p ped w ith a sam p l in _{g p}robe i m bed ded in the

re s_{p i}r ator bod y n e a r the bre ath in_g re_{g i}o n_{^ T h}e te st is c o ndu cted in a cham be r w he r e a test a_ge nt,

such as c o

m

oi l, is a erosol ized a nd d isper s ed. A me a su r ement dev ic e, for e x am p le a p hoto

m

ete r,

alternate_{l y} s am p le s the cham be r c o n c entratio n a nd the c o n c e ntratio n in si de the fa c e_piec e T he

r atio of the s e c o n c e ntr atio n s is r efer red to a sthe _qu a ntitativ e fi t fa ctor. Du ring the te st

, the

em p lo_yee _pe rfo rms d i f fe r e nt exe rcis e s to r e_pr e sent wo rk a ctiv itie s T he ratios me a s u r ed du rin_g

ea ch e x e r cis e must meet the m inim um fi t fa cto r re_quired for the u s e of that re s_{p i}r ator. I f the

m in i mum is n ot met, ad

j

u stments are ma de to that re sp ir ator, a d i f fe rent size istr ied, or a

d i f ferent r e s_{p i}r ato r is te sted, u nti l the em p loye e pa sses T h is t ype of test e ns u re s that the

r e s_{p i}rato r wo r n s atisfi e s a m in i mum fi t a nd that the u s e r kn ows w he n the re s_{p i}r ato r fi ts _pr o_perly.

T he _proto c ol fo r fi t te stin_g, both qu al itativ e a nd qu a ntitativ e, are g ive n in T he N I O S H Gu i de to

2. Pu r po s e

T h is stud y wa s _pe rfo rmed to e v alu ate an alternate dev ic e, can nu la pr obe, fo r s am p l ing

a ero s ol c o n c entr ation s insi de a r e s_{p i}rator. T he ca n nula pr obe wa s cho s e n to r ep la c e the

"

stan da rd" ma sk probe in _pr e v iou s r es ea r ch co ndu cted at Lawren c e L ive rmor e N ation al

Laborator_y

(

L L N L

)

. T h is c om parativ e stu d y wa s de si gn ed to v al i date the pr ev io us res ea r ch and

g iv e r ese a r cher s at LLN L the o _ptio n o f u sin _g the can n u la _probe in an u_pc om in_g r es_{p i}r ator stud y

T he u_pcom in _g stud y wa s uti l izin_g air hats a nd shr o uded s u_{p p l i}ed air r e s_{p i}rators T he u s e of a

c a n n ula _pr obe wo uld el i m in ate the ne ed for a su r ro_gate re s_{p i}r ato r w hen fi t testin _{g l}o os e fi t tin_g

res_{p i}r ators. T he c ann ula probe c o uld be s e c ured at the back of the em p loye e

'

s he ad, w itho ut

alte rin_g the r e s_{p i}r ato r.

W

here a s, the ma sk pr obe wo ul d requir e a port in the fro nt o f the

r e s_{p i}rator, r e nde ring the r e sp ir ato r u n us ab le in the wo rk p lace

T he " sta ndard "

ma sk pr obe wa s fi rst de v elo_ped b y Dr . Be n L iu at the Univ e r sity of

M

in ne so ta T he in let s_peci fi catio ns of th is _pr obe wer e de si gn ed fo r m in i m iz in_{g p}article en tr_y

lo ss durin _g sam p le co l le ction' Toda_{y t}h is t_{y p}e o f probe, o r a sl ight v ariation of it, isw i de ly u sed

in _qu a ntitativ e re s_{p i}r ator fi t te stin_g^'^^ '

. T he probe is ins e rted throug h a po rt in the fr o nt of the

re s_{p i}rato r an d de si gn ed to s a m p le in o r n ea r the breath in _g zone of the su b

j

e ct. T he ma

j

o rity of

the l ite r ature refe r s to th is t_{y p}e of ma sk probe, the refore it wa s u s ed a s the

"

stan dard" to e v aluate

the can nu la _probe. T he ca n n ula probe is a ho sp ital-l i ke n asal c ann ula, po sitio n ed betwe en the

n o s e a nd the u_{p p}e r _{l ip w i}th the _pr obe s _po inted awa_{y f}rom the fa ce . T he po sition ing of the

ca n n ula _pr obe is de si gn ed to sam p le in or n ea r the br eath in _g z o n e of the su b

j

e ct.

T he c a n n ula _pr obe wa s c om pa r ed to the

"

sta ndar_d" _ma s_{k p}r obe un_de r the fol low in_g

c o nd ition s : v a ried le ak siz e s, r e sp iratio n r ate s, an d le ak lo c atio n s T he two pr obe s alte r n atel y

ba s ed o n the me an _prote ctio n fa ctors me a su r ed usin _g e a ch _pr o be , u nde r the s e c o n ditio n s.

Re_peated s am p les we r e c ondu cted, at ra ndom, for multi p le me a s u r eme nts at the v a ried

ex_pe ri me ntalc o nd ition s The ma sk a nd cann u la _probe s were a nal yzed fo r homo_gen eit y b y the

a_{p p l i}c ation of a r e_gr e s sio n model.

3.

M

ate r ia ls a nd

M

et hods

M

ate rials

M

a n ne_qu in : si l ic on e head fo rm #20 0 3 64

Re s_{p i}rator: Su rviv air fu l l fa c e

Bre ath in_g

M

a ch in e s: tw o an d six c_{y l i}n der br e ath in _{g m}ach in e s made s_pe cial at L L N L

Aeros o l: _polyeth_ylene _{g l}yc ol s_{p h}er e s mo le c ula r we_{i g h}t 4 0 0, P E G 4 0 0; geometric me a n d iameter

o_{f 0 1 5 |}um, ge ometric sta ndard deviation of 1 6

Ae ro s ol Ge nerator : 2 0 psi ae ro so_{l g}en e r ator made s_pec ialat L L N L

P hotomete r s : T he V irtis Com pan_y, In c. in Gard in er,N Y , model JM

-7 0 0 0 A_{e r oso} lPh_ot_om_et_ers

PH O l s e rial num ber JM-7-7 0 2 6 5

, ca l i brated 4 / 8 3 b y P ho en ix Pr e cisio n In str umen ts

P H O 2 s e rial n um be r 7 6 0 0 0 1, c al i br ated 7 / 8 / 9 7 b y V irtis

Ex_po s ur e cham ber : _{6 4} c u b ic feet cham be r

M

ethod

Ex _po su r e cha

m

be r. A 6 4 c ub ic fe et expos u r e cham be r wa sthe c o ntrol led e n v ironme nt for the

stu d y. T he cham ber c o ntained the fo l lo w in g items : a e ro s ol ge n e r ator, ma n n equ in we a ring

Su r v iv air r e s_{p i}rator, a nd p lum b ing

(

p i p ing an d tu b ing

)

T he p lu m b in g e x ited the cham be r and

led to the br e ath in_{g m}a ch in e and p hotomete r, w h ich we r e outside of the cham be r T he cham be r

air wa s su _{p p l i}e_{d b y} a h ig h ef fi cien c_{y p}a rticulate air

(

H E P A

)

filte r bo x a nd the a ero s o_{l g}e n erato r.

T he a e r o s ol had a _ge ometric me a n d iamete r of 0 15 jam a nd a _ge ometric sta nda rd de viatio n of

calc u lat io n s a r e av ai lab le in A_ppe nd ix A The HE PA filte r ed air a n d the a e r o s o l we r e m ixed

prior to e nte rin_g the cham ber. T h is al lowed fo r a mor e u ni fo rm d istri butio n of the a e r o s ol w ith in

the cham ber. A s chematic d iagram o f the s et -_u

p is av ai lab le in A p pen d ix B- 1

.

