Sumatran tiger
The Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) is a raretiger subspecies that inhabits the Indonesian island of Sumatra. It has been listed asCritically Endangeredon theIUCN Red Listin 2008 as the population was esti-mated at 441 to 679 individuals, with no subpopulation larger than 50 individuals and a declining trend.[1] The Sumatran tiger is the only surviving member of the Sunda Islandsgroup of tigers that included the now ex-tinctBali tigerandJavan tiger.[2]Sequencesfrom com-pletemitochondrial genesof 34 tigers support the hypoth-esis that Sumatran tigers are diagnostically distinct from mainland populations.[3]
1
Characteristics
Sumatran tiger in theMelbourne Zoo
Pocockfirst described the Sumatran tiger on the basis of severalskull, pelage andstriping features in which it is distinct from theIndianandJavan tigers. It is darker in fur colour and has thicker stripes than the Javan tiger.[4] Stripes tend to disintegrate into spots near their ends, and lines of small dark specks between regular stripes may be found on the back, flanks and hind legs.[5]The frequency of stripes is higher than in other subspecies.[6]
Males have a prominent ruff, which is especially marked in the Sumatran tiger.[7]
The Sumatran tiger is one of the smallest tiger subspecies.[8]Males weigh 100 to 140 kg (220 to 310 lb) and measure 2.2 to 2.55 m (87 to 100 in) in length be-tween the pegs with a greatest length of skull of 295 to 335 mm (11.6 to 13.2 in). Females weigh 75 to 110 kg (165 to 243 lb) and measure 215 to 230 cm (85 to 91 in) in length between the pegs with a greatest length of skull of 263 to 294 mm (10.4 to 11.6 in).[5]
2 Evolution
Analysis of DNAis consistent with the hypothesis that Sumatran tigers became isolated from other tiger pop-ulations after a rise in sea level that occurred at the Pleistocene to Holocene border about 12,000–6,000 years ago. In agreement with this evolutionary history, the Sumatran tiger is genetically isolated from all living mainland tigers, which form a distinct group closely re-lated to each other.[3]
3 Distribution and habitat
A Sumatran tiger atTierpark Berlin,Germany.
Sumatran tigers persist in isolated populations across Sumatra.[9]They occupy a wide array of habitats, rang-ing fromsea levelin the coastal lowland forest ofBukit Barisan Selatan National Park on the southeastern tip ofLampung Provinceto 3,200 m (10,500 ft) in moun-tain forests of Gunung Leuser National Park in Aceh Province. They have been repeatedly photographed at 2,600 m (8,500 ft) in a rugged region of northern Suma-tra, and are present in 27 habitat patches larger than 250 km2(97 sq mi).[10]
In 1978, the Sumatran tiger population was estimated at 1,000 individuals,[11] based on responses to a ques-tionnaire survey.[12] In 1985, a total of 26 protected ar-eas across Sumatra containing approximately 800 tigers were identified.[13] In 1992, it was estimated that 400– 500 tigers lived in fivenational parksand twoprotected areas.[14]
At that time the largest population, comprising 110-180 individuals, was reported from the Gunung Leuser Na-tional Park.[15]However, a more recent study shows that
theKerinci Seblat National Parkin central Sumatra has the highest population of tigers on the island, estimated to be at 165–190 individuals. The park also was shown to have the highest tiger occupancy rate of the protected areas, with 83% of the park showing signs of tigers.[16] There are more tigers in the Kerinci Seblat National Park (KSNP) than in all ofNepal, and more than inChina, Laos,CambodiaandVietnamcombined.[17][18]
4
Ecology and behaviour
Wild Sumatran tiger
Sumatran tigers strongly prefer non-cultivated forest and make little use ofplantationsofacaciaandoil palmeven if these are available. Within natural forest areas they tend to use areas with higher elevation, lower annual rain-fall, farther from forest edge, and closer to forest centres. They prefer forest with dense understory cover and steep slope, and they strongly avoid forest areas with high hu-man influence in the forms of encroachment and settle-ment. In acacia plantations they tend to use areas closer to water, and prefer areas with older plants, more leaf litter and thicker sub-canopy cover. Tiger records in oil palm plantations and in rubber plantations are scarce. The availability of adequate vegetation cover at the ground level serves as an environmental condition fundamentally needed by tigers regardless of the location. Without ade-quate understory cover, tigers are even more vulnerable to persecution by humans. Human disturbance related vari-ables negatively affect tiger occupancy and habitat use. Variables with strong impacts include settlement and en-croachment within forest areas,loggingand the intensity of maintenance in acacia plantations.[19]Camera trapping surveys conducted in southernRiaurevealed an extremely low abundance of potential prey and a low tiger density in peat swamp forestareas. Repeated sampling in the newly establishedTesso Nilo National Parkdocumented a trend of increasing tiger density from 0.90 individuals per 100 km2(39 sq mi) in 2005 to 1.70 individuals per 100 km2
