PT / OT – Introduction Practical
2018
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
Anatomy requires a clinical vocabulary that defines position, movements, relationships, and planes of reference. By convention, anatomical descriptions of the human body are based on a person standing in the anatomical position. Use this introduction practical to familiarise yourself with the important terms we use in anatomy for relationships, movements and certain parts and regions of the body. It will make your road to conquering anatomy much smoother.
Define “anatomical position”.
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DIRECTIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS
PT / OT – Introduction Practical
2018
PT / OT – Introduction Practical
2018
Fill in the correct anatomical term or relationship for each item below:
A. The thorax is ________________ to the abdomen. B. The head is at the __________________ end of the body.
C. In the anatomical position, the little finger is _____________ to the thumb. D. The right lung is _________________ to the heart.
E. The elbow is __________________ to the wrist.
F. The skin is _____________________ relative to the skeleton. G. Adipose tissue is often just _________________ to the skin. H. The sternum (breast bone) is __________________ to the heart. I. The sole of the foot is known as the __________________ surface.
J. If a body is lying on its stomach, it is in the __________________ position.
MOVEMENTS
Practice describing movements correctly by filling in the following movements indicated.
PT / OT – Introduction Practical
2018
Label the figures below by writing the applicable abbreviation in the small circle at the movement illustrated.
Abduction (AB) Adduction (AD) Lateral rotation (L) Medial rotation (M)
Flexion (F) Extension (E) Elevation (EL) Depression (D)
Pronation (P) Supination (S) Circumduction (C) Dorsiflexion (DF)
Plantarflexion (PF) Eversion (EV) Inversion (I) Retraction (R)
PT / OT – Introduction Practical
2018
SKELETON
1. Name two structures in the body that are composed of elastic cartilage. 2. Which type of cartilage are the intervertebral discs composed of? 3. What is the study of bones called?
4. Which substance is formed by the bone marrow found in long bones? 5. Give as many as possible examples of the following types of bones:
a. Flat bone: b. Short bone: c. Sesamoid bone: d. Irregular bone: e. Long bone:
6. Give the characteristics of a long bone.
7. Give 3 reasons why the clavicle (collar bone) is an atypical long bone.
8. Discuss the difference between a tubercle, tuberosity and protuberance on a bone. Which is which on these diagrams? Also use the bones to find more examples of these bony parts.
9. Discuss the difference between classifying a synovial joint (the type of joint) according to its shape
vs. according to its movement.
10. Discuss three important characteristics, and one example of a synovial ball-and-socket joint.
(Be able to discuss the characteristics and give examples of each of the seven types of synovial joints).
11. What is a fibrous joint? Name the three types of fibrous joints and give an example of each. 12. What is a cartilaginous joint? Name the two types and give an example of each.
PT / OT – Introduction Practical
2018
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
1. Discuss the difference between the origin and insertion of a muscle. How can you use the origin and insertion to determine the action of a muscle?
2. Discuss the difference between an aponeurosis, a tendon and a ligament. 3. What is a multipennate muscle? Give two examples.
4. For each of the following muscles, discuss the reason why is has its name (does it refer to its shape and/or function and/or structure and/or position etc.).
Use the diagram to help you locate some of these muscles. a. Latissimus dorsi
b. Trapezius
c. Pronator quadratus (not on diagram)
d. Deltoid
e. Levator labii superioris f. Sternocleidomastoid
g. Triceps brachii h. Extensor digitorum i. Biceps femoris j. Rectus femoris k. Tibialis anterior
PT / OT – Introduction Practical
2018
CARDIOVASCULAR (CIRCULATORY) SYSTEM
1. Discuss the difference between the terms vascular and non-vascular. 2. Give three examples of vascular structures in the body.
3. Discuss the differences between veins and arteries.
NB! Understand that only arteries can branch from other arteries, in the direction AWAY from the heart and veins can only drain into other veins, in the direction TOWARDS the heart. You can view the model of the cardiovascular system to understand this concept.
4. What is an anastomosis and what is the importance thereof? 5. What is lymph and what is the function of the lymphatic system?
6. Add arrows to the following diagrams to indicate the direction of blood/lymph flow in the different vessels (use red for arterial blood, blue for venous blood, green for lymph).
PT / OT – Introduction Practical
2018
NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. Discuss the difference between the following types of innervation (nerve supply) and give examples of structures that will be supplied by each type.
a. Motor innervationvs.sensory innervation
b. Parasympathetic vs. sympathetic innervation
2. What is the difference between cranial nerves and spinal nerves?
3. Discuss how spinal nerves are formed. You can view the model of the spinal cord to see how spinal nerves are formed.
4. How many pairs of spinal nerves are found in the body (for each region) and how many vertebrae are found for each region of the vertebral column?
