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Services Overview Services Overview Consultancy Services Consultancy Services Technologies Technologies Training Courses Training Courses Software Solutions Software Solutions Experience List Experience List Contact us Contact us What’s New What’s New Home

Home What’s New What’s New

What’s New

What’s New

New Flow Assurance Book 

New Flow Assurance Book 

£138UK Pounds

£138UK Pounds

 Flow Assurance is

 Flow Assurance is becoming one becoming one of the of the most critical elements in most critical elements in the design the design and operation and operation of oil and of oil and   gas field developments. This is because the flow assurance issues such as hydrates, wax and slugging   gas field developments. This is because the flow assurance issues such as hydrates, wax and slugging 

etc. have greater potential to occur in

etc. have greater potential to occur in deepwater and long distance tie-deepwater and long distance tie- backs with the necessity to backs with the necessity to avoid flow path blockages, ensure the integrity avoid flow path blockages, ensure the integrity of the production system and avoid unstable of the production system and avoid unstable operating conditions. This requires operating conditions. This requires consideration of these issues in greater levels consideration of these issues in greater levels of detail to enable proper control and of detail to enable proper control and management strategies to be developed. management strategies to be developed.  Numerous

 Numerous flow flow assurance assurance mitigationmitigation technologies are being developed by oil technologies are being developed by oil operating, as well as contracting companies. operating, as well as contracting companies. The intension of this book is many fold but with The intension of this book is many fold but with the prime objective of providing a reference to the prime objective of providing a reference to

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the subject of Flow Assurance associated with the subject of Flow Assurance associated with the exploitation of oil and gas

the exploitation of oil and gas fields. It is hoped fields. It is hoped  that the book also provides an understanding  that the book also provides an understanding  of thefundamentals as well as the state of the of thefundamentals as well as the state of the current art in Flow Assurance analyses current art in Flow Assurance analyses associated with the design and operations of  associated with the design and operations of  oil and gas fields in 2011. Where it has not  oil and gas fields in 2011. Where it has not  been possible to provide detailed solution been possible to provide detailed solution techniques due to the complexity of the techniques due to the complexity of the mathematics that 

mathematics that require require iterativeiterative computational techniques, simplified equations computational techniques, simplified equations have been identified to enable a first order  have been identified to enable a first order  estimate solutions. This book can be used by estimate solutions. This book can be used by  both

 both graduate graduate and and post post graduate graduate students,students,  practicing

 practicing process process engineers engineers and and engineers engineers inin other disciplines that require an understanding other disciplines that require an understanding of Flow Assurance, associated with reservoir  of Flow Assurance, associated with reservoir  oil and gas production, as well as lecturers in oil and gas production, as well as lecturers in advanced study courses associated with advanced study courses associated with academic training.

academic training.

The book is structured to provide: The book is structured to provide:

Flow Assurance for transporting reservoir production fluids between the reservoir and the host Flow Assurance for transporting reservoir production fluids between the reservoir and the host  processing facility as well as providi

 processing facility as well as providing the basics of oil and gas reservoirs and host processingng the basics of oil and gas reservoirs and host processing facilities.

facilities.

Flow Assurance is defined, Flow Assurance is defined,

Reservoir production fluids discussed, Reservoir production fluids discussed,

Economics considered and host processing facilities options presented. Economics considered and host processing facilities options presented. Flow Assurance issues that are confronted in the development of

Flow Assurance issues that are confronted in the development of oil and gas reservoirs/fieldsoil and gas reservoirs/fields are evaluated in detail as well as methods

are evaluated in detail as well as methods presented to assist in the design and operations of presented to assist in the design and operations of  systems such as:

systems such as: o

o Production wells, manifolds, flow lines, pipelines and risers for subsea fields as well as Production wells, manifolds, flow lines, pipelines and risers for subsea fields as well as onshore field development and operation for the

onshore field development and operation for the life of these fields.life of these fields. A practical case study in the development o

A practical case study in the development of flow assurance methods for an oil field is alsof flow assurance methods for an oil field is also included in this book. It is hoped

included in this book. It is hoped that this case study illustrates the application of flowthat this case study illustrates the application of flow assurance solution methods as guidance for practicing engineers, project managers and assurance solution methods as guidance for practicing engineers, project managers and

investment institutions or individuals that are involved directly or indirectly in the exploitation investment institutions or individuals that are involved directly or indirectly in the exploitation of oil and gas fields either onshore or offshore.

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The complexities of multiphase flow have been discussed along

The complexities of multiphase flow have been discussed along with the evaluation of each of with the evaluation of each of  the main flow assurance issues that are required for the design and

the main flow assurance issues that are required for the design and operation of theoperation of the transportation systems.

transportation systems.

Subsea technologies that provide the economic

Subsea technologies that provide the economic value for offshore reservoir exploitation havevalue for offshore reservoir exploitation have  been summarised.

 been summarised.

A chapter dedicated to reducing the environmental impact of releasing hydrocarbons into the A chapter dedicated to reducing the environmental impact of releasing hydrocarbons into the atmosphere.

atmosphere.

 It is hoped that the readers of this book enjoy the scientifi

 It is hoped that the readers of this book enjoy the scientific and engineering methodologies presented c and engineering methodologies presented  in the required flow assurance philosophies for the safe and e

in the required flow assurance philosophies for the safe and e conomic exploitation of oil and gasconomic exploitation of oil and gas  fields and the associated environmental pollution reductions. Furt

 fields and the associated environmental pollution reductions. Further that, young engineers can takeher that, young engineers can take  some of the ideas presented and develop new innovations to take the energy sector well into the 21  some of the ideas presented and develop new innovations to take the energy sector well into the 21 st  st 

century. century.

The

The AuAu thor.thor. Dr. KS Johal (B.Sc., PhD, FEI) Dr. KS Johal (B.Sc., PhD, FEI)

 Is the Managing Director of Fluids in Motion Lim

 Is the Managing Director of Fluids in Motion Limited, a consultancyited, a consultancy company providing Flow Assurance expertise to Oil and Gas

company providing Flow Assurance expertise to Oil and Gas Operating and Contracting companies. He has over

Operating and Contracting companies. He has over 35 years’ 35 years’ 

experience in providing specialist training and advisory services for  experience in providing specialist training and advisory services for  the exploitation and development of Oil & G

the exploitation and development of Oil & Gas fields. Technical as fields. Technical  expertise in multi-phase flow dynamics related to the design and  expertise in multi-phase flow dynamics related to the design and  operational analysis of subsea facilities systems in the North Sea, operational analysis of subsea facilities systems in the North Sea, Gulf of Mexico and the Middle/Far East. Specialist expertise in Gulf of Mexico and the Middle/Far East. Specialist expertise in areas of multi-phase transients hydrates and wax / asphaltenes areas of multi-phase transients hydrates and wax / asphaltenes issues associated with subsea deepwater and onshore field  issues associated with subsea deepwater and onshore field 

developments. An exceptional academic background supported by developments. An exceptional academic background supported by  practical experience of diverse projects worldwide, along with  practical experience of diverse projects worldwide, along with

numerous publications at key conferences. Particular interests in numerous publications at key conferences. Particular interests in developing novel and innovative technologies for subsea

developing novel and innovative technologies for subsea

applications to solve difficult flow assurance problem areas and  applications to solve difficult flow assurance problem areas and  improve field development economics.

improve field development economics.

To purchase book  To purchase book 

Contact the author and you will receive a signed copy: Contact the author and you will receive a signed copy: (Dr. Kashmir Johal- Director)

(Dr. Kashmir Johal- Director) Fluids in Motion Limited. Fluids in Motion Limited.

[email protected]  [email protected] 

(4)

www.fluidsinmotion.com www.fluidsinmotion.com 0044(0)7730 852 333 0044(0)7730 852 333 0044 (0)8453922129 0044 (0)8453922129 0044 (0)2083633696 0044 (0)2083633696

Remember to provide your mailing address and the number of books required when ordering. To Remember to provide your mailing address and the number of books required when ordering. To  purchase remit £138.00 Please make payment via Paypal.

 purchase remit £138.00 Please make payment via Paypal.