(39 sq mi) in 2008.[20]
In the Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, nine prey species larger than 1 kg (2.2 lb) of body weight were
iden-tified including great argus pheasant, pigtail macaque, porcupine, Malay tapir, wild pig, greater and lesser mouse-deer,muntjacandSambar deer.[9] As Sumatran tigers areapex predatorsin their habitat, the continuing decline in their population numbers is likely to destabilize food chains and lead to various ecosystem changes when these prey species experience a release from predation pressure and increase in numbers.[21]
5 Threats
Group of people at a tiger trap with a tiger in Soepajang, Boven-landen Padang, onSumatra's west coast. (Circa 1895) Major threats include habitat loss due to expansion of palm oil plantations and planting of acacia plantations, prey-base depletion, andillegal tradeprimarily for the do-mestic market.[1]
Tigers need large contiguous forest blocks to thrive.[19] Between 1985 and 1999, forest loss within Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park averaged 2% per year. A total of 661 km2 (255 sq mi) of forest disappeared inside the
park, and 318 km2 (123 sq mi) were lost in a 10-km
buffer, eliminating forest outside the park. Lowland for-est disappeared faster than montane forest, and forests on gentle slopes disappeared faster than forests on steep slopes. Most forest conversion resulted from agricultural development, leading to predictions that by 2010 70% of the park will be in agriculture. Camera-trap data indi-cated avoidance of forest boundaries by tigers. Classifi-cation of forest into core and peripheral forest based on mammal distribution suggests that by 2010, core forest area for tigers will be fragmented and reduced to 20% of remaining forest.[22]
Kerinci Seblat National Park, which has the largest recorded population of tigers, is suffering a high rate of deforestation in its outer regions. Drivers are an unsus-tainable demand for natural resources created by a human population with the highest rate of growth in Indonesia, and a government initiative to increase tree crop planta-tions and high-intensity commercial logging, ultimately
3
promoting forest fires. The majority of the tigers found in the park were relocated to its center where conservation efforts are focused, but issues in the lowland hill forests of the outskirts remain. While being highly suitable tiger habitat, these areas are also heavily targeted by logging ef-forts, which substantially contributes to declines in local tiger numbers.[23]A major driver for forest clearance are oil-palm plantations, which form a major part of Indone-sia’s economy. Global consumption of palm-oil has in-creased five-folds over the past decade, presenting a chal-lenge for many conservation efforts.[24]
The expansion of plantations is also increasing green-house gas emissions, playing a part in anthropogenic climate changeand thus further adding to environmen-tal pressures on endangered species.[25] Climate-based movement of tigers northwards may lead to increased conflict with human populations. From 1987 to 1997, Sumatran tigers reportedly killed 146 people and at least 870 livestock. In West Sumatra, Riau, and Aceh a total of 128 incidents were reported. 265 tigers were killed and 97 captured in response. 35 more tigers were killed from 1998 to 2002. From 2007 to 2010, the tigers caused the death of 9 humans and 25 further tigers were killed.[26] Despite being given full protection in Indonesia and in-ternationally, tiger parts are still found openly in trade in Sumatra. In 1997, it was reported that an estimated 53 tigers had been poached and their parts sold throughout most of Northern Sumatra. Numbers for all of Suma-tra are likely to be higher. It was also found that many of the tigers had been killed by farmers claiming that the tigers were endangering their livestock. These tigers would then be sold to gold shops, souvenir shops, and pharmacies.[27] Farmers are probably the main hunters of tigers in Sumatra.[27]In 2006, surveys were conducted over a seven-month period in 28 cities in seven Suma-tran provinces and nine seaports. A total of 326 re-tail outlets were surveyed, and 33 (10%) were found to have tiger parts for sale, including skins, canines, bones and whiskers. Tiger bones demanded the highest average price of US$116 per kg, followed by canines. There is ev-idence that tiger parts are smuggled out of Indonesia. In July 2005, over 140 kg of tiger bones and 24 skulls were confiscated inTaiwanin a shipment fromJakarta.[28]
6
Conservation
Panthera tigris is listed onCITES Appendix I. Hunting is prohibited in Indonesia.[7]
In 1994, the Indonesian Sumatran Tiger Conservation Strategy addressed the potential crisis that tigers faced in Sumatra. The Sumatran Tiger Project was initiated in June 1995 in and around theWay Kambas National Park in order to ensure the long-term viability of wild Sumatran tigers and to accumulate data on tiger life-history characteristics vital for the management of wild
A Sumatran tiger atMelbourne Zoo,Australia.
A Sumatran tiger atSan Antonio Zoo and Aquarium,Texas.
populations.[29] By August 1999, the teams of the STP had evaluated 52 sites of potential tiger habitat in Lam-pung Province, of which only 15 were intact enough to contain tigers.[30] In the framework of the STP, a community-based conservation programme was initiated to document the tiger-human dimension in the park in order to enable conservation authorities to resolve tiger-human conflicts based on a comprehensive database rather than anecdotes and opinions.[31]
In 2007, the Indonesian Forestry Ministry and Safari Park established cooperation with theAustralia Zoofor the conservation of Sumatran tigers and other endan-gered species. The program includes conserving Suma-tran tigers and other endangered species in the wild, ef-forts to reduce conflicts between tigers and humans, and rehabilitating Sumatran tigers and reintroducing them to their natural habitat. One hectare of the 186-hectare Taman Safariis the world’s only Sumatran tiger captive breeding center that also has asperm bank.[32]
up-surge in political momentum to protect and conserve wildlife and biodiversity. In 2009 Indonesia’s president made a commitment to substantially reduce deforestation and policies across the nation[33] requiring spatial plans that would be environmentally sustainable at national, provincial and district levels.[33] Over the past decade there has been about US $210 million invested into the tiger law enforcement activities that supports forest for-est ranger patrol as well as the implementations of front line law enforcement activities by the Global Tiger Re-covery Plan, which aims to double the number of wild tigers by 2020.[34]
A 2008 study utilized simple spatial analyses on read-ily available datasets to compare the distribution of five ecosystem services across tiger habitat in central Sumatra.[33] The study examined a decade of law en-forcement patrol data within a robustmark and recapture statistical framework to assess the effectiveness of law enforcement interventions in one of Asia’s largest tiger habitats.[33]In 2013-2014, Kerinci Seblat experienced an upsurge in poaching, with the highest annual number of snare traps being removed for a patrol effort similar to previous years. Evidence is scarce and misunderstood on whether the strategies implemented to diminish poach-ing are succeedpoach-ing despite the investment of millions of dollars annually into conservation strategies.
A 2010 study examined a different strategy for promot-ing Sumatran tiger conservation while at the same time deriving a financial profit, by promoting “tiger-friendly” vegetable margarine as an alternative to palm oil. The study concluded that consumers were willing to pay a premium for high quality margarine connected with tiger conservation.[35]
An 110,000-acre conservation area and rehabilitation center,Tambling Wildlife Nature Conservation, has been set up on the edge of a national park on the southern tip of Sumatra (Lampung).[36]On 26 October 2011, a tigress who had been captured with an injured leg in early Octo-ber delivered three male cubs in a temporary cage while waiting for release after her recovery.[37]
On 3 February 2014 three Sumatran tiger cubs were born to a five-year-old tigress[38]inLondon Zoo's Tiger Terri-tory, a £3.6m facility to encourage endangered subspecies of tiger to breed.[39]
7
See also
7.1
Recent
• Bali tiger • Javan tiger7.2 Prehistoric
• Ngandong tiger(Panthera tigris soloensis) • Trinil tiger(Panthera tigris trinilensis) • Wanhsien tiger(Panthera tigris acutidens)
8 References
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[2] Mazák, J. H. & Groves, C. P. (2006). “A tax-onomic revision of the tigers (Panthera tigris)"
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[10] Wibisono, H. T. & Pusarini, W. (2010). “Suma-tran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae): A review of con-servation status”. Integrative Zoology 5 (4): 313– 23. doi:10.1111/j.1749-4877.2010.00219.x. PMID 21392349.
[11] Poston, Lee (2013-10-29). “The final days of the Suma-tran tiger?". CNN.Archivedfrom the original on 2013-11-09.
[12] Borner, M. (1978). “Status and conservation of the Suma-tran tiger”. Carnivore 1 (1): 97–102.
5
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[14] Tilson, R. L., Soemarna, K., Ramono, W. S., Lusli, S., Traylor-Holzer, K., Seal, U. S. (1994). Sumatran Tiger
Populations and Habitat Viability Analysis. Indonesian
Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Con-servation, and IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Spe-cialist Group, Apple Valley.
[15] Griffiths, M. (1994). Population density of Sumatran tigers
in Gunung Leuser National Park, pp. 93–102 in: Tilson,
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Habitat Viability Analysis Report. Directorate of Forest
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[16] Wibisono HT, Linkie M, Guillera-Arroita G, Smith J A, Sunarto; et al. (2011). Gratwicke, Brian, ed.“Population Status of a Cryptic Top Predator: An Island-Wide Assess-ment of Tigers in Sumatran Rainforests”. PLOS ONE6 (11): e25931.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025931.PMC 3206793.PMID 22087218.
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[19] Sunarto, S., Kelly, M. J., Parakkasi, K., Klenzendorf, S., Septayuda, E., Kurniawan, H. (2012). Gratwicke, Brian, ed. “Tigers Need Cover: Multi-Scale Occu-pancy Study of the Big Cat in Sumatran Forest and Plantation Landscapes”. PLoS ONE 7 (1): e30859.
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[20] Sunarto, S. (2011),Ecology and restoration of Sumatran tigers in forest and plantation landscapes (PhD
disserta-tion),Virginia Tech, archived fromthe originalon 2013-05-26
[21] “Periyar Tiger Reserve”. www.periyartigerreserve.org.
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[22] Kinnaird, M. F.; Sanderson, E. W.; O'Brien, T. G.; Wibisono, H.; Woolmer, G. (2003). “Deforestation trends in a tropical landscape and implications for for-est mammals”(PDF).Conservation Biology17: 245–257.
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[24] Campbell, Charlie. “Palm Oil Is Killing the Sumatran Tiger”. Time (0040-718X). Retrieved 2015-10-29.
[25] Aldred, Jessica. “Sumatran deforestation driving cli-mate change and species extinction, report warns”. the
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[26] Wibisono, Hariyo T.; Pusparini, Wulan (2010-12-01).
“Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae): A review of conservation status”. Integrative Zoology 5 (4): 313– 323. doi:10.1111/j.1749-4877.2010.00219.x. ISSN 1749-4877.PMID 21392349.
[27] Plowden, Campbell (1997). “The Illegal Market in Tiger Parts in Northern Sumatra, Indonesia”. Oryx 31: 59.
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[28] Ng, J. and Nemora. (2007). Tiger trade revisited in Sumatra, Indonesia.TrafficSoutheast Asia, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.
[29] Franklin, N., Bastoni, Sriyanto, Siswomartono, D., Man-ansang, J. and R. Tilson (1999). Last of the
Indone-sian tigers: a cause for optimism, pp. 130–147 in:
Sei-densticker, J., Christie, S. and Jackson, P. (eds).
Rid-ing the tiger: tiger conservation in human-dominated land-scapes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,ISBN 0521648351.
[30] Tilson, R. (1999). Sumatran Tiger Project Report No. 17
& 18: July − December 1999. Grant number
1998-0093-059. Indonesian Sumatran Tiger Steering Committee, Jakarta.
[31] Nyhus, P., Sumianto and R. Tilson (1999). The
tiger-human dimension in southeast Sumatra, pp. 144–145 in:
Seidensticker, J., Christie, S. and Jackson, P. (eds).
Rid-ing the tiger: tiger conservation in human-dominated land-scapes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,ISBN 0521648351.
[32] Boediwardhana, Wahyoe (2012-12-15). “Sumatran tiger sperm bank”. The Jakarta Post.Archivedfrom the origi-nal on 2014-10-23.
[33] Bhagabati, Nirmal K.; Ricketts, Taylor; Sulistyawan, Thomas Barano Siswa; Conte, Marc; Ennaanay, Driss; Hadian, Oki; McKenzie, Emily; Olwero, Nasser; Rosenthal, Amy (2014-01-01). “Ecosystem ser-vices reinforce Sumatran tiger conservation in land use plans”. Biological Conservation 169: 147–156.
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[34] Linkie, Matthew; Martyr, Deborah J.; Harihar, Abishek; Risdianto, Dian; Nugraha, Rudijanta T.; Leader-Williams, Nigel; Wong, Wai-Ming (2015-08-01).
“EDITOR'S CHOICE: