• No results found

Toward a value - focused Marketing

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2020

Share "Toward a value - focused Marketing"

Copied!
9
0
0

Loading.... (view fulltext now)

Full text

(1)

!

! "

# $

% & & ' ( ( ) ) ' ( ( (

M. Bîja

Monica Bî

* +

, - . / 012 3 4 5 . 3 6 3 7 8. 9

: / ; < 0 = 0- 8. / > 6 8? < ; 9 812 @ : ; - A @ B 3 7 - 6 8

-C D E F G

+ H

F

I J < K / ; K 3 9 < 3 4 1J 89 - ; 18 . 0< 89 13 - 6 - 02 9 < 1J < 1J < 3 ; 2 1J - 1

; < 4 < ; 9 13 1J < . ; < - 183 6 3 4 ? - 0/ < L 2 < M K 0- 86 86 N 1J <

means of its creation, the concepts of customer’s value in

3 ; A < ; 13 4 86 - 00 2 4 3 . / 9 3 6 1J < . 3 6 . < K 1 3 4 . 3 O . ; < - 183 6 3 4

? - 0/ < P

Q R S T U G V E W ? - 0/ < @ . 3 O . ; < - 183 6 3 4 ? - 0/ <

X Y F G U V Z

H

F [U Y

The concept of customer’s value has recently turn

< A 86 13 3 6 < 3 4

1J < 7 3 9 1 4 - ? 3 / ; < A \ 3 ; ] 7 < 1J 3 A 9 3 4 7 - 6 - N < ; 9 - 6 A 7 - ; ] < 1 - 6 - 02 9 19

\ 3 ; 0A \ 8A < P I J < . ; < - 183 6 - 6 A A < 08? < ; 2 3 4 ? - 0/ < 13 \ - ; A 9 . / 9 13 7 < ; 9 89

. 3 6 9 8A < ; < A - 9 L < 86 N 1J < . 3 ; 6 < ; 9 13 6 < 3 4 1J < \ J 3 0< 7 - ;] < 186 N K ; 3 . < 9 9 - 9

\ < 00 - 9 - 6 < . < 9 9 - ; 2 - 6 A < 4 4 8. 8< 6 1 \ - 2 3 4 3 L 1- 86 86 N - . 3 7 K < 1818? <

- A ? - 6 1- N < 3 6 1J < 7 - ; ] < 1 1J ; 3 / N J 1J < K ; 3 7 3 183 6 3 4 K ; 3 4 81@ 86 . ;< - 9 < - 6 A

03 6 N 1< ; 7 9 / . . < 9 9 ^ I 3 / ; 6 3 8 9 @ _ ` ` a b P c 1 89 . 3 6 9 8A < ; < A 1J - 1 1J 89 - K K ; 3 - . J

\ 800 K 0 - 2 - . ; / . 8- 0 K - ; 1 86 1J < 4 / 1/ ; < 7 - ;] < 186 N 9 1; - 1< N 8< 9 P

d

+

F R G [

+ e

E

+

Y V d R F f U V E

I J < K ; < 9 < 6 1 9 1/ A 2 \ - 9 . - ; ; 8 < A 3 / 1 86 3 ;A < ; 13 A < 1< ; 7 86 < 1J <

7 3 A < 09 / 9 < A 4 3 ; 8A < 6 184 2 86 N ? - 0/ < 8 6 - 9 / K K 08< ; O . / 9 13 7 < ; ; < 0- 183 6 9 J 8K @

L 2 - 6 - 02 9 86 N 819 - 6 1< . < A < 6 19 - 6 A . 3 6 9 < g / < 6 . < 9 P I J < - 87 3 4 1J 8 9 9 1/ A 2

\ - 9 6 3 1 13 7 < - 9 / ; < 1J < . ;< - 1< A ? - 0/ < @ L / 1 1 3 J 8N J 08N J 1 1J < . 3 6 . < K 1 3 4

(2)

M. Bîja

a

j [F R G

+

F Z G R k R l [R T

I J < 3 ; N - 6 8m - 183 6 9 A < ? < 03 K - 6 3 ; 8< 6 1- 183 6 4 3 . / 9 < A 3 6 1J <

customer’s value, which eventually leads to a greater competitive

- A ? - 6 1 - N < 3 6 1J < 7 - ; ] < 1 ^ n 3 3 A ; / 4 4 @ h o o p q r 3 10< ; @ _ ` ` s b P I J <

7 - ; ] < 18 6 N 9 K < . 8- 089 1 9 - N ; < < / 6 - 6 87 3 / 9 02 1J - 1 3 ; N - 6 8m - 183 6 - 0 9 / . . < 9 9 89

3 L 1- 86 < A 1 J ;3 / N J 4 / 04 80086 N - 6 A < M . < < A 86 N 1J <

customers’

K ; < 9 < 6 1 - 6 A

K 3 1< 6 18- 0 6 < < A 9 \ 81J 1J < J < 0K 3 4 - 9 1; - 1< N 2 1J - 1 89 4 - 9 1< ; - 6 A L < 11< ; 1J - 6

1J < 3 6 < < 7 K 0 3 2 < A L 2 1J < . 3 7 K < 1813 ; 9 ^

r

3 10 < ;@ _ ` ` s b P

= - 0/ < . - 6 L < A < 4 86 < A - 9 L < 86 N 1J < \ J 3 0< K - . ] - N < 3 4 L < 6 < 4 819 1J - 1

satisfy the customer’s needs and wishes. The perception that the

. / 9 13 7 < ; J - 9 3 6 1J 89 K - . ] - N < 89 < M 1; < 7 < 02 87 K 3 ; 1- 6 1 q 1J 89 K < ; . < K 18 3 6 89

- 0\ - 2 9 - 9 / L t < . 18? < 3 6 < @ A < K < 6 A 86 N 3 6 1J < ; < . < 8? < ; ^ u - ] ] - ; - 6 A 3 1J < ; 9 @

_ ` ` v b P I 3 K / 1 81 9 87 K 0 2 @ 81 - 0\ - 2 9 ; < 4 < ; 9 13 9 3 7 < 1J 86 N K < ; . < 8? < A L 2 1J <

. / 9 13 7 < ; @ 1J - 6 13 9 3 7 < 1J 86 N 1 J - 1 89 A < 1< ; 7 86 < A 3 L t < . 18 ? < 0 2 L 2 1J < 9 < 00< ;

^ n 3 3 A ; / 4 4@

h o o p

b P I J < . / 9 13 7 < ; / 9 / - 002 K < ; . < 8? < 9 ? - 0/ < - 9

-. 3 7 K ; 3 7 89 < \ J 8. J A < 1< ; 7 86 < 9 J 87 wJ < ; 13 N 8? < / K 9 3 7 < 1J 86 N 86 3 ; A < ; 13

; < . < 8? < 9 3 7 < 1J 86 N < 09 < 86 < M . J - 6 N < P x - 2 ^ h o o a b A < 4 86 < 9 1J < ? - 0/ < 9

K < ;. < 8? < A L 2 1J < . / 9 1 3 7 < ; - 9 L < 86 N 1J < 3 / 1. 3 7 < 3 4 1J < . 3 7 K - ; 89 3 6

L < 1\ < < 6 1J < K < ; . < 8? < A L < 6 < 4 819 - 6 A . 3 9 19 P

I J < . 3 6 . < K 19 3 4 . / 9 13 7 < ; ? - 0/ < - ; < g / 81< 9 87 8 0- ; L / 1 - . . 3 ; A 86 N

13 n 3 3 A ; / 4 4

’s

^ h o o p b K 3 86 1 3 4 ? 8< \ 1J < 7 3 ; < \ < - 6 - 0 2 9 < @ 1J < 7 3 ; < \ <

\ 800 6 3 18. < 1J < < M 89 1< 6 . < 3 4 . < ; 1- 86 A 84 4 < ; < 6 . < 9 \ J 8. J A < K < 6 A 3 6 1J <

A < 48 6 8183 6 3 4 3 1J < ; ] < 2 . 3 6 . < K 19 9 / . J - 9 y z{|{z} ~  € |y  ~ ‚  ƒ „ {z… € ƒ †

‡

y € |{ z} P I J < A < 4 86 8183 6 3 4 1J < . 3 6 . < K 1 3 4 . / 9 13 7 < ; ? - 0/ < - 09 3 A < K < 6 A 9 3 6

1J < . 8; . / 7 9 1- 6 . < 9 1J - 1 A < 1< ; 7 86 < 1J < . / 9 13 7 < ; 9 13 . 3 6 9 8A < ; 1J < 6 3 1 83 6 3 4

? - 0/ < P I J 89 7 8N J 1 3 . . / ; A / ; 86 N 1J < - . g / 89 8183 6 K ; 3 . < 9 9 3 ; \ J < 6 1J <

g / - 0812 3 4 1J < K ; 3 A / . 1 89 < M K < ; 8< 6 . < A @ 6 - 7 < 0 2 A / ;8 6 N 3 ; - 4 1< ; 819 / 9 - N < P

5 - . J 3 4 1J < 9 < 9 81/ - 183 6 9 A < 1< ; 7 86 < 9 1J < . 08< 6 1 13 - K K < - 0 13 A 84 4 < ; < 6 1

- . 1 83 6 9 P I J < . / 9 13 7 < ; - . 1/ - 00 2 K < ; . < 8 ? < 9 ? - 0/ < / 6 A < ; 1J < 4 3 ;7 3 4 1J <

A < 9 8; < A g / - 0818< 9 @ 3 4 K < ; 4 3 ;7 - 6 . < 9 - 6 A 3 4 1J < . 3 6 9 < g / < 6 . < 9 1J - 1 A < ; 8? <

4 ; 3 7 1J < / 9 - N < 3 4 1J < ; < 9 K < . 18? < K ; 3 A / . 1 8 6 - 9 K < . 84 8. 9 81/ - 183 6

^ n 3 3 A ; / 4 4@

h o o p

b P

:

. . 3 ; A 86 N 1 3 n 3 3 A ; / 4 4 ^

h o o p

b @ 1J 8 9 . - 6 - 09 3 L <

A < 9 . ; 8L < A L 2 7 < - 6 9 3 4 - J 8< ; - ; . J 8. - 0 7 3 A < 0 3 4 . / 9 13 7 < ; ? - 0/ < \ 81J 8 6

\ J 8. J 1J < g / - 0818< 9 3 4 1J < K ; 3 A / . 1 3 ; 9 < ; ? 8. < @ 1J < . 3 6 9 < g / < 6 . < 9 ; < 9 / 01< A

4 ; 3 7 819 / 9 - N < - 6 A 1J < 4 86 - 0 - 87 9 ; < - . J < A 1J ; 3 / N J 1J < 7 - ; < - 00

independent and influence the final value and the customer’s

9 - 189 4 - . 18 3 6 P

I J < 7 3 A < 0 ^ 9 < < 4 8N / ; < 6 / 7 L < ;

h

(3)

I 3 \ - ; A - ? - 0/ <

4 3 . / 9 < A 7 - ; ] < 186 N

J 89 wJ < ; N 3 - 09 P : 1 1J < L 3 113 7 3 4 1J < J 8< ; - ; . J 2 1J < . 08< 6 1 K 0- . < 9 1J <

K ; 3 A / . 1w9 < ; ? 8. < 9 9 < < 6 - 9 - L / 6 A 0< 3 4 ;< - 0 . J - ; - . 1< ; 89 18. 9 @ \ J 8. J 89

A < 4 86 < A L 2 - . 3 7 K ;3 7 89 < L < 1\ < < 6 1J < L < 6 < 4 819 - 6 A 1J < . 3 9 19 3 4 1J <

; < 9 K < . 18? < K ; 3 A / . 1w9 < ; ? 8. < ^ u - - 9 - 6 A ˆ ; - - 4 @ _ ` ` v b P I J < 6 @ - 4 1< ; L / 2 86 N

- 6 A / 9 86 N 1J < K ; 3 A / . 1@ 1J < . / 9 13 7 < ; A < ? < 03 K 9 - A < 9 8; < 43 ; . < ; 1- 86

. J - ; - . 1< ; 89 18. 9 A / < 13 1J < 8; - L 8081 2 13 4 - . 8081- 1< 1J < - . J 8< ? < 7 < 6 1 3 4 1 J <

A < 9 8; < A . 3 6 9 < g / < 6 . < 9 P : . / 9 13 7 < ; \ 800 0< - ; 6 13 A < 9 8; < . < ; 1- 86

. 3 6 9 < g / < 6 . < 9 A < K < 6 A 86 N 3 6 1J < 8; - L 80812 13 K ; 3 7 3 1< 1J < A < 9 8; < A

K / ; K 3 9 < 9 - 6 A N 3 - 09 P

:

6 - 02 9 < A 4 ; 3 7 13 K 13 L 3 11 3 7 1J < J 8< ; - ; . J 2 9 J 3 \ 9

/ 9 1J - 1 - . < ; 1- 86 . / 9 13 7 < ; / 9 < 9 1J < N 3 - 09 - 6 A 1J < K / ; K 3 9 < 9 86 3 ; A < ; 13

N 8? < - . < ; 1- 86 87 K 3 ; 1- 6 . < 13 . 3 6 9 < g / < 6 . < 9 - 6 A 1 J ; 3 / N J 1J < 7 13 . < ;1- 86

. J - ; - . 1< ; 89 18. 9 1J - 1 L < 03 6 N 13 1J < K ; 3 A / . 1 86 g / < 9 183 6 ^ n 3 3 A ; / 4 4 @

h o o p

b P

‰ [Š Z G R ‹ W Œ / 9 13 7 < ; ? - 0/ < 9 < < 6 - 9 - J 8< ; - ; . J 8. 7 3 A < 0



f

R l

+ e

Z

R

V

R

E [G

R

V D

S

F f

R

H

Z E F

U Ž R

G



he customer’s

E

+

F [E 

+ H

F [U Y V Z R F U F f R

G R

H

R [l R V l

+ e

Z R

– — ˜ ™ ˜ š›œ˜ ™  ž Ÿ š˜   ¡ ˜ Ÿ  ˜ š

™ ˜ œ›¢ ›Ÿ £ ¤œž ¥ ¦— ˜ ¡ š § £ ˜ ž ¤ §

 ˜ œ¦§ ›Ÿ ¨ œž ™ ¡  ¦ ž œ š ˜ œ¢ › ˜

– — ˜ ™ ˜ š ›œ˜ ™  — § œ§  ¦˜ œ›š¦› š

ž ¤ ¦— ˜ ¨ œž ™ ¡  ¦ § Ÿ ™ ¦— ˜ ›œ

¨ ˜ œ¤ž œ¥ § Ÿ  ˜ š

– — ˜  ¡ š ¦ž ¥ ˜ œš

¨ ¡ œ¨ ž š ˜ š

§ Ÿ ™ £ ž § ©š ª

§ ¦›š ¤§  ¦›ž Ÿ « § š ˜ ™ ž Ÿ ¦— ˜

§  — ›˜ ¢ ˜ ¥ ˜ Ÿ ¦ ž ¤ £ ž § ©š

ª

§ ¦›š ¤§  ¦›ž Ÿ « § š˜ ™ ž Ÿ

 ž Ÿ š ˜   ¡ ˜ Ÿ  ˜ š

ª

§ ¦›š ¤§  ¦›ž Ÿ « § š˜ ™ ž Ÿ

(4)

M. Bîja

I J < ? - 0/ < A < 9 8; < A L 2 1J < . 08< 6 1 J - 9 - N ; < - 1 87 K 3 ; 1- 6 . < 4 3 ; 1J <

3 ; N - 6 8 m - 183 6 9 1J - 1 \ - 6 1 1 3 4 3 . / 9 3 6 - 9 / K < ; 83 ; . / 9 13 7 < ; ? - 0/ < @ 9 86 . < 81

3 4 4 < ; 9 - 6 A - 6 9 \ < ; 9

to the customers’ needs and consists of the benefits

\ J 8. J 1J < . / 9 13 7 < ; 9 9 < < ] 86 3 ; A < ; 13 4 / 04 80 1J < 8; 6 < < A 9 ^ , 086 1 - 6 A 3 1J < ; 9 @

h o o p

b P

c1 89 3 4 / 17 3 9 1 87 K 3 ; 1- 6 . < 13 / 6 A < ; 9 1- 6 A 1J < . 3 6 . < K 1 3 4

“customer perceived value”. This represents the difference between all

L < 6 < 4 819 1J - 1 - L / 2 < ; < M K < . 19 1 3 3 L 1- 86 4 ;3 7 - K ;3 A / . 1 3 ; 9 < ; ? 8. < - 6 A 1J <

13 1- 0 . 3 9 1

s attached to it (for example CPV= the customer’s total value

O

the customer’s total costs). The customer’s total value represents the

K < ;. < 8? < A 7 3 6 < 1 - ; 2 ? - 0/ < 3 4 - 00 < . 3 6 3 7 8. @ 4 / 6 . 183 6 - 0 - 6 A K 9 2 . J 3 03 N 8. - 0

L < 6 < 4 819 \ J 8. J 1J < . / 9 13 7 < ; < M K < . 19 13 3 L 1- 86 4 ; 3 7 - . < ; 1- 86 7 - ;] < 1

offer. The customer’s total costs represent the whole costs which a

. / 9 13 7 < ; < M K < . 19 13 7 - ] < 4 3 003 \ 86 N 1J < < ? - 0/ - 183 6 @ 3 L 1- 86 86 N - 6 A / 9 - N <

3 4 1J < 7 - ; ] < 1 3 4 4 < ; P

: . . 3 ; A 86 N 13 ­ 0- 1< ; ^ h o o p b @ 1J < ;< 89 . 3 6 . 0/ 9 8? < < ? 8A < 6 . < 1J - 1

L / 9 86 < 9 9 < 9 1J - 1 J - ? < - 03 6 N O 1< ; 7 9 / . . < 9 9 K - 2 7 3 ; < - 11< 6 183 6 13 1J < ? - 0/ <

1J < 2 3 4 4 < ; 13 1J < 8; . / 9 13 7 < ; 9 1J - 6 13 3 L 1- 86 86 N - 6 87 7 < A 8- 1< - 6 A A 8; < . 1

K ; 3 4 81 P

x / < 13 1J < . J - 6 N < 9 86 ? 89 83 6 1J - 1 J - ? < 3 . . / ; ; < A 86 1J < 7 - ; ] < 186 N

A 3 7 - 86 86 1 J < K - 9 1 1\ 3 A < . - A < 9 @ 819 ; 3 0< J - 9 . J - 6 N < A P I J / 9 @ - 1 ; - 6 9 8183 6

J - 9 L < < 6 7 - A < 4 ; 3 7 - K 3 86 1 3 4 ? 8< \ L - 9 < A 3 6 . / 9 13 7 < ; 9 - 6 A 7 - ; ] < 19

7 - 6 - N < 7 < 6 1 13 \ - ; A 9 3 6 < L - 9 < A 3 6 1J < . 3 00- L 3 ; - 183 6 \ 81J . / 9 13 7 < ; 9 - 6 A

1J 8; A K - ; 18< 9 86 3 ; A < ; 13 A < 08? < ; ? - 0/ < ^ n 3 3 A ; / 4 4 @ h o o p b P

I J < 3 ; N - 6 8m - 183 6 9 1J - 1 \ - 6 1 13 . ; < - 1< - 9 / K < ; 83 ; ? - 0/ < 4 3 ; 1J < 8;

. / 9 13 7 < ; 9 J - ? < 13 / 6 A < ; 1- ] < - K ; 3 . < 9 9 3 4 ? - 0/ < . ;< - 183 6 1J - 1 86 . 0/ A < 9

. 3 7 7 / 6 8. - 183 6 - 6 A 1J < 6 A < 08? < ; 2 3 4 ? - 0/ < 13 \ - ; A 9 . / 9 13 7 < ; 9 ^ r 3 10< ; @

_ ` ` s b P I J / 9 @ - . . 3 ; A 86 N 13 1J < 1J < 3 ; 2 89 9 / < A L 2

r

3 10< ; ^ _ ` ` s b @ 1J 89 . - 6

L < - . J 8< ? < A L 2 4 3 . / 9 86 N 3 6 4 8? < 9 ] 8009 ® / 6 A < ; 9 1- 186 N 1J <

customer’s

value, creation of customer’s value, delivery of value towards the

. / 9 13 7 < ; @ ] < < K 86 N - 6 A 87 K ; 3 ? 86 N 1J < ; < 9 K < . 18? < ? - 0/ < P c 6 3 ; A < ; 1 3

3 L 1- 86 1J < 9 < 9 ] 8009 - 6 3 ; N - 6 8m - 183 6 7 / 9 1 / 9 < 1J < . 3 6 . < K 19 3 4 . J - 86 3 4

? - 0/ < 9 - 6 A ? - 0/ < A < 08? < ; 2 6 < 1 \ 3 ; ] ^ r 3 10< ; @ _ ` ` s b P

Tournois (2004) defines “the creation of customer’s value as

being “the ability of a company to offer its customers a relative

K < ;. < 8? < A ? - 0 / < ^ - . 3 7 L 86 - 183 6 L < 1\ < < 6 1J < ; < 0- 18? < K < ; . < 8? < A ? - 0/ <

- 6 A 1J < K < ; . < 8? < A K ;8 . < O 7 - ; ] < 1 b J 8 N J < ; 1J - 6 1 J < 3 6 < 3 44 < ; < A L 2 1J <

(5)

I 3 \ - ; A - ? - 0/ <

4 3 . / 9 < A 7 - ; ] < 186 N

86 1< N ; - 1< A 86 - 00 - . 183 6 9 - 6 A K ; 3 . < 9 9 < 9 9 87 80- ; 13 - N 03 L - 0 9 2 9 1< 7 P 5 ? < 6

7 3 ; < @ 1J < 86 ? < 9 17 < 6 19 - 6 A 1J < ; 89 ] 9 1J - 1 7 / 9 1 3 L 1- 86 1J < . 3 7 K < 181 8? <

- A ? - 6 1- N < 9 3 6 - 03 6 N 1< ; 7 - ; < 9 3 N ; < - 1 - 6 A . 3 6 9 / 7 < 9 3 7 / . J 187 < 1J - 1

1J < \ J 3 0< . 3 7 K - 6 2 J - 9 13 L < 86 ? 3 0? < A 86 1J < K ; 3 . < 9 9 3 4 . ; < - 18 6 N ? - 0/ <

^ I 3 / ; 6 3 89 @ _ ` ` a b P

­ 86 . < ? - 0/ < 89 - K K ; < . 8- 1< A

from the customer’s point of view, it

J - 9 13 L < . 3 O . ; < - 1< A P I J 89 7 < - 6 9 1J - 1 L 3 1J 1J < . 08< 6 1 - 6 A 1J < 9 < ; ? 8. <

K ; 3 ? 8A < ; J - ? < 13 L < 86 ? 3 0? < A 86 1 J < K ; 3 . < 9 9 3 4 ? - 0/ < . ; < - 183 6 ^ = - ; N 3 - 6 A

¯ / 9 . J @ _ ` ` a b P c 4 1J < . / 9 13 7 < ; 89 6 3 1 3 4 4 < ; < A - 6 - . 18? < K - ; 1@ 1J < 6 1J < ; < - ; <

J 8N J . J - 6 . < 9 4 3 ; J 87 3 ; J < ; 13 4 < < 0 / 6 9 - 189 4 8< A P I J / 9 @ 81 89 - L 9 3 0/ 1< 0 2

6 < . < 9 9 - ; 2 13 1- ] < 86 13 . 3 6 9 8A < ; - 1 83 6 1J < - 9 K < . 1 ; < 4 < ; ; 86 N 13 1J < . 3 O

. ; < - 183 6 3 4 ? - 0/ < - 6 A . 3 O A < 08? < ; 2 3 4 ? - 0/ < @ < 9 K < . 8- 002 \ J < 6 1J < 9 < ; ? 8. < 9

9 < . 13 ; 89 86 ? 3 0? < A @ A / < 13 819 9 K < . 8- 0 . J - ; - . 1< ; 89 18. 9 A < 1< ; 7 86 < A L 2 1J <

K ; 3 A / . 183 6 3 4 9 < ; ? 8. < 9 ^ u - ] ] - ; - 6 A 3 1J < ; 9 @ _ ` ` v b P Œ 3 O . ; < - 183 6 3 4 ? - 0/ <

. J - 00< 6 N < 9 1J < 1; - A 8 183 6 - 0 K 3 86 1 3 4 ? 8< \ - . . 3 ; A 86 N 13 \ J 8. J ? - 0/ < 89

. 3 7 K ; 89 < A 86 1J < K ; 3 A / . 1@ . 0- 87 86 N 1J - 1 ? - 0/ < 89 . ; < - 1< A L 2 1J <

customer’s experien

. < \ J < 6 J < w9 J < . 3 6 9 / 7 < 9 1J < - . g / 8; < A K ; 3 A / . 1

^ ° ; - J - 0- A - 6 A B - 7 - 9 \ - 7 2 @ _ ` ` a b P I J < 3 ; N - 6 8m - 1 83 6 9 1J - 1 7 - 6 - N < 13

. - ; ; 2 3 / 1 - . 3 O . ; < - 183 6 3 4 ? - 0/ < @ < 6 N - N < 86 13 1J < 8; - . 183 6 9 ? - ; 83 / 9

individuals such as customers, managers, partners and all the company’s

9 J - ; < J 3 0A < ; 9 9 3 - 9 13 . ; < - 1< - . 3 7 7 3 6 ? - 0/ < \ 8 1J 86 1J < 4 ;- 7 < 9 < 1 L 2

-9 3 . - 00< A . 3 O . ; < - 18? < < 6 1< ; K ; 89 < ^ B - 7 - 9 \ - 7 2 @ _ `

h

` b P

x / < 13 1J < A < ? < 03 K 7 < 6 1 3 4 1J < 6 < \ . 3 7 7 / 6 8. - 183 6 . J - 6 6 < 09 ? 8

-86 1< ; 6 < 1 - 6 A 1J < 86 . ; < - 9 < 86 K 3 \ < ; 3 4 9 3 . 8- 0 6 < 1\ 3 ; ] 9 - 6 A 7 - 9 9 O 7 < A 8- @ 81

J - 9 L < . 3 7 < < - 9 8< ; 4 3 ; . 3 7 K - 6 8< 9 13 86 ? 3 0? < 1J < 8; . / 9 13 7 < ; 9 86 1J <

development of new products and services. The customers’ involvement

86 1J < . 3 O . ; < - 183 6 3 4 - K ; 3 A / . 1 3 ; 9 < ; ? 8. < ; < K ; < 9 < 6 19 7 3 ; < 1J - 6 t / 9 1 1J <

9 < 6 A 86 N - 6 A 4 80086 N O / K 3 4 g / < 9 18 3 6 6 - 8; < 9 P I J < . 3 O . ; < - 183 6 89 - K ; 3 . < 9 9

1J - 1 - 003 \ 9 L 3 1J . / 9 13 7 < ; 9 - 6 A 6 3 6 O . / 9 13 7 < ; 9 13 < M K ; < 9 9 4; < < 0 2 1J < 8;

3 K 86 83 6 9 @ 7 - ] < 1J < 7 K / L 08. - 6 A 4 < < 0 7 3 ; < 86 ? 3 0? < A 86 1J < \ J 3 0<

. ; < - 183 6 K ; 3 . < 9 9 ^ ± ; - A 4 3 ; A @ _ ` ` o b P : 1 - 6 86 1< ; 6 - 183 6 - 0 0< ? < 0@ 1J <

7 - ; ] < 186 N . 3 6 . < K 183 6 9 - ; < N ; - A / - 002 7 3 ? 86 N - \ - 2 4 ; 3 7 1J < 4 3 . / 9 3 6

1- 6 N 8L 0< ;< 9 3 / ; . < 9 @ 3 6 \ J 8. J 1J < 7 - ; ] < 1 1; - 6 9 - . 183 6 9 J - ? < L < < 6 7 - A < / K

1800 ; < . < 6 102 @ J < - A 86 N 13 \ - ; A 9 - 7 3 ; < A 2 6 - 7 8. < M . J - 6 N < ; < 0- 1 83 6 9 J 8K

\ 81J 86 \ J 8. J 1J < ; < 9 3 / ; . < 9 K ; 3 A / . < 1J < < 4 4 < . 19 - 6 A 1J < ? - 0/ < 89 . 3 O

. ; < - 1< A \ 81J 1J < . / 9 13 7 < ;

’s help (Vargo and Lusch, 2004).

I J < . / 9 13 7 < ; 9 < M K < . 1 13 L < 86 ? 3 0? < A 86 1J < K ; 3 . < 9 9 3 4 ? - 0 / <

(6)

M. Bîja

v

1J < 8; 9 1; / . 1/ ; < P I J < . J - 6 N < 9 J 3 / 0A - 0\ - 2 9 9 1- ; 1 4 ; 3 7 1J < 86 9 8A < L 2

. J - 6 N 8 6 N 1J < ? < ; 2 6 - 1/ ; < 3 4 1J < ; < 0- 183 6 9 J 8K 9 < M 1- 6 1 L < 1\ < < 6 1J <

7 - 6 - N 86 N 9 1- 44 - 6 A < 7 K 03 2 < < 9 - 6 A L 2 < M 1< 6 A 86 N 1J < K ;< 9 < 6 1

; < 0 - 18 3 6 9 J 8K 9 \ 81J 1J < 3 6 < 9 1J - 1 . 3 O . ; < - 1< ? - 0/ < ® . / 9 13 7 < ; 9 @

9 J - ; < J 3 0A < ; 9 @ K - ; 16 < ; 9 - 6 A 3 1J < ; < 7 K 03 2 < < 9 P I J 89 9 81/ - 183 6 ; < g / 8; < 9 1J <

7 - 6 - N 86 N 9 1- 4 4 13 - A 3 K 1 - L ; - 6 A 6 < \ . 3 6 . < K 183 6 86 3 ; A < ; 13 1/ ; 6 1J < 8;

3 ; N - 6 8 m - 183 6 86 13 - . 3 O . ; < - 1< A 3 6 < ^ B - 7 - 9 \ - 7 2 @ _ ` ` o b P I J <

3 ; N - 6 8 m - 183 6 9 J 3 / 0A 4 8; 9 1 3 4 - 00 86 ? 3 0? < 819 < 7 K 03 2 < < 9 86 13 - \ 3 ; ]

< M K < ; 8< 6 . < . - ; ; 8< A 3 / 1 - 1 1 J < 0< ? < 0 3 4 1J < 3 ; N - 6 8m - 183 6 \ 81J 86 \ J 8. J 1J <

< 7 K 03 2 < < 9 - ; < 86 ? < 9 1< A \ 81J A < . 8 9 83 6 - 0 K 3 \ < ; P I J / 9 @ \ J < 6 1 87 < . 3 7 < 9

1J < 2 \ 800 7 - 6 - N < 13 . 3 00- L 3 ; - 1< 9 / . . < 9 9 4 / 002 \ 8 1J 1J < . / 9 13 7 < ; 9 8 6 3 ; A < ;

13 . ; < - 1< ? - 0/ < P c1 89 - 9 9 / 7 < A 1J - 1 < ? < ; 2 < 7 K 03 2 < < J - 9 K ; 3 4 < 9 9 83 6 - 0

- 9 K 8; - 1 83 6 - 6 A 9 < < ] 9 13 J - ? < J 8N J < ; - . J 8< ? < 7 < 6 19 \ J 8. J . - 6 L < 4 / 04 800< A

\ 81J 1J < J < 0K 3 4 1J < < M K < ; 8< 6 . < N - 86 < A 4 ; 3 7 1J < 86 1< ; - . 183 6 \ 81J J 89 wJ < ;

. 3 O\ 3 ; ] < ; 9 - 6 A 1J ; 3 / N J 1J < . 3 O

creation of value with the customers’

J < 0K ^ B - 7 - 9 \ - 7 2 @ _ ` ` o b P

² 3 \ < ? < ; @ \ 81J 86 . 3 6 ? < 6 183 6 - 0 . 3 7 K - 6 8< 9 1J - 1 K ; 3 A / . < . 3 6 9 / 7 < ;

N 3 3 A 9 - 6 A \ 81J 86 \ J 8 . J ? - 0/ < J - 9 - 0\ - 2 9 L < < 6 . 3 6 9 8A < ; < A - 9 L < 86 N 1J <

4 / 6 . 1 83 6 3 4 1J < 4 86 81< K ; 3 A / . 1 3 4 1J < ? - 0/ < . J - 86 @ 1J < 86 ? 3 0? < 7 < 6 1 3 4

employees in the creation of value and the customers’ experien

. <

; < K ; < 9 < 6 1 9 - ; < - 0 . J - 00< 6 N < P : . . 3 ; A 86 N 13 1J < ? - 0/ < K - ; - A 8N 7 @ 1J 89

; < K ; < 9 < 6 1 9 6 3 1 3 6 0 2 1J < 4 86 81< K ; 3 A / . 1 L / 1 - 09 3 1J < < M K < ;8 < 6 . < 9 3 L 1- 86 < A

4 ; 3 7 1J < K ; 3 A / . 1 4 / 6 . 183 6 9 @ 4 ; 3 7 1J < 86 1< ; - . 183 6 9 7 - A < \ 81J 1J < J < 0K 3 4

. 3 7 7 817 < 6 1 K 0- 14 3 ; 7 9 - 6 A 1J ; 3 / N J . 3 7 7 / 6 818< 9 3 4 / 9 < ; 9 ^ ° ; - J - 0A - 6 A

B - 7 - 9 \ - 7 2 @ _ ` ` a b P I J < . J - 00< 6 N < 4 3 ; 1J < 7 - 6 - N 86 N 9 1- 4 4 89 1 3

; < . 3 N 6 8m < 1J 3 9 < 86 1< ; - . 183 6 K ; 3 . < 9 9 < 9 \ 81J 86 1J < 3 ; N - 6 8m - 183 6 1J - 1 - ; <

? - 0/ < N < 6 < ; - 13 ;9 - 6 A 13 . J - 6 N < 819 4 3 . / 9 4 ; 3 7 1J < 86 1< ; 6 - 0 K ; 3 . < 9 9 < 9 3 4

1J < . 3 7 K - 6 2 3 6 1J < 86 1< ; - . 183 6 9 1J - 1 1- ] < K 0- . < L < 1\ < < 6 1J < 86 A 8 ? 8A / - 0 9

\ 3 ; ] 86 N 4 3 ; 1J < . 3 7 K - 6 2 P I J < . J - 6 N < 1 3 \ - ; A 9 9 / . J - . 3 6 . < K 183 6 L - 9 < A

3 6 86 1< ; - . 183 6 86 3 ; A < ; 13 . 3 O . ; < - 1< - . 3 7 7 3 6 ? - 0/ < ; < K ; < 9 < 6 19 - ] < 2

. J - 0 0< 6 N < 4 3 ; 1J < 7 - 6 - N 86 N 9 1- 4 4 ^ B - 7 - 9 \ - 7 2 @ _ ` ` o b P

° ; - J - 0 - A ^ ¯ < - ? 2 - 6 A u 3 81 ; - @ _ ` `

¬

b L < 08< ? < 9 1J - 1 1J < . 3 O . ; < - 183 6

3 4 ? - 0/ < . J - 6 N < 9 1J < 6 - 1/ ; < 3 4 86 6 3 ? - 183 6 P 5 ? < 6 1J 3 / N J @ 1J < 1; - A 81 83 6 - 0

7 < 1J 3 A 9 / 9 < A 4 3 ; 3 L 1- 86 86 N - . 3 7 K < 1818? < - A ? - 6 1- N < - ; < 9 1800 / 9 < A O K ; 8. <

; < A / . 183 6 9 @ J 8N J g / - 0812 K ; 3 A / . 19 - 6 A 9 K < < A 3 4 K ; 3 A / . 183 6 O 1J <

. 3 7 K - 6 8< 9 J - ? < 13 0< - ; 6 J 3 \ 13 ; < 0 2 3 6 . 08< 6 19 - 6 A K < ; . < 8? < 1J < 7 - 9

(7)

I 3 \ - ; A - ? - 0/ <

4 3 . / 9 < A 7 - ; ] < 186 N

K ; 3 084 < ; - 183 6 3 4 K 0- 14 3 ; 7 9 1J - 1 - 00 3 \ . / 9 13 7 < ; 9 13 K - ; 18. 8K - 1 < 86 1J <

K ; 3 A / . 183 6 3 4 1J < 8; 3 \ 6 < M K < ; 8< 6 . < P

k R E Z

e

F

+

Y V V [E

H

Z E E [U Y E

n J < 6 - 6 3 ; N - 6 8m - 183 6 A < . 8A < 9 13 < 6 N - N < 86 - A 8- 03 N / < \ 81J 819

. / 9 13 7 < ; 9 @ 81 89 87 K 3 ; 1- 6 1 4 3 ; 1J < 7 - 6 - N 86 N 9 1- 4 4 13 ; < 7 < 7 L < ; 13 1; < - 1

1J < 7 - 9 < g / - 0 K - ; 16 < ; 9 P I J < 3 ; N - 6 8m - 183 6 9 J - ? < 13 / 6 A < ; 9 1- 6 A 1J <

K / ; K 3 9 < @ 1 J < 7 < - 6 86 N - 6 A 1J < g / - 0812 3 4 1J < 9 < . 3 6 ? < ; 9 - 183 6 9 4 ; 3 7 1 J <

customer’s point of view. Likewise, it is important to have a viable

7 < 1J 3 A 3 4 A < 08? < ; 86 N 1J < 7 < 9 9 - N < 4 / ; 1J < ; 9 3 - 9 13 0< 1 . / 9 13 7 < ; 9 ] 6 3 \

1J - 1 1 J < A 8- 03 N / < 8 9 ? - 0/ < A ^ ° ; - J - 0- A - 6 A B - 7 - 9 \ - 7 2 @ _ ` ` ` b P = - ; N 3

- 6 A ¯ / 9 . J ^ _ ` ` a b - 09 3 A 89 . / 9 9 - L 3 / 1 1J < . J - 6 N < 3 . . / ; ; < A \ 81J 86 1J <

7 - ; ] < 1 - 9 7 3 ; < - 6 A 7 3 ; < . / 9 13 7 < ; 9 - ; < ; < g / 8; 8 6 N 1J < . 3 7 K - 6 8< 9 1 J < 2

1; / 9 1@ 9 < ;? 8 . < 9 1J - 1 - ; < L < 2 3 6 A 1J < 8; 9 K J < ; < 3 4 . 3 7 K < 1< 6 . < P I J / 9 @

K ; 3 7 3 183 6 L < . 3 7 < 9 - . 3 7 7 / 6 8. - 18 3 6 - 0 K ; 3 . < 9 9 . J - ; - . 1< ; 89 < A L 2

A 8- 03 N / < @ g / < 9 183 6 9 - 6 A - 6 9 \ < ; 9 P I J < K / ; K 3 9 < 89 6 3 1 1J < . 3 7 7 / 6 8 . - 183 6

13 \ - ; A 9 1J < 7 - ; ] < 1 L / 1 1J < A < ? < 03 K 7 < 6 1 3 4 - . 3 6 186 / 3 / 9 K ; 3 . < 9 9 3 4

. 3 7 7 / 6 8. - 183 6 3 ; 3 4 A 8- 03 N / < 9 \ 81J 7 8. ; 3 O 7 - ; ] < 19 ^ = - ; N 3 - 6 A ¯ / 9 . J @

_ ` ` a b P

I J

e capitalization of the customers’ competences represents

7 3 ; < 1J - 6 t / 9 1 - A 8- 03 N / < . - ; ; 8< A 3 / 1 \ 81J 1J < 7 P I J < . 3 7 K - 6 8< 9 9 J 3 / 0A

/ 6 A < ; 9 1- 6 A 1J - 1 6 3 \ - A - 2 9 . / 9 13 7 < ;9 - ; < 6 3 03 6 N < ; 86 1< ; < 9 1< A 86 1J <

K ; 3 A / . 1 L / 1 3 6 1J < < M K < ; 8< 6 . < 9 1J < 2 . - 6 J - ? < - 9 - ; < 9 / 01 3 4 8 19 / 9 - N < P

I J < 2 - ; < 6 3 03 6 N < ; - 11; - . 1< A L 2 1J < - ; 184 8. 8- 0 < M K < ; 8< 6 . < 9 K ; 3 K 3 9 < A L 2

1J < . 3 7 K - 6 2 L / 1 1J < 2 \ - 6 1 13 . ; < - 1< 1J < 8; 3 \ 6 < M K < ; 8< 6 . < < 81J < ; L 2

1J < 7 9 < 0? < 9 3 ; \ 81J 1J < J < 0K 3 4 K ; 3 4 < 9 9 83 6 - 09 3 ; 3 1J < ; . / 9 13 7 < ; 9

^ ° ; - J - 0- A - 6 A B - 7 - 9 \ - 7 2 @ _ ` ` ` b P

° ; - J - 0- A ^ ¯ < - ? 2 - 6 A u 3 81; - @ _ ` `

¬

b 9 1- 1< 9 1J - 1 81 89 87 K 3 ; 1- 6 1 13

/ 6 A < ; 9 1- 6 A 1J - 1 1J < . 3 6 . < K 1 3 4 . 3 O . ; < - 18 3 6 89 6 3 03 6 N < ; - L 3 / 1 1J < . 08< 6 1

3 6 02 @ L / 1 - 09 3 - L 3 / 1 1\ 3 K - ; 16 < ; 9 1J - 1 9 3 0? < - K ; 3 L 0< 7 86 3 ; A < ; 13 . ; < - 1<

- / 6 8g / < ? - 0/ < P I J < 1 ; - A 818 3 6 - 0 9 < K - ; - 18 3 6 L < 1\ < < 6 K ; 3 A / . < ; - 6 A

. 3 6 9 / 7 < ; . - 6 6 3 03 6 N < ; L < K / 1 86 13 K ; - . 18. < - 6 A 1J < ; 3 0< 3 4 1J <

3 ; N - 6 8m - 183 6 89 13 3 4 4 < ; 819 . / 9 13 7 < ; 9 - 6 < M K < ;87 < 6 1- 0 K 0- 14 3 ; 7 \ J < ; < 13

. 3 O . ; < - 1< ? - 0/ < - 6 A 13 4 - . 8081- 1< 1J 89 1J ; 3 / N J < M K < ; 8< 6 . < 6 < 1\ 3 ; ] 9 P I J <

< ? 3 0/ 183 6 3 4 1J < . 3 O. ; < - 183 6 03 N 8. J - 9 6 - 1/ ; - 0 87 K 08. - 183 6 9 86 ? - ; 83 / 9

- 9 K < . 19 3 4 1J < . 3 7 K - 6 2 9 / . J - 9 J / 7 - 6 ; < 9 3 / ; . < 9 7 - 6 - N < 7 < 6 1 - 6 A

. 3 7 K - 6 2 7 - 6 - N < 7 < 6 1 9 1 2 0< 9 P ­ 86 . < 1J < < 7 K 03 2 < < 9 - ; < 7 / . J 7 3 ; <

86 ? 3 0? < A 8 6 1J < . 3 O

(8)

M. Bîja

`

- 6 A 4 3 ; 1J 89 ; < - 9 3 6 - ; < 6 < < A < A 6 < \ 7 < - 6 86 N 9 - 6 A 6 < \ 1 2 K < 9 3 4

7 3 18? - 183 6 P ¯ 8] < \ 89 < @ 6 < \ g / < 9 183 6 9 - ; 89 < - L 3 / 1 1J < 7 - 6 - N < 7 < 6 1 3 4

-. 3 ;K 3 ; - 183 6 L < . - / 9 < 1J < K ; < 9 / 7 K 183 6 1J - 1 1J < . 3 7 K - 6 2 1J < . / 9 13 7 < ;

. J - 6 N < 9 86 13 1J < . / 9 13 7 < ; 1J < . 3 7 K - 6 2 3 ; . / 9 13 7 < ; ³ . 3 7 K - 6 2 P I J 89

9 81/ - 183 6 ; - 89 < 9 1J ; < < 4 / 6 A - 7 < 6 1- 0 K ; 3 L 0< 7 9 1J - 1 J - ? < 87 K - . 1 / K 3 6 1J <

7 - 6 - N < 7 < 6 1 ® h b 1J < L 3 / 6 A - ; 8< 9 3 4 1J < . 3 7 K - 6 2 - ; < 0< 9 9 A 89 1 86 . 1 - 9 81 89

86 1J < 6 < 1\ 3 ; ] . - 9 < q _ b - 00 \ 800 J - ? < 86 4 0/ < 6 . < L / 1 6 3 1 - 00 \ 8 00 L < 3 \ 6 < ; 9

- 9 \ < 00

q

s b 1J < . 3 6 9 / 7 < ; 9 - 6 A 1J < . 3 7 7 / 6 818< 9 \ 800 J - ? < - N ; < - 1< ;

86 4 0/ < 6 . < 3 ? < ; 1J < \ J 3 0< 9 1; - 1< N 2 3 4 1J < ; < 9 K < . 18? < . 3 7 K - 6 2 ^ ¯ < - ? 2 - 6 A

u 3 81; - @ _ ` ` ¬ b P

´ U Y

H e

Z E [U Y

: 01J 3 / N J 1J < 87 K 3 ; 1- 6 . < 3 4 . ; < - 186 N ? - 0/ < 4 3 ; 1J < . / 9 13 7 < ; 89

N < 6 < ; - 00 2 - . . < K 1 < A @ 81 . - 6 L < 3 L 9 < ; ? < A 1J < - L 9 < 6 . < 3 4 - / 6 84 2 86 N 4 ; - 7 <

3 4 1J < \ - 2 86 \ J 8. J 1J 89 . - 6 L < 87 K 0< 7 < 6 1< A - 6 A 7 < - 9 / ; < A \ 81J 86

-. 3 7 K - 6 2 86 3 ; A < ; 13 1; / 02 87 K ; 3 ? < 1J < K < ; 4 3 ; 7 - 6 . < 9 3 4 - . 3 7 K - 6 2 P

I J < ;< 4 3 ;< @ \ < . 3 6 9 8A < ; 1J - 1 1J 89 9 / L t < . 1 A < 9 < ; ? < 9 4 / ; 1J < ; ; < 9 < - ; . J - 6 A

9 1/ A 2 86 3 ; A < ; 13 < 0- L 3 ; - 1< . 3 6 . < K 1/ - 0 7 3 A < 09 9 1; 3 6 N 02 L - 9 < A 4 ;3 7

-1J < 3 ; < 18 . - 0 K 3 86 1 3 4 ? 8< \ - 6 A 13 A < ? < 03 K ; < 08- L 0< - 6 A ? - 08A 9 . - 0< 9 9 3 - 9 1 3

3 4 4 < ; ? - ; 83 / 9 3 ; N - 6 8m - 183 6 9 - / 9 < 4/ 0 13 3 0 P

µ

[D

e

[

U

Š G

+ ¶

f

S

± ;- A 43 ; A @ r P x P@ n < 81m ± - ;1 3 6 @ : P ^ _ ` ` o b P ·  ¸ … ¹ ƒ € | º  ||{ƒ » € ƒ † º € | …

¼ € ƒ € »  ½  ƒ z ¾ ¿ À  |€ z{¹ ƒ … Á { ¼ € ¸ à  z{ƒ » ·  ¸ …  Ä z{  ~ Å 3 / ; 6 - 0 3 4

1J < : . - A < 7 2 3 4 u - ; ] < 186 N ­ . 8< 6 . < h o o o q _ p q _ a h

x - 2 @ ˆ P ­ P ^ h o o a b P Æ Á  Ä €  € ‚ {| {z{ … ¹ „ ½ € ¸ à  zÇ † ¸ {  ƒ ¹ ¸ » € ƒ {È € z{¹ ƒ … É

Å 3 / ; 6 - 0 3 4 u - ; ] < 1 86 N

i

@ s

p

O

i

_

ˆ ; - 4 @

:

P@ u - 9 9 @ ° ^ _ ` ` v b P Ê y … z¹ ½  ¸  € |y  „ ¸ ¹ ½ € Ä y … z¹ ½  ¸   ¸ …  Ä z{  ¾

¿ Ä ¹ ½  ¸  Á  ƒ … {  ¸   { Ë É Å 4 ± @ i v ® h O _ `

r 3 10< ; @ ° J P@ ^ _ ` ` s b P ¼ € ƒ € »  ½  ƒ z ¼ € ¸ à  z{ƒ » ~ 5 A 81/ ; - I < 3 ; - ± / . / ; <

ș

18 P

¯ < - ? 2 @ ± P@ u 3 81; - @ x P ^ _ ` ` ¬ b P

“The Practice of Co

Ç Ä ¸  € z{ƒ » Ì ƒ {

‡

y 

Í € |y  Ë {zÁ Ê y … z¹ ½  ¸ … ¾ ¿ ƒ Î ƒ z ¸  { Ë Ë {zÁ Ê É Ï É

Prahalad,”

­ 1; - 1< N 2 Ð ¯ < - A < ;9 J 8 K @ s a ^ _ b @ a

o P

u - ] ] - ; @ > P@ ˆ - L ; 8< 0@ 5 P Ñ P@ I ; 8K - 1J 8@ ­ P r P ^ _ ` ` v b P Í € |y  Ä Á € {ƒ „ ¹ ¸

(9)

I 3 \ - ; A - ? - 0/ <

4 3 . / 9 < A 7 - ; ] < 186 N

° ; - J - 0- A @ Œ Pr P@ = < 6 ] - 1@ B P ^ _ ` ` a b P I J < , / 1/ ; < 3 4 Œ 3 7 K < 18183 6 ® Œ 3 O

. ; < - 186 N > 6 8g / < = - 0/ < \ 81J

Œ

/ 9 13 7 < ; 9 @ ± 3 9 13 6 ® ² - ; ? - ; A

± / 9 86 < 9 9 ­ . J 3 3 0 ° ; < 9 9 P

­ 1- 6 0< 2 @ ­ P ^ h o o p b P

“Developing a Customer Value

Ç Ò € …  † Æ Á  ¹ ¸ } ¹ „ zÁ 

Firm,”

Å 3 / ; 6 - 0 3 4 1 J <

:

. - A < 7 2 3 4 u - ; ] < 186 N ­ . 8< 6 . < @ _

i

^ _ b @

h ¬ _

h ¬ p P

I 3 / ; 6 3 89 @ ¯ P ^ _ ` ` a b P Ê ¸  € z{ƒ » Ä y … z¹ ½  ¸  € | y  ¾ ‚ ¸ {† » {ƒ » zÁ  ¹ ¸ } € ƒ †

 ¸ € Ä z{Ä  ~ I J < u - ; ] < 186 N u - 6 - N < 7 < 6 1 Å 3 / ; 6 - 0@ = 3 0

h

a @ c9 9 / <

_ @ K - N

h

s O _ s

= - ; N 3 @ ­ 1 P@ ¯ / 9 . J @ B P ^_ ` ` a b P

“Evolving to a New

Ó

¹ ½ {ƒ € ƒ z Ô ¹ » {Ä „ ¹ ¸

Marketing,”

Å 3 / ; 6 - 0 3 4 u - ; ] < 186 N @ ¬ v ^ Å - 6 / - ; 2 b @ h

h p P

n 3 3 A ; / 4 4 @ B P ± P ^

h o o p

b P

“Customer Value: The Next Source for

Competitive Advantage,”

Å 3 / ; 6 - 0 3 4 1J < : . - A < 7 2 3 4

u - ; ] < 186 N ­ . 8< 6 . < @ _ i ^ _ b @ h s o

References

Related documents

was enlisted to provide project management and technical services for the charity auction of these wonderful creatures, lighting, video, sound and staging were all provided.

This study aimed to discover whether or not the dimensions of centrality/success and happiness in materialistic value were able to predict compulsive

In this same national telephone survey, the reasons given by current daily smokers for why they chose to smoke Ultra-Light/Light cigarettes were: step toward quitting (49/30

Resolution ratifying an Emergency Contract award to Atalain US Northeast, llc., for the disinfecting of various City buildings for the Department of Public Works, Division of

, 181 P.3d at 312 (holding construction defect liability was not covered under additional- insured endorsement because it arose out of subcontractor’s

Board of Directors, Chicago Central District, Church Of The Nazarene, Bourbonnais, Illinois: We have compiled the accompanying financial statements of Chicago Central

It will enable participants to understand the organisation and process of communications activity, media, advertising campaigns, communication methods in major media, research,

This section presents the Institutional Framework for environmental management within the LMSEP. The purpose of this ESMF is to ensure that environmental and social management is