Contents

Contents

S

Seeccttiioonn PPaaggee

F

Fllooww AAssssuurraannccee 00

F

Frroom m RReesseerrvvooiir r tto o HHoosst t PPrroocceessssiinng g FFaacciilliittyy.. 00 P

Prreeffaaccee 22

C

Cooppyyrriigghhtt&& WWaarrrraannttyy 33

C Coonntteennttss 44 C Chhaapptteerr11 1100 1 1.. IINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN 1010 1

1..11 FFlluuiidds s iin n MMoottiioon n LLiimmiitteed d ((FFIIMM)):: 1111 C

Chhaapptteerr22 1144

2.0

2.0 FLOW ASSURANCE, INDUSTRY OUTLOOK, ECONOMICS ANDFLOW ASSURANCE, INDUSTRY OUTLOOK, ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENT

ENVIRONMENT 1414

2

2..11 CCoommmmoon n FFlloow w AAssssuurraanncce e DDeeffiinniittiioonnss 1144 2

2..22 IInndduussttrryy OOuuttllooookk 1155

2

2..33 EEccoonnoommiiccss 1166

2

2..33..11 LLooccaall IInnffrraa--ssttrruuccttuurree 1166 2

2..33..22 WWaatteerr DDeepptthh 1166

2

2..33..33 TTiiee--BBaacckk DDiissttaannccee 1166

2

2..33..44 CCaappiittaal l aannd d OOppeerraattiinng g eexxppeennddiittuurre e CCoossttss 1166 2

2..44 TThhe e EEnnvviirroonnmmeennttaal l IImmpplliiccaattiioonns s oof f OOiil l PPrroodduuccttiioonn 1188 C

Chhaapptteerr33 2200

3

3 FFRROOM M RREESSEERRVVOOIIRR………… 2020 3

3..11 OOiillFFoorrmmaattiioonn 2200

3

(5)

3

3..33 TTrraappss 2233

3

3..44 RReesseerrvvooiirr AApppprraaiissaall 2244

3

3..55 DDrriivveeMMeecchhaanniissmmss 2244

3

3..66 PPrreeddiiccttiinng g RReesseerrvvooiir r FFlluuiidds s CChhaarraacctteerriissttiiccss 2255 3

3..77 RReesseerrvvooiirr FFlluuiiddTTyyppeess 2255

3

3..88 FFlluuiiddssCChhaarraacctteerriizzaattiioonn 2266 C

Chhaapptteerr44 2277

4

4 ——— — TTO O HHOOSST T PPRROOCCEESSSSIINNG G FFAACCIILLIITTYY 2727 4

4..11 CCoonnvveennttiioonnaal l SShhaalllloow w WWaatteer r PPllaattffoorrmm 2277 4

4..22 TTeennssiioonnLeegL g PPllaattffoorrmmss 2288

4

4..33 TThhee SSPPAARR PPllaattffoorrmm 2299

4

4..44 FFllooaattiinng g PPrroodduuccttiioonn, , SSttoorraagge e aannd d OOffffsshhoorre e LLooaaddiinngg.. 3300 4

4..55 SSuummmmaarry y oof f PPllaattffoorrm m CChhaarraacctteerriissttiiccss.. 3300 C

Chhaapptteerr55 3322

5

5 TTRARANSNSPPORORTTATATIIOON N FFLLOW OW AASSSSURURAANCNCE E IISSSSUEUESS 3232 5

5..11 IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn:: 3322

5

5..22 FFllooww AAssssuurraanncceeIIssssuueess:: 3333

5

5..22..11 HHyyddrraatteess 3333

5

5..22..22 WWaaxx 3344

5

5..22..33 AAsspphhaalltteenneess 3355

5

5..22..44 NNaapptthhaannaatteess 3366

5 5..22..55 SSlluuggggiinngg 3366 5 5..22..66 CCoorrrroossiioonn 3377 5 5..22..77 EErroossiioonn 3377 5 5..22..88 EEmmuullssiioonnss 3388 5 5..22..99 SSccaalleess 3399 C Chhaapptteerr66 4411 6

6 CCOOMMPPLLEEXXIITTIIEES S OOF F MMUULLTTIIPPHHAASSE E FFLLOOWW 4141 6

6..11 IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn 4411

6

6..22 MMaatthheemmaattiiccaal l MMooddeell- - StteeaadS dy y SSttaatte e FFllooww 4433 6

6..22..11 OOnne e DDiimmeennssiioonnaal l SStteeaaddy y SSttaatte e TThheerrmmaal l BBaallaanncce e EEqquuaattiioonnss:: 4466 6

6..22..22 OOnne e DDiimmeennssiioonnaal l PPiippeelliinne e CCooool l DDoowwnn:: 5511 6

6..22..33 OOnne e DDiimmeennssiioonnaal l UUnnsstteeaaddy y SSttaatte e CCoonndduuccttiioonn:: 5555 6

6..22..44 JJoouullee--TThhoommppssoon n TTeemmppeerraattuurre e EEffffeeccttss.. 5588 6

6..22..5 M5 Muullttiipphhaasse e FFlloow w CCoorrrreellaattiioonnss 6611 6

6..22..66 GGaassPPrrooppeerrttiieess:: 6644

6

6..22..77 CCoommppoossiittiioonnaal l MMooddeells s aannd d tthhe e EEqquuaattiioonns s oof f SSttaattee:: 6655 6

6..22..88 TThheerrmmaallHHeeaatt TTrraannssffeerr 6699 6

6..33 TTrraannssiieennt t SSttaatte e MeecchM haanniissttiic c MMooddeellss:: 7722 6

(6)

6

6..44 SSeennssiittiivviitty y oof f MuMullttiipphhaasse e ppaarraammeetteerrss:: 8811 6

6..55 UUnncceerrttaaiinnttiiees s iin n DDaatta a & & LLiimmiittaattiioonns s oof f DDeessiiggn n TToooollss 8844 6

6..55..11 FFlluuiidd PPrrooppeerrttiieess:: 8855

6

6..55..22 RReesseerrvvooiirr BBeehhaavviioouurr:: 8855 6

6..55..3 W3 Weelll l aannd d EEnnvviirroonnmmeennttaal l DDaattaa:: 8855 6

6..55..44 PPrreeddiiccttiivveeTTeecchhnniiqquueess:: 8855 6

6..66 FFiieelldd DDaattaaAAccqquuiissiittiioonn 8866

6

6..66..1 D1 Daatta a TTrraannssmmiissssiioon n / / CCoolllleeccttiioonn:: 8877 6

6..66..22 DDaattaaAAnnaallyyssiiss:: 8877

6

6..66..33 VVaalliiddaattiioonn:: 8877

6

6..66..4 F4 Fuurrtthheer r EEffffoorrtts s RReeqquuiirreed d iin n RR&&DD 8877 6

6..77 IInntteeggrraatteed d TThheerrmmoo--HHyyddrraauulliiccss 8888 6

6..88 SSuurrggeeAAnnaallyyssiiss 8899

6

6..99 NNoonn-- NNeewwttoonniiaannFFlluuiidd FFllooww.. 9977 C

Chhaapptteerr77 110000

7

7.0.0 EEVAVALLUAUATTIING NG FFLLOOW AW ASSSSURURAANCNCEE 100100 7

7..11 HHyyddrraatteess 110000

7

7..11..11 PPrreevveennttiinng g HHyyddrraattees s TThhrroouuggh h OOppeerraattiioonnaal l PPhhiilloossoopphhiieess 110022 7

7..11..2 B2 Beenneeffiitts s oof f LLaabboorraattoorry y TTeessttss 110044 7

7..22 WWaaxx 110066

7

7..33 AAsspphhaalltteenneess 111100

7

7..44 NNaapphhtthheennaatteess 111111

7 7..55 SSlluuggggiinngg 111133 7 7..66 SSccaalleess 111155 7 7..77 EEmmuullssiioonnss 111166 7 7..88 CCoorrrroossiioonn 111188 7 7..99 EErroossiioonn 112222 7

7..1100 CCoommppuuttaattiioonnaal l FFlluuiid d AAnnaallyyssiis s ffoor r SSuubbsseea a PPrroodduuccttiioon n SSyysstteemmss.. 112277 C

Chhaapptteerr88 112299

8

8 OFOFFSFSHOHORE RE FIFIELELD DD DESESIGIGN, N, DEDEVEVELLOPOPMEMENT NT ANAND OD OPEPERARATITIONONS:S: 129129 8

8..11 IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn 112299

8

8..22 DDeessiiggnn FFlleexxiibbiilliittyy 113300

8

8..33 OOvveerrccoommiinng g OpOpeerraattiioonnaal l IIssssuueess 113300 8

8..44 AAppppllyyiinng g OOppeerraattiioonnaal l CCoonnssttrraaiinnttss 113333 8

8..55 RReesseerrvvooiirr MMooddeell 113344

8

8..66 SSuubbsseeaaPPrroodduuccttiioonn SSyysstteemm 114400 8

8..77 SSuubbsseea a PPrroodduuccttiioon n EEqquuiippmmeenntt 114411 8

8..88 FFlloowwlliinneessaanndd PPiippeelliinneess 114444 8

8..99 RRiisseerrss 114455

8

(7)

8

8..1111 GGaas s RReelleeaasse e iinntto o tthhe e AAttmmoosspphheerree:: 115522 8

8..1111..11 GGaassFFllaarree DDeessiiggnn:: 115533

8

8..1111..22 GGaas s RReelleeaasse e aannd d DDiissppeerrssiioonn.. 115599 C

Chhaapptteerr99 116666

9

9 CACASE SE SSTUTUDYDY: C: Cononceceppt Ot Offffshshorore Fe Fieield ld DeDevevelolopmpmenent:t: 166166 9

9..11 FFiieelldd DDeevveellooppmmeenntt DDaattaa:: 116666 9

9..22 SSiizziinng g oof f PPiippeelliinne e aannd d RRiisseerrss.. 117700 9

9..33 PPrroodduuccttiioon n PrroP offiillees s EssttiimE maattee.. 117711 9

9..44 SSeelleeccttiioon n oof f TTeecchhnnoollooggy y ffoor r tthhe e DDeevveellooppmmeenntt.. 117722 9

9..55 FFlloow w AAssssuurraanncce e CChhaalllleennggees s aannd d tthheeiir r MMiittiiggaattiioonn.. 117733 9

9..66 PPiippeelliinnee CCoooollDDoowwnn:: 119900

9

9..77 PPiippeelliinnee RRiisseerr WWaarrmm--UUpp 119922 9

9..88 HHoot t OOiil l FFlluusshhiinng g aannd d SSuurrgge e AAnnaallyyssiiss.. 119933 9

9..99 PPiippeelliinne e DeepD prreessssuurriissaattiioonn.. 119955 9

9..1100 FFlloow w AAssssuurraanncce e MMaannaaggeemmeenntt.. 119966 9

9..1100..11 FFlloow w AAssssuurraanncce e SSttrraatteeggyy 119966 9

9..1100..22 FFlloow w AAssssuurraanncce e MaanM naaggeemmeennt t PPllaann 119977 C

Chhaapptteerr1100 220099

1

100 NNEEW W TTEECCHHNNOOLLOOGGIIEESS:: 209209 1

100..11 PPootteennttiiaal l FFlloow w AAssssuurraanncce e SSoolluuttiioon n OOppttiioonnss:: 220099 1

100..22 SSuubbsseeaaTeecchT hnnoollooggiieess:: 221100 1

100..33 PPaassttUUssee OOff TTeecchhnnoollooggiieess:: 221111 1

100..44 EExxiissttiinng g SSuubbsseea a TTeecchhnnoollooggiieess:: 221122 1

100..55 FFuuttuurre e SSuubbsseea a TTeecchhnnoollooggy y DDeeppllooyymmeennt t PPootteennttiiaall:: 221133 1

100..66 SSuubbsseea a TTeecchhnnoollooggy y BBeenneeffiittss:: 221133 1

100..77 GGaas s tto o LLiiqquuiidds s AAbbssoorrppttiioon n TTeecchhnnoollooggy y ((GGTTLLAA)):: 221144 1

100..77..11 HHyyddrraatteesswwiitthh GGLLTTAA:: 221144 1

100..77..22 SSlluuggggiinngg wiitthw hGGTTLLAA:: 221144 1

100..77..33 PPiippeelliinne e CCoorrrroossiioon n wwiitth h GGTTLLAA:: 221155 1

100..77..44 WWaax x DDeeppoossiittiioon n wwiitth h GGTTLLAA:: 221166 1

100..77..55 EErroossiioonn wwiitthh GGTTLLAA:: 221177 1

100..77..66 SSccaalliinng g PPootteennttiiaal l wwiitth h GGTTLLAA:: 221177 1

100..77..77 EEmmuullssiioonns s CCoonnttrrool l wwiitth h GGTTLLAA:: 212177 1

100..77..88 OOppeerraattiioonnaal l BBeenneeffiitts s oof f GGTTLLAA:: 221177 1

100..77..9 C9 Coosst t BBeenneeffiitts s oof f GGTTLLA A VVs s MMuullttiipphhaasse e PPrroodduuccttiioonn:: 221188 1

100..88 OOtthheer r FFlloow w AAssssuurraanncce e TTeecchhnnoollooggiieess:: 221199 1