M

a n n e_quin. T he ma n nequ in he ad form w a s po sition ed in the c en te r of the cham be r , atop a

p la stic _{p l}atform T he _platform al lowed ade_qu ate ro om for the _{p l}um b in_g, w h ich conn ected the

ma nne_qu in to the breath in_{g m}a ch in e A s am p l in_g ta_{p f}or the br e ath in_{g m}a ch in e, wa s c r e ated in

the _{p l}um b in_g. T h is tap al lowed for the ae ro s ol co n c en tr atio n in the bre ath in g ma ch in e to be

me a s u r ed, w h ich wa s interpreted as the lun g c o ncentr ation .

M

as_k a nd pr obe se tu_p. A Su r viv air full

-f_{a c e c}h_em i_{c a}l

c artri d ge res_{p i}rator w ith H E P A filte rs

wa s u s ed w ith the ma nne_quin. T he ma sk wa s

p lac ed o n the ma n n e_quin a nd s e aled w ith si l ic o n e

va c u um gre a s e. T he gr e a s e m inim iz ed the po s si b i l ity of fa c e s e al leaks

, thus i m prov ing the

pr ote ctio n fa cto r of the re s_{p i}r ator A ltho u_{g h} s e al in_g the ma sk to the fa c e is n ot r e al istic, it w a s

im port a nt in c om pa rin_g the t wo _probe s. Se al ing the ma sk to the fa c e a l lowed the s am p l in g

c a_pab i l ities of the ca nn ula an d mask pr obe s to be c o m_pa red at the h i g he r _prote ction factors A

port wa s dri l led in the fro nt of the fac e sh ie l d a nd a metal s am_pl in_{g p}robe

₍

mask pr obe

₎

wa s

at tached to the face sh ield w ith rub be r wa she rs and a nut T he ma sk pr obe wa s lo c ated o n the

fa cesh iel d betwe e n the n o se a nd the mou th of the ma n n e_quin . A T y go n s am p l ing l in e c o n n e cted

the ma sk pro be to the _{p h}oto_mete r

T he ma sk a nd c an nula _probe s wer e _po sition ed w ith in the s ame re s_{p i}r ator fa c e_{p i}e c e fo r

the e x_pe r ime nt. T he cann u la

pr o_be was _po s_ition ed betw e e n the n o s e a nd the u_{p p}e r l i p of the

man n e_qu in, w ith the two probe s pointed outward. Port swe r e dri l led on both si de s o f the

re s_{p i}rator ma sk for the c annu la sam p l in _{g l i}nes to e xit throu_{g h}. T he c a n n u la s am p l in

s e aled in the _ports w ith si l ic o n e v a cuu m _grea s e to m in i m ize a n_y le aka_ge U_po n lea v in_{g t}he _po rts,

the ca n n u la sam p l in_{g l i}n e s we r e

_j

oin ed at the ba ck of the he ad and c onn e cted to o n e l in e, w h ich

led to the _{p h}otometer. Both the ma sk a nd ca n n ula pr obe we re s am p l in g in side the same Survivair

re s_{p i}r ato r. T h is n o rmal ized the co n c entr atio n o utsi de o f the r esp irato r s o that the s am p l in g

c a_pab i l itie s of the two _pr obe s in si de the r e s_{p i}r ato r c o ul d be tr ul y c om pared.

T he cham ber c on c e ntratio n wa s me a s ur ed b y a th ird s am p l in_{g l i}n e, w h ich wa s po sition ed

in fro nt of the fa c e sh iel d. T he cham ber

probe, a p ie c e of Ty gon tu b in g open to the cham be r, wa s

se c ured via ta_pe to the ma sk probe s am p l in _{g l i}n e. T h is al lowed the cham ber s am p le sto be taken

d ir e ct_{l y} o utsi de the r e s_{p i}rato r Se e A p pe nd ix B-2 f_{o r}

p hoto_gr a_{p h}s of the ma nne_qu in we a rin_g the

Surv iv air r e s_{p i}rator w ith the ma sk an d can nula _probe s in _{p l}ac e.

Photo mete rs. T he ae ro s ol c o n c entration wa s determ in ed b y forwa rd l i g ht s c at te ring

p hoto mete rs. A s am p le l ine wa s co nn ected to the s ample port of the p hotometer a nd the a e r o s ol

co n ce ntr ation wa s dete rm in ed a s a ratio , I / I_q Prio r to data c ol le ctio n the p hotomete r wa s

in te rn al l y cal i br ated b_{y t}he z e ro a nd s_pa n ad

j

u stme nts. A l l me a s u r emen ts we r e take n on the

l in ea r s c ale of the _{p h}otometer. T he s am p le wa s drawn thro ug h the p hotomete r at 2 0 0 3 L p m v ia

the " hous e" v a c uu m The inte r n al pu m p of the _{p h}otomete r wa s d is c on n e cted and n ot u s ed. T he

f low wa s control led b_y a r otameter a nd v eri fi ed b_y a G i l ian Cor_por ation G i l i br ator T wo

p hotometers wer e used durin_g the stud y. P hotomete r P H O 1 had co n si derab le ele ctrical dri ft a n d

had to be r e ad

j

u sted mu lt_{i p l}e ti mes _dur in _g the da_y P hotometer P H O 2 be came the _pri mar_y

photometer on Ju l_y 9, aft er being r epair ed.

T heo r_y. T he forward l i g ht s c at te rin

g p hotomete rs are ba sical l y particulate dete ction in str uments

s c att e r ed b_{y p}a rtic le s s am_p led thr o u_gh the s c att e rin _g cham be r o f t he in str u me n t T he o _ptical

a r r a n_geme n t o f the l i g ht scatt e r in_g cham ber ha s bee n de si gn ed s u ch that l i g ht n ot be in ci dent on

the _{p h}otomulti p l ie r tube un le ss a _pa rticle ente rsthe s e nsitiv e re_{g i}o n o f the cham be r

W

he n a n

a ero s ol is drawn throu_{g h} the cham be r, it w i l l pa s s thr o ug h th is s e n sitiv e reg ion and w i l l c a u s e

l ight to be sc at ter ed forwa rd to the l i g ht se n sitiv e _{p h}otomulti p l ie r tube Inten sit_y of the s c att e r ed

l ight is _pr o_po rtio n al to the ma s s co n c e ntr atio n of the s u s_pe n ded _pa rtic u late s' " Se e A p pend ix B

-3

fo r d ia_grams of the _{p h}otometer o_ptica ls_ystem and c om po n ents

Inte r_pretatio n of the _photometer was ba sed on the _princ ip le s of Bee r

'

s Law

Bee r

'

s Law: I / I_q = e

'

T' _{w h}

ere : I = amo u nt of l i g ht the r e ce_ptor r ec eiv e s

I_q = amo u nt of l i g ht the so ur c e em its

Y = e xtinction coef ficie nt

₍

_{l i g h}t scatt e red in to r e ce_ptor

)

/ =

path le ng th fr o m the s o ur ce to the r ec e_pto r

W

he n I / I_o is e_qu al to z e ro, n o pa rticles ar e in the path to s catt e r the l i g ht into the

r ece_ptor T h is co nd itio n _{g i}ve s a read in _g o f zer o o n the _{p h}oto mete r, zer o pe rcent scatt e ring of the

s o u r c e

W

hen I /Iq is equalto o n e, the r e a r e ma ny pa rtic le s in the path a nd al l of the s o urc e l i g ht

is s c att e r ed into the r e c e_pto r T h is c o nd itio n _{g i}v e s a r e ad in_g of o n e hundr ed o n the _{p h}otometer,

o n e hundr ed perce nt scatt e rin_g o_f the s o urc e. T he s e two points s e r v e a s the c al i bratio n c u r v e fo r

the in str ume nt At the h i g he r _pe r c e nta_ge s of s c att e rin_g the r elatio n sh i p, betwe e n the inte n sity of

l i g ht scatt ered into the r ec e_pto r a ndthe co n c entratio n of pa rticles, is n ot l inea r du e to multi p le

s c att e rin_g

W

he n th is occ u r s the true c o n c e ntratio n of particle s is u nde r e sti mated So, at the

h i g he r _pe r c e nta_ge s of s c att e rin_g the true c o n c e ntratio n is e_qu al to o r _gre ate r than the in ten si_{t y} of

l i g ht s catt e r ed T he refo r e, a ny read ing betw e en z ero and on e hundred is equ alto or gr eate r than

Br e ath in_g

M

a c hin e s. A mecha nic al breath in

g mach in e wa s us ed to m i m ic human br eath in _g

pat te r n s at moderate to he a v_y wo rk r ate s, 6 2 2 and 8 3 0 icg -m / m i_n

. T he me chanical br e ath in

g

si mulator was e s s entia_{l l y} a c am-d_ri_ve n _{p i}ston a r ra n_gemen t. D urin

g inhalatio n, air is dr awn in to

the c_{y l i}nde rs _{b y} the c am-_{a c}ti_{v a}t_ed p i_st_{o n s} E_xh_al_ati_on o c cu r sw he n the air is for c ed out of the

c_{y l i}n der s an_d thr o u_{g h} the mann e_quin " . T wo d i f fe r e nt br e ath in g ma ch ine s were u sed du ring the

stu_{d y}. A two -_c

yl inde r br e ath in _g ma ch ine, w ith a 6 22 cam, wa s u sed in itially. H owev e r, t his

ma ch in e be_gan _gen e ratin_{g p}article s in the c_{y l i}nder s w ith inc r e ased u s e T h iswa s c o nfi rmed

b

_y

tak in _{g b}ack gro u nd me a s ureme nts in the lu n_gs a nd ma sk, w ith o nly H E P A filte r ed air in the

cham ber. A su bstantial c o n c e ntr atio n of a ero s ol wa s fo u nd at the lu ng tap, obs c uring the

me a s ureme nts taken in si de the mask. I t w a s determ ined that the po o r con d itio n

(

sco ring

)

of the

p iston s, cyl inde rs, a nd rings we re ge ner ating part icle s. T h is made it d i f fi c u lt to determ ine

w hether the lo w pr o te ctio n fa ctor s we re fr o m the breath in _{g m}a ch in e or a _poo r fi t tin_{g m}a sk A

sw itc_{h w}a s _made to the six

-c_{y l i}nde r brea th in_{g m}ach in e, w ith an 8 3 0 cam, and the e xpe ri me nt

c o ntinu ed Onl y two of the six-_c

y l in der s we re u sed to main tain the in te_grit_y of the e x_pe riment.

T he six-_c

y l inde r breath in_{g m}a ch in e wa s e_qu_{ip p}ed w ith Tef lo n tabs on the _{p i}ston s fo r smo oth

mo v eme nt w ith in the c_{y l i}n der a nd m ini ma l s c orin_g Both bre ath in_{g m}a ch in e swe r e c al i br ated

usin_g a dr_{y g}a s mete r an d a sto_{p w} atc h A schematic d ia_gr am of a two c_{y l i}nde r br e ath in _g

ma ch in e is a v ai lab le in A p pe nd ix B-4

. Re sp ir atio n r ate s o f 2 0

, 2 5, 3 0, 4 0, 5 0, and 6 0 L ite r s per

m inute

₍

L p m

₎

we re us ed. During the e x pe ri me nt, rates of 4 0 a nd 6 0 L p m we re fo c used on to

r e_pre s e nt a med ium a n_{d h i g h} r e s_{p i}r atio n r ate.

O bta in in_{g d}ata . T he sa m p le s wer e in sta nta n e o usly qu a nti fi ed b y a p hotomete r On c e a stab le

c o n c e ntr ation was r e a ched in si de the c ham ber, data we r e r e c o rded b y ha nd On e me a s u r eme nt

w as r ec orde_d e v e r_y six s e co nds for two m in ute s T he de_gre e o f v arianc e betwe e n e a ch

me a su r eme nt _ge n e r a_{l l y} ra n_ged fr om 1to 15

%

, w ith the ma sk and c a nn ula me a su r eme nts hav ing

the h ighe r v a riatio n s. T he a v e r age c o n c e ntration was calc u lated fo r each c onf i gu r ation of

cham ber, ma sk, a nd c an n ula. T he prote ctio n fa cto r s were c alcu lated a sthe r atio of the a v e r age

c o n c e ntr ation mea s u r ed inside the cham ber to the a v era_ge c o n c e ntr atio n me a sur ed b y the ma sk or

cann ula _probe in si de the res_{p i}r ato r, i.e

, cham berj / io:ma sk j /io- T he s e

pr ote ction fa cto r s we r e

later com par ed thro u_{g h} the a_{p p l i}c atio n of a r e_gr e s sio n model. A myriad of facto r s co ntri butes to

the fi t of a r e s_{p i}r ato r, the refo re the ma sk a n d ca n n u la pro be s were com par ed u nde r d i f fe r ent

leaka_ge c o nd it_ions a nd r es_{p i}ration r ate s. In the work p lac e

, a range of protection fa ctor s c an

occu r w hen w ear in _g a r e s_{p i}r ator To a c cou nt fo r th is, d i f fe rent ga uge ne ed les wer e u s ed to

c o ntrolthe ad d ition of a e r o s ol into the re s_{p i}rator fa c e_{p i}e c e, re s ulting in v a ry ing prote ctio n

facto r s. A ls o, d if feren t r esp iratio n r ate swere e valu ated to r epre s ent the af fe ct d i f fe r ent work

a ctiv itie s ca n hav e o n br eath in _g r ate s. Lastl y, v a ried le ak lo c atio n s we r e c o n si der ed A str ay

p ie c e of hair ma_y re s ult in a forehe ad le ak, w he r e a s a n u n sha v e n fa c e may r e su lt in a ch in le ak.

T he dai l_y r outine is o utl in ed in A_ppe nd ix C

4. Re s ults

A total of 1 2 0 data _points wer e used, in v ariou s c om b in ation s, to c om pa r e the two

probe s. Not al l of the data r e c o rded we r e u s ed a nd twelv e points wer e d isregarded T he raw data

a r e a v ai la

bl

e in A p pe nd ix D, in clud ing the e x cluded data w ith e xp la n atio n s.

T he com p lete r esu lts w ith a c c om pa n_{y i}n_{g g}r a_{p h}s c a n be fo u nd in A p pe nd ix E. T he

r e_gr es sio n statistic s fo r the ind iv i dual a nal_ys es c a n be fo un d in the od d nu m bered a_{p p}end ice s of

E. T he p lot of the ma sk v ers u s the c an n ula me a s ured prote ction fa cto r s, fo r the ind iv idu al

Tab le 1. Re s ults of A l l An alys e s

A n a_{l y}sis R s_qu a r e L owe r 9 5

%

C .I.

*

U p pe r 9 5

%

C.I.

A ll data 0.9 9 3 0 9 87 0 9 9 5

Smal l Ne ed le S iz e 0 9 0 5 0 9 9 2 1 0 00

Med ium N e ed le S iz e 0 4 1 1 0 9 6 6 0 9 8 3

La r_ge Ne ed le S iz e _{0 9 5 5} 0 9 9 1 1 0 18

2 0 & 2 5 L p m 0 9 9 4 0 9 8 6 1 0 0 4

3 0 L p m 0 9 9 4 0.9 8 1 1.0 0 3

4 0 L pm 0.9 9 3 0 9 8 7 1 0 0 2

5 0 L pm 0.9 8 1 0 9 6 4 0 9 9 7

6 0 L p m 0.9 9 0 0 9 7 1 0 9 9 0

C h in Le ak 0.9 9 2 0 9 7 3 0 9 8 9

Tem p le Le ak 0.9 9 0 0 9 8 6 1 0 0 1

Fo r ehe ad Le ak 0.9 9 1 0 9 83 0 9 9 8

*_{C I}

.: c o nfide n c e inte r v al

5. An alysis

An al_ys e swe r e _perfo rmed u sin_g

M

icr o s oft Exc el T

M

soft

w

a r e '^.

T o a ss e s s the n ormal it y of the lo_g o f re si du als, a frequ ency h istogr am fo r the log of the

ratio, ma sk to c a n n ula, wa s p lotted T he r e si du als we r e c o n si de r ed normal l y d istri buted i f they

were c e nte r ed n e a r ze r o, w h ich wa s the de sired d i f fe r e n c e bet we e n the ma sk a nd c a n n ula

pr obe sl ^ T he _{p l}ot w a s n or

m

al in sha_pe and c e nte r ed at a_{p p}r oxi mate_{l y 0 0 9 5}, a sl i g htly po sitiv e

v alu e T h is in d ic ated that the ma sk probe w a sme a su rin_g a sl i g ht_{ly l}ow e r c o n c e ntratio n than the

c a n n ula _probe, re su h ing in a sl i g htly h i g he r pr ote ctio n fa ctor

(

s e e A p pe nd ix F

)

In ad d ition , al l of

the data were a n al_yz ed to_gethe r a nd the n an al yzed s e_par atel y w he n s orted b y le ak siz e.

r e s_pir atio n r ate, a nd, le ak lo c atio n. T he v ar iab i l ity betwe e n the me a s u r ed me an pr ote ctio n facto r s

r an_ged fr om 2 to 1 0

%

To m ini m iz e the va riab i l i_{t y t}he natu ral lo_g o f the _prote ctio n factor s were

u s ed in the an al yses.

W

he n s orted, ind ivi du al regr e s sion l in e s a nd equ ation s we r e gen erated fo r

the d if fe r en t c o nd itio n s i m po s ed o n the re s_{p i}rator, s uch a s va ried n e ed le siz e s, r e sp ir atio n rate s,

a nd le ak lo cation s.

6. D is c ussion of Re s ults

T he o v eral lr elatio n s_{h ip b}etween the mask a nd c a nnula _probe s shows a v er_y stro n_{g l i}n e ar

c o rrelatio n

, a s s e e n in A p pe nd ix E

- 1_{a n}d E-2

. T h is r elation sh i p is s up po rted in te n o ut of the

ele v en in_{d i}v idu ala n a_{l y}s e s _perfo rmed, in w h ich the R squ are v alu e wa s gre ater than 0 9 0. T he

gra_{p h}s c or re s_pond in_g to the se R s_qu ar e v alu e s a r e av ai lab le in A p pend ix E-4 , E

-6 , and E

-8 I_n

ad d itio n , the ind iv i du al 9 5

%

c o nf i denc e inte r v als for the se regression l in e s were ge n e r al ly

c en ter ed n ea r a v alue sl i g ht_{ly l}es s tha n o n e T he a ctu al r a n_ge for the te n an al ys es was from a

lower 9 5 %) c o n fiden ce inter valof 0 9 6 4 to a n u_{p p}e r 9 5

%

co nfiden c e inter v al of 1 0 18. T he

co m p lete re_gr e ssio n statistic s ar e a v ai lab le in A_ppe nd ix E-3 , E

-5 , and E

-7

. T h is c on fide n ce

inte r v al r a n_ge in cludes o ne, i l lustr atin g that the a er o sol co n c entration sme a s ured using the

c a n n ula _pr obe a r e n e arl y i de ntic alto tho s e me a su r ed u sin_g the ma s_{k p}r obe

T he onl_y an al ysis w h ich d i d n ot show a str o n_{g l i}n e a r relatio n sh i p bet we e n the ma sk a nd

c a n nula _pr o be s, wa s the med ium ne ed le siz e group T he R squ a r e v alu e fo r th is an a lysiswa s

0 4 1 1a n d the 9 5

%

c o n fide nc e in ter v al for the r e_gr e s sio n l in e wa s 0.9 6 6 to 0 9 8 3 T he up pe r

9 5

%

c on _{fi d}en c e inter v al wa s s_{l i g h}t_{l y l}ower tha n tho s e _ge n erated in the te n othe r a n a_lys e s

Howeve r

, the med ium siz ed n e ed le gro up do e s n ot infl u e n c e the o v eral lr elation sh ip bet ween the

ma sk a nd c a n n ula _pr obe s. T he s e lowe r v alu e s ma

y be be stex _{p l}ained b y hu ma n e rr or. Re c ord in g

of the data b y ha nd a nd s ubs e_qu e nt_ly e nterin_{g i}t into the com puter al lowed pos sib le s ou r c e s of

e r ror to ar is e in the data

7. I

m

pr o v e

m

e nts

T he method o f in tr oducin_g a er o sol in to the re s_{p i}rator fac e_{p i}e c e was n ot o_pti mal. T he

h y po de rm ic n e e_{d l}e s we r e in s e rted into the ma sk a nd a cted a s a cha n nel fo r the a e ros o lto e nter

the re s_{p i}r ator.

W

hen a n ew le ak lo c atio n or siz e wa s n eeded, the pr e v iou s n e ed le was remov ed

a nd the hole wa s c o v e r ed w ith du ct seal Pu n cturin_g the ma sk re_peate_{d ly} a nd seal in _g the hole

w ith du ct s e al ma_{y h}a v e c a u s ed u nkn own le aka_ge into the r e s_{p i}rato r, the r eb y altering the

relation s_{h ip b}etwe en the n eed le siz e a nd the _pr ote ctio n fa cto r. T h is c ou l d ha v e c a u s ed f lu ctu atin

g

prote ction facto r s du e to in ef fe ctive _{p l}u_{g g i}n_g of al lthe e xistin _{g h}oles. T he n eed les sho ul d ha v e

be e n left in _{p l}ac e and c a_{p p}ed w hen n ot in u s e

T he r e c ord in_g of data _{b y h}a nd ma_{y h}a v e re su lted in e r r o r, a s wel l a s, the e nte ring of data

into the c o_{m p}ute r. T he s e po s si b le s o urc e s of e r r o r c o ul d ha v e be e n el im in ated b y the u s e of a

data lo_{g g}e r w ith the _{p h}otometer.

8. Co n clu sio ns

Fr om the fi n_{d i}n_gs _de s c ri bed abo v e, the fol low ing c o n clu sio n s c a n be made :

1. T he c an n ula probe wa s equ iv ale nt to the ma sk pr obe fo r s am p l ing a e r o s ols w ith in the

fa c e_{p i}e c e of a re s_{p i}rator.

2. Pr e vio u sre s e a r ch pe rformed uti l izing the c a n n ula

pro_be is c o_{m p}arativ e w ith r e s e a r ch do n e

usin _g the ma s_{k p}robe.

3. T he u s e of the c a n nula probe in upc om in g re sp ir ato r stud ie s is a c c eptab le.

4. T he c an n ula pr obe c o ul d be a beneficial de v ic e w hen sam p l ing insi de a lo os e fit tin g

r e s_{p i}r ato r . T h is particula r t ype of resp irator al lo ws the s ub

j

e ct to mov e h is/ her head and

often the tr ue br e ath in_g z o n e of the s ub

_j

e ct is n ot ade_qu ate_{l y} s a_{m p l}e_{d b y} the ma s_{k p}r obe. I f

the c an n ula _pr o be wa s u s ed in ste a d of the ma sk pr o be, the br eath in g z o n e of the s ub

j

ect

wo ul d be c o ntin u a_{l ly} s a_{m p l}e_{d g i}v in_g a mo r e r e_pr e sentativ e me as ur ement of the ex_pos u re.

5 In ad d itio n to _{g i}vin_g a more r e_pre s e ntative c o nce ntratio n of the s ub

j

e ct's ex_posur e in lo o s e

fit tin_g r e s_{p i}r ato r s, the u s e of a ca n n ula pro be wo ul d n ot r e n de r the r esp ir ato r u sele s s. T he

s ub

j

e ct c o ul d be fit ted in h is or he r own res_{p i}rator, thereb y lowe rin g the c o st to the em p loye r ,

as a su r ro_gate res_{p i}r ator wo ul dn ot be ne c e s sar_y .

Refe r enc e s

1 " Res_{p i}r ator_{y P}ro tec tio n,

"

Code o

f

Fede ralRe_gula tio ns _{T i}tle 29, Part 1910 134 19 95 p p

2 2 1-2 14

2 B . Plo g_, E d.: Fu ndamentals o f In du stria l Hy gien e, Nation a l Safet y Co u n ci l, 4

*

E d _{p p} 6 19

-6 5 -6,

(

19 9 6

)

3

H

a n, D .,

W

il le ke,

K

., an d C. Col ton :

Q

u a ntitativ e Fit Te stin g Te chni qu es a nd Regulatio n s

fo r T ig ht-F it ti_n

g Res_{p i}r ators :Cu rrent

M

ethods

M

e a su rin_{g A}e r o s ol o r A ir Le aka_ge, and New

De v elo_pments. v4/ w. Ind

H

yg Ass o c J 5 8

(

3

)

:2 1 9

-228

(

19 9 7

)

.

4 N atio n al In stitute fo r _O c c u_patio n al Safet_y a n d H eal th

₍

N I O S

H

₎

: Gu ide to In du strial

Re s_{p i}ra to r_{y P}r o te ct io n

(

D H H S/ N I O S H Pu b l ic ation No . 8 7

- 1 16

) W

_{a s}h i_n

gto n, D C:

G o v ernme n t Printin _{g O f f i}ce

, 19 8 7

5. L iu _, B._, Sega_, K._, Ru bow_,

K

., Le n ha rt, S., a nd

W

.

M

ye r s : In

-

M

_{a s}k A_{ero s o}l S_am p l i_n

g Fo r

Pow e r ed A ir Pu ri f y in_{g R}e s_{p i}ra_tors A m. In d

H

y g As s o c J 4 5

(

4

)

:2 7 8

-2 8 3

(

1 9 8 4

)

6

M

ye r s,

W

., Pe a ch,

M

., Cu tri g ht,

K

.

, an d

W

. I_ska nde r _: F i_e l d Te_st of P_o w_{e r}ed A i_r

-Puri f y in _{g R}e s_{p i}r ato rs at a Bat ter_y

M

anu fa ctu rin_g Faci l it_{y J} In tSo c Re s_p Pr o te ct vo l 4

(

l

₎

:6 2-8 9

7 Johnsto n_, A., a nd

H

.

M

ul lins:

W

o rk p la c e Protection Fa cto r Study fo r A irbo rn e

M

etal

Du sts 3

M

Oc c u_pat io n al

H

ealth & Sa

_f

ety Pr oducts D ivisio n St. Paul,

M

N: 3

M

, 19 8 7

8 S h i loh Br ake Stu_{d y}

W

ork p la ce _Protectio n Fa ctor, A irborne A sbe sto s Oct 8

- _{1 2}

, 19 8 4.

9 Colto n_,

C

, John sto n, A .

,

M

u llins,

H

., a nd C. R ho e :

"

Re s_{p i}rato r

W

ork p la c e Pr ote ctio n

Factor _Stud ie s Fu l lF a c e_{p i}ec e _Re s_{p i}rator " _{p p 1}

-6, A ug. 1 0, 19 8 9

10. O pe rator

'

s In str uctio n

M

anu al, O per ating Instructio n sfor Aero s ol, Smoke & Du st

P hotometer

M

odel J

M

-7 0 0 0 T h_e V i_rti_s C_om p_{a n}

y

1 1 Nels o n_, G._, Jo hn s e n_,

C

_, L indeke n_, L._, an d R. Tay lor : Resp irato r Cartri d ge E f ficie n cy

Stud ie sI I I A mecha nic al br e ath in_{g m}a ch in e to si mulate huma n r e s_{p i}r atio n. A m. Ind

H

y g

As s o c J 3 3

(

11

₎

:745-7 5 0

(

19 7 2

₎

12

M

ic r o s oft Ex c el 9 7,

M

ic r o s oft Corpo r ation , U S , 19 9 6.

13. N .

W

eis s : Intr odu ctory Statistics

, A d d is o n

-

W

_{e s}l_e

y Pu b l ish in _{g C}om pa n_y, In c , 4

*

E d

p p 5 3 6-6 4 3

(

1 9 9 5

₎

.

A p pe nd ix A: Ae r o s ol C ha r a cteri z atio n a nd Calc ulatio n s

o

• _T-_H

N

• 1—(

0

-

)

-_I

—

>

o

U

O

<

o

o

O

w

I ♦

♦

♦

0

0

p

\

6

o

o

O

o

o

o

u

i

'

n

l

_/

_s

_;

_{u n}

_o

₃

a

Q

D

M

A

v olta_ge low d i _{h ig h}

c o u nts,

n i b in w i dth lo_{g dj} ni lo_{g d i} lo_{g dg}- _lo

g d; n i

(

log dg - _lo

g d,

)

^

c o u nts/ |im

co u nts/ Ln

bin w i dth ni d i

(

d„,

- _{d i}

)

'

ni

3 7 0 0 2 4 0 0 2 5 0 0 2 6 3 5 5 0 0 0 2

4 5 0 0 2 6 0 0 2 7 0 0 2 9 4 5 3 0 0 0 3

5 5 0 0 2 9 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 2 7 8 1 0 0 0 3

6 7 0 0 3 2 0 0 3 4 0 0 3 6 1 0 8 0 0 0 4

82 0 0 3 6 0 0 3 7 0 0 3 9 13 8 0 0 0 4

10 0 0 0 3 9 0 0 4 2 0 0 4 4 1 7 3 0 0 0 5

12 2 0 0 4 4 0 0 4 7 0 0 4 9 2 7 8 0 0 0 5

14 9 0 0 4 9 0 0 5 2 0 0 5 4 34 5 0 0 0 5

18 1 0 0 5 4 0 0 5 7 0 0 6 0 4 5 5 0 0 0 6

2 2 1 0 0 60 0 0 6 4 0 0 6 8 6 3 1 0 0 0 7

2 7 0 0 0 6 8 0 0 7 1 0.0 7 6 84 8 0 0 0 8

3 3 0 0 0 7 6 0 0 8 0 0 0 8 5 12 2 0 0 0 9

4 0 3 0 0 85 0 0 9 0 0 0 9 5 17 1 0 0 10

4 9 3 0 0 9 5 0 100 0 10 6 2 3 2 0 0 1 1

6 0 2 0 10 6 0 1 13 0 12 0 2 8 6 0 0 13

7 3 5 0 12 0 0 12 7 0 13 5 3 5 6 0 0 16

8 9 9 0 1 3 5 0 14 4 0 15 4 4 0 8 0 0 1 8

10 9 9 0 15 4 0 16 3 0 17 4 4 2 7 0 0 2 1

13 4 4 0 17 4 0 18 5 0 19 8 4 3 2 0 0 2 4

16 4 2 0 19 8 0 2 1 1 0 2 2 7 4 0 4 0 0 2 9 2 0 0 7 0 2 2 7 0 2 4 2 0 2 6 0 3 4 5 0 0 3 3

2 4 5 4 0 2 6 0 0 2 7 8 0 2 9 9 2 5 0 0 0 3 9

2 9 9 9 0 2 9 9 0 3 2 1 0 3 4 7 13 6 0 0 4 8

36 6 6 0 3 4 7 0 3 7 2 0 4 0 3 5 7 1 0 0 5 6

4 4 8 1 0 4 0 3 0 4 3 4 0 4 7 1 17 9 0 0 6 8

54 7 6 0 4 7 1 0 5 0 8 0 5 5 2 4 7 4 0 0 8 1

6 6 9 3 0 5 5 2 0 5 9 7 0 6 5 2 0 9 2 0 10 0

8 18 1 0 6 5 2 0 7 0 6 0 7 7 1 0 12 0

9 9 9 8 0 7 7 1 0 8 3 7 0 9 16 0 14 5

Zni 39 6 3 2

med ia n _pa rticle d, d_„ 0 16 8

st dde v 0 0 7 5

ge o metric me a n d 0.15

ge o metr ic st d de v 1.6 1

-_{1 6 1}

-1 5 7

-₁

.52

-₁

.4 7

-_{1 4 3}

-₁

.3 8

-_{1 3 3}

-_{1 2 9}

-_{1 2 4}

-_{1 2 0}

-_{1 15}

-1 -10

-1 0 5

-₁

.0 0

-_{0 9 5}

-_{0 9 0}

-0 8 4

-0 7 9

-_{0 7 3}

-_{0 6 8}

-_{0 6 2}

-_{0 5 6}

-_{0 4 9}

-_{0 4 3}

-_{0 3 6}

-_{0 2 9}

-0 22

-_{0 15}

-₀

.0 8

lo_{g dg}

-_{5 7 2}

-7 0 9

-_{1 1 8 7}

-_{15 8 9}

-_{19 7 3}

-_{2 3 9 1}

-_{3 7 0 4}

-4 -4 -4 -4

-_{5 6 6 1}

-7 5 5 0

-_{9 7 2 6}

- _{13 3 8 9}

- _{17 9 2 4}

-_{2 3 1 80}

-_{2 7 1 3 7}

-3 19 4 1

-_{3 4 3 7 6}

-_{3 3 6 4 0}

-_{3 16 5 8}

-_{2 72 8 2}

-_{2 12 7 1}

- _{13 9 0 7}

-_{6 7 13}

-_{2 4 5 1}

-_{6 4 9}

- _{1 4 0}

-_{0 2 1}

-_{32 5 1 8}

-_{0 8 2 1}

0 7 9

0 7 4

0 7 0 0 6 5

0 6 1

0 56

0 5 1

0 4 7

0 4 2

0 3 8

0 3 3

0 2 8

0 2 3

0 18

0 13

0 0 8

0 0 2

-0 -0 3

-_{0 0 9}

-_{0 15}

-_{0 2 0}

-_{0 2 6}

-_{0 3 3}

-_{0 3 9}

-_{0 4 6}

-_{0 5 3}

-0 6 -0

Sum:

2 2 2

2.5 1

3.8 2

4 5 7

5. 12

5 4 5

7 2 9

7 5 5

8 16

8 9 2

9 0 3

9 3 6

8 8 6

7 4 0

4 7 1

2 0 9

0 2 0

0 4 6

3 3 2

8 5 2

14 3 5

17 4 6

14 5 3

8 7 4 3 7 5

1 3 1

0 3 3

17 0.05

16 13 6 4

15 10 0 0

2 4 4 0 6 3

2 9 18 9 2

3 9 4 2.8 6

34 6 0 0 0

5 5 6 0.0 0

6 6 3 4 6 2

7 3 3 8 7 1

8 7 6 3 8 9

1 0 34 1 4 6

13 2 6 0 8 7 16 7 6 4 7 1

2 0 3 5 0 8 8

2 15 0 3 7 6

2 2 9 6 7 74

2 2 17 3 9 1

2 0 7 2 8 16

18 0 7 5 3 1

14 0 7 6 6 6

10 4 2 2 9 6

6 3 4 5 18

2 8 6 3 16

10 16 0 1

2 6 2 8 5

5 8 3 7

9 2 5

3 9 8 3

4 1 18

7 4 13

9 8 7 1

14 7 5 5

144 1 1

2 5 8 8 5

3 4 2 7 2

4 2 0 10

55 9 4 2

7 3 9 6 4

106 3.6 8

150 5.5 3

2 04 7 14

2 42 8 19

2 92 3 6 3

3 19 7 5 8

3 3 92 8 7

3 3 6 0 0 9

2 9 86 0 3 2 5 3 2 5 1

17 7 1 17

92 3 2 7

3 80 19

1 14 6 5

2 9 8 1

5 5 5

0 0 9

0 12

0 2 4

0 3 7

0 5 1

0 7 2

1 2 9

1 7 8

2 5 9

4 0 1

6 0 5

9 7 5

1 5 3 0

2 3 2 5

32 18

4 5 1 1

5 8 6 3

6 9 6 0

7 9 9 2 8 5 3 2 8 3 4 2

6 9 4 5

4 3 6 4

2 1 2 5

7 7 7

2 4 1

0 5 5

Sum : 6 6 5 3 1 0 0 7

0 0 9

0 15

0 19

0 2 4

0 2 8

0 4 1

0 4 7 0 5 6 0 6 9

0 7 9

0 9 4

1 0 5

1 0 6

0 8 8

0 6 0

0 2 4

0 0 1

0 13 0 7 6

1 89

3 0 2

3 18

2 3 8

1 2 7

0 5 5

0 17

2 2 06

Sam p le li n e s

^

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Ex_po s u r e _Cham be r

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Br e ath in_g Ma ch ine

1: "H o u s e" air s u_{p p ly f}o r cham be r

2: H E P A filte r bo x

3: a e r o s ol ge n e r ato r

4: a e r o s ol e nte r s e xit tube o f H E P A f i lte r bo x , befo r e # 5

5: H E P A filte r ed air a n d a e ros o l e nte r cham be r

6: ma n n e_qu in we a rin _{g S}u r v iv air r e s_{p i}r ato r

7: _{p l}um bin _gto br e at h in_{g m}ach in e

8: e x it _point fo r _{p l}umb in_{g t}o br e athin_gma ch in e a n d p hotomete r

9: s am p le l in e to _{p h}otomete r

10: _{p h}oto mete r

1 1: r otamete r

12: _plum b in_{g t}o _photomete r

13: _{p l}um b in_g to

"

ho u s e

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v a c u um

A p pe nd ix B-2

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A p pe n_{d i}x C: Dai ly Ro utin e

S te_{p 1}:

• T_ur n o n _{p h}otometer a nd let it warm u _{p f}or a_{p p}r ox imatel_y 2 0 m in ute s or lea v e it o n o verni_ght

• Turn on br e ath in_{g m}a ch in e a nd let it wa rm u_p, ap pro xi mately 1 0 m inute s T h is al lo ws the

res_{p i}r atio n r ate to stab i l ize.

W

he n usin g the two

-_c

yl inde r br e ath in_{g m}ach ine , turn o n the

s u_{p p l i}ed air for the H E P A fi lter _goin_{g i}nto the shr o ud s u r r o un d in_g the bre ath in_{g m}a ch in e. • Tu r n o n the air s o u r c e fo r the H E P A fi lte r bo x.

Ste_{p 2}:

• _Col lect s ome ba ck gro u nd s am p le s of the lu n _gs, w ith the breath ing ma ch in e o n. Ze r o

(

1 0 x

0.01

)

a n d spa n

(

1 00 x 100

)

the p hotomete r, o n the l inear s cale.

Ste_{p 3}:

• _{Sele ct le ak lo c atio n o n the r e s}

p irator a nd n eed le siz e In se rt ne ed le into r e s_{p i}r ator a n d sea l

aro u nd the n e ed le-m_{a s}k _{c o n}t_{a c}t _{a r e a} w ith d_{u c}t _{s e a}lt_o m i_ni m i_{z e a}d d iti_{o n a}l l_{e a}k_a ge. • Set R_pm '

s o n breath in_{g m}ach in e for de sired fl ow r ate, from bre ath ing mach in e cal i br ation

cu r v e s.

• Tur n on the a erosol gen e rator to in itiate m ix in_g.

W

ait un ti la stab le c on centr atio n is pre s ent

in the cham ber

(

n e a r 3 0 - 5 0 x 1 0 0

)

, ap pro xi matel y 15 m inute s

On c e the in str ume nts a re warmed u_p an d the a e ro s ol c on c entratio n is stab le be_{g i}n col le ctin_{g d}ata

Ste_{p 4}:

C he ck z ero a nd s_pan, to make s u r e ther e is n ot a ny ele ctrical dri ft in p hotometer.

Sam p le the cham be r a n d rec o rd me a sur eme nts ev er_y 6 s ec onds fo r 2 m in ute s, b y r e cord in g

the d i g italre ado u t of a e ro s ol c on c entratio n o n the _{p h}otomete r A ft er e a ch o n e _gro u_p of me a su r eme nts is made, stop s am p l ing a nd

"

cle a n u_p" the _{p h}otomete r

w ith the inte r nal H E P A fi lter b_y incr e asin_g the fl ow, un ti l the a e ro s olc o n c e ntr atio n r e ad ing is

a_{p p}ro ximately z e ro. Redu c e the fl o w to n ormal sam p l ing fl ow

, 2 0 0 3 L p m

Sam p le the ma sk, c an nu la, o r lungs a nd re c ord data in the same ma n n er asthe cham be r data Rotate u nti l al l thre e hav e be e n r e c orded.

Re-_{s a}

m p le the cham ber aft er al l me a s urements ar e take n to ensu r e the c on ce ntratio n in the

cham be r wa s maintain ed.

A ft e r o n e s et of data ha s be e n c ol le cte_d, stop s am p l ing a nd "

cle a n u _p "

the _{p h}otometer w ith

the inte r n al H E P A fi lter a nd h i g h fl o w, u nti lthe a er o solc o n c entr ation r ead ings are

a_{p p}ro ximatel y zero.

C he ck ze r o a nd s_pa n, to make s u re there is n ot a ny ele ctric al dri ft in the p ho tometer

.

A lter the n e ed le siz e, re sp ir

ation r ate, o r le ak lo c atio n a nd c ol lect a n other s et of data. • Need le S ize s: 13, 1 8, 2 0, an d 2 2 gau ge or any c om b ination

• R_{e s}

p ir atio n Rate s : 2 0, 2 5, 3 0, 4 0, 5 0, and 6 0 L p m

• Le ak Lo c ation s: forehe ad, tem p le, and ch in

Ae r o s ol C ha r a cte ristic s : _ge ometric me a n d iamete r of 0 1 5 |j m, ge ometric sta nda rd de v iatio n

of 1.6.

Do n ot _pe rform the mea s urements of the ma sk, c a nn ula, a nd lungs in the s ame o rde r;

r a n do m l y v a r_{y t}he orde r of the thre e me a sur eme nts fo r e a ch s et of data c ol le cted.

to

Le ak

Lo c atio n

N e ed le

S iz e File N ame Date L PM

Ma sk % st dv Ca n n ula % st dv Lu n_gs % st dv

P F Ma sk P F Ca n n P F Lu n_gs

% st dv Ratio

C ham be r Ma sk:Ca n

C h in C BM3 0 L 100.0 72 3

-_{2 2 3}-_J

ul 3 0 164 12

C h in C B M 3 0 L 100 0 72 3-₃ 2 3-_Jul _{3 0 170} 11 C h in C BM40 L 100 0 72 3-₅ 2 3-J_ul _{40 16 0} 12 C h in C B M 4 0 L 100 0 72 3-₃ 2 3-J_ul 4 0 16 1

C h in C B M 4 0 L100 0 72 3-4 ₂3-_{Jul 40 14 5 10} C hin C B M 50 L 10 0 0 72 3-_{I 2 3}-J_ul 50 17 2 9

C h in C BM5 0 L 100 0 72 3-_{2 2 3}-_{Jul 5 0 18 5 9} C h in C B M 6 0 L 100 0 72 3-_{3 2 3}-_{Jul 6 0 17 4 8} C h in C B M 6 0 L 100 0 72 3-_{4 2 3}-_{Jul 60 16 2 8} C h in C B M 6 0 L 100 07_{2 3}-₅ 2 3-J_ul _{6 0 17 8} 9 C h in D B M 2 0 L 100 0 72 3-1 2 3-_J

ul 20 15 1

C h in D B M 30 L 100 0 72 3-_{1 2 3}-_J

ul 30 19 1

C h in D B M 4 0 L 100 0 72 3-_{1 2 3}-_J

ul 40 15 3

C h in D B M 4 0 L 100 0 72 3-_{2 2 3}-_J

ul 40 16 9

C h in D B M 60 L 100 0 72 3-_{2 2 3}-_J

ul 6 0 19 0

C h in D B M 6 0 L 100 0 72 3-_{1 2 3}-_J

ul 60 16 6

C h in D B M 3 0 L 100 0 72 4- 1 24-J_ul 30 18 6

C h in A B M 20 L 100 0 07 2 1-3 2 1-J_ul 2 0 14 14 C h in A B M 2 0 L 100 0.07 2 1

-_{2 2 1}-_J

ul 20 13 87

C h in A B M 30 L 100 0 07 2 1-_{3 2 1}-_J

ul 30 14 6 8

C h in A B M 30 L100 0 07 2 1-_{2 21}-_J

ul 3 0 134 7

C h in A B M 40 L 100 0.07 2 1

-_{2 2 1}-_J

ul 4 0 150 2

C hin A BIV 140 L 100 0 07 2 1-3 ₂1-J_ul ₄0 15₂9

Ch in A B M 40 L 10 0 0 07 21-_{1 2 1}-_{Jul 40 14 36}

C h in A B M 60 L 100 0 07 2 1-₃ 2 1-_{Jul 6 0 12 9 2 12} C h in A B M 6 0 L1000 07 21-2 2 1-J_ul _{6 0 1 19 1 8}

C hin A B M2 0 L10 0 0 07 2 3-_{1 2 3}-J_ul 2 0 130 9 17

C h in A B M 4 0 L 100 0 07 2 3-2 2 3-_J

ul 4 0 132 0

C h in A B M 4 0 L 100 0 07 2 3-_{1 2 3}-_J

ul 4 0 12 8 6

C h in A BM5 0 L 100 0 07 23- 1 2 3-_J

ul 5 0 13 8 7

C hin A BM6 0 L 100 0 07 2 3-2 2 3-_J

ul 6 0 13 7 5

C h in A BM6 0 L 100 0 07 2 3-_{I 2 3}-_J

ul 6 0 12 8 1

C h in G BM4 0 L 10 06 I 8-_{2 18}-_J

u n 4 0 16

C h in G BM4 0 L 10 06 18-3 18-_J

u n 4 0 16 4

C hin G B M 4 0 L 10 06 18-_{1 18}-_J

u n 4 0 16 4

C hin G BM6 0 L 10 06 18-_{1 18}-_J

u n 6 0 19

C h in G B M 6 0 L 10 06 18-2 18-_J

u n 6 0 18

11 16 13 12 16 15

1 58

16 1 15 2 14 3 14 2 132 12 6 12 3 12 8 136 1 14 144 146 172 140 1 17 177 15 43 15 18 13 0 8 14 0 1 122 2 149 0 14 55 1 154 114 0 10 56 128 8 13 13 1 18 6 12 0 2 13 19 17 17 18 21 2 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 19 18 13 17 13 9 14 14 13 15 16 175 188 19 9 20 1 20 8 2 12 2 17 2 10 2 16 24 8 115 17 8 18 3 22 1 2 39 24 8 142 12 6 6 13 14 14 9 0 19 2 7 15 12

18 3 0

1866

18 5 8 19 2 9

7_{9 3}

1179 1 18 5 12 97 15 17 15 66 16 16 17 2 1 22 6 6 8 5 7 8 7 5 7 10 I I 6 7 6 10 13 16 19 1 03 1 06 1 0 5 1 12 1 0 2 1 3 1 1 47 1 4 2 1 2 7 1 31

1 32 1 3 3 1 0 5 0 99

1 3 5 1 4 1 1 0 5 0 9 2 0 9 1 11₂

0 9₆

1 2 3

1 03

0 9 9

1 12

105 1 24 1 03 0 9 8 1 17 1 14 0 9 7 0 9 3 0 9 0 0 8 9

0 ₉1

0 87

>

&

X

Le ak

Lo c at io n

N e ed le

S iz e F i le Name Date L PM

Ma sk % st dv Ca n n ula % st dv

P F Ma sk P F Ca n n

Lu n_gs % st dv % st dv Ratio

P F Lu n_gs C ham be r Ma sk:Ca n

OS

C h in G B M 6 0 L 10 0 6 18-3 18-J_{u n} 60 ₁8

Forehe ad F BM40 L I 0 0 6 13 13-J_{u n} 40 15

Forehe ad F BM 60 L 10 0 6 13 13-J_{u n} 60 20

Fo r ehe ad E BM20 L 10 0 07 2 5-3 25-J_ul 20 3 7

Fo r ehe ad E BM60 L 10 0 072 5-5 25-J_ul 60 4 3

Fo r ehe ad F BM20 L 10 0 07 2 5-_{2 25}-J_ul 20 54

Forehe ad F BM40 L 10 0 0 72 5-5 25-J_ul 40 5 1

Fo r ehe ad F BM4 0 L 10 0 07 2 5-_{2 25}-J_ul 40 5 1

For ehe ad F BM50 L 10 0 0 72 5-3 2 5-Jul 50 5 6

Fo r ehe ad F BM60 L 10 0 07 2 5-4 25-Jul 60 6 6

Fo r ehe ad D BM20 L 100 0 72 4-3 ₂4-J_ul 20 100

Fo r ehe ad D BM 2 0 L 10 0 0 72 4- 1 24-_Tul 20 ₁09

Fo r ehe ad D B M 4 0L100 0 72 4-3 24-J_ul ₄0 ₁22

Fo r ehe ad D BM50 L10 0 0 724-2 24-J_ul _{5 0} 141

Fo r ehe ad D BM6 0 L 100 0 724-_{2 24}-_J

ul 60 149

Fo r ehe ad D BM2 0 L 10 0 0 72 5- 1 2 5-_J

ul 20 104

Fo r ehe ad D BM3 0 L 100 0 72 5-2 2 5-J_ul 30 1 14

Fo r ehe ad D BM 30 L 10 0 072 5- 1 2 5-_J

ul 30 1 30 Fo r ehe ad D BM40 L 10 0 0 72 5-4 25-J_ul 4 0 132 Fo r ehe ad D B 1V14 0 L 10 0 0 72 5-3 2 5-_J

ul 4 0 122

Fo r ehe ad D BM40 L 10 0 0 72 5-_{1 25}-_J

ul 4 0 118

Forehe ad D BM50 L 10 0 072 5-_{2 25}-_J

ul 50 133 Fo r ehe ad D BM5 0LI 00 0 72 5-_{1 2 5}-_J

ul 50 15 1

Fo r ehe ad D BM6 0 L 100 0 72 5-3 2 5-J

ul 60 148

Fo r ehe ad D BM6 0 L100 0 72 5-2 2 5-J_uI 60 139 Fo r ehe ad D BM6 0L100 0 72 5- 1 2 5-J_ul 60 144 Fo r ehe ad B BM4 0 L 5 00 0 70 9-3 9-J_ul 4 0 6 90

Fo r ehe ad B BM4 0 L 5 00 0 70 9-2 9-J_ul 4 0 6 58

Forehe ad B BM40 L 5 00 0 70 9-1 9-J_ul 4 0 9 96

Fo r ehe ad B BM6 0 L 50 0 0 709-3 9-J_ul 6 0 5 3 1

Fo r ehe ad B BM60L5 00 0 70 9- 1 9

-Jul 60 86 6

Forehe ad B BM6 0 L 50 0 0 709-2 9-J_ul 6 0 9 36

Fo r ehe ad B BM4 0 L 5 00 0 7 10- 1 10-J_ul 4 0 78 4 Fo r ehe ad B BM6 0 L 50 0 0 7 10-1 10-J_ul 6 0 6 56

Forehe ad A BM2 5L100 0 0 7 14-1 14-J_ul 25 5 23

Fo r ehe ad A BM2 5 L 100 0 07 14-_{2 14}-J_ul 2 5 5 09

Forehe ad G BM4 0L10 06 12 12-_J

u n 4 0 14

3 1 19 15 8 18 10 9 15 2 1 16 13 16 16 12 7 1 1 6 7 14 20 16 17 32 39 4 9 57 57 59 59 9 9 104 88

123

13 2

10 3

9 9 12 3 12 4 113 12 0 10 3 12 7 13 2 12 8 112 79 0 75 9 84 6 58 0

93 6

9 17

6 7 8

6 5 3

52 3 52 3 14 11 12 15 13 9 12 9 17 15 1 1 13 15 14 10 1 1 8 8 9 22 19 24 50 64 70 96 98 106 9 2 163 174

173

200

15 8 144 178 188 179 197 2 00 175 194 162 177 185 1104 11 19 150 8 9 56 10 86

n i l

132 8 97 2 86 0 8 83 5 7 10 8 12 4 6 5 10 5 8 10 9 9 8 7

088

0 97

1 18

1 15

1 10

1 11

0 89

0 89

095 1 1 1

1 0 1

1 04

1 39

1 15

1 13

10 1

1 16

1 05

1 06

1 08

0 98 1 2 9

1 18

1 12

108

128

08 7

0 87

1 18

0 9 2

0 9 3 1 0 2

1 16

1 0 1

1 00

09 7

095

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