100..88..11 SSlluugg CCoonnttrrooll:: 221199

1

100..88..22 SSuubbsseeaaPPrroocceessssiinngg:: 222211 1

100..88..3 V3 VAASSPPSS- - VVeerrttiiccaal l AAnnnnuullaar r SSeeppaarraattiioon n aannd d PPuummppiinng g SSyysstteemm:: 222244 1

(8)

1

100..88..33 SSuubbsseea a MMuullttiipphhaasse e PPuummppiinngg:: 222255 1

100..88..44 SSuubbsseea a MMuullttiipphhaasse e MMeetteerriinngg:: 222277 1

100..88..55 SSuubbsseeaaSSWWAAGG:: 222288

1

100..88..66 SSuubbsseea a SSIINNTTEEFF--BBP P CCoolld d FFlloow w SSyysstteemm:: 222288 1

100..88..77 SSuubbsseea a RRaaw w WWaatteer r IInnjjeeccttiioon n SSyysstteemmss:: 222299 1

100..88..88 TTeecchhnnoollooggy y FFlloow w AAssssuurraanncce e VVeerrssuus s BBeenneeffiit t MMaapp:: 223300 C

Chhaapptteerr1111 223322

11

11.0.0 GAS GAS OPTOPTIONIONS FS FOR OR OFFOFFSHSHORE ORE FIEFIELDSLDS 232232 1

111..11 GGeenneerraall:: 223322

1

111..22 CCoommpprreesssseed d NNaattuurraal l GGaas s ((CCNNGG)) 223333 1

111..33 LLiiqquueeffiieeddNaattuN urraallGGaass 223355 1

111..44 GGaassttooLLiiqquuiiddssoorrGGTTLL 223355 1

111..55 SSttrraannddeedd ggaass 223366

1

111..55 TTeecchhnnoollooggiiccaal l CChhaalllleennggeess:: 223388 1

111..66 CCuurrrreennt t IInndduussttrry y OOppttiioonns s tto o MMiinniimmiizze e GGaas s FFllaarriinngg 223388 1

111..77 OOtthheer r TTeecchhnnoollooggiiees s ffoor r GGaas s HHaannddlliinngg:: 223399 1

111..77..11 FFllaarre e GGaas s RReeccoovveerry y ((FFGGRR)) 224400 1

111..77..22 GGaas s tto o WWiirre e ((PPoowweer r GGeenneerraattiioonn)):: 224411 1

111..77..33 CCoommppaacct t GTGTL L RReeffoorrmmeerrss:: 224422 1

111..77..44 CCoommppaacctt GGTTLL:: 224422

1

111..88 NNeew w FFIIM M ZZeerro o Gaas G s FFllaarre e CCoonncceeppttss 224433 1

111..88..11 GGaas s AAbbssoorrppttiioonn, , PPuummppiinng g aannd d TTrraannssppoorrtt:: 224444 1

111..88..2 G2 Gaas s AAbbssoorrppttiioon n aannd d SSttoorreed d TTrraannssppoorrt t vviia a a a VVeesssseell:: 224455 1

111..99 OOppttiioonns s ffoor r SSmmaalll l FFiieelldds s OOffffsshhoorree 224455 1

111..1100 OOppttiioonns s ffoor r LLaarrggeer r FFiieelldds s OOffffsshhoorree 224455 1

111..111 R1 Raannkkiinng g oof f ZZeerro o Gaas G s FFllaarre e TTeecchhnnoollooggiieess 224466 1

111..1122 SSuummmmaarry y oof f Fllaarreed F d GGaas s OOppttiioonnss 224477 C

Chhaapptteerr1122 225500

1

122..00 SSOOFFTTWWAARREE 250250

1

122..11 FFiieelldd OOppttiioonnssPPrrooggrraamm:: 225511 1 122..22 GGaassRReelleeaassee:: 225555 1 122..33 FFllaarree SSttaacckk:: 225577 1 122..44 LLiiqqNNeett:: 225599 1 122..55 GGaassNNeett:: 226633 1 122..66 TTrraannGGaass:: 227700 1

122..66 QQuuiicckkSuSurrggee:: 227733

R

REEFFEERREENNCCEESS:: 227799

INDEX:

(9)

Copyright © 2011-12, Fluidsinmotion, All rights reserved Copyright © 2011-12, Fluidsinmotion, All rights reserved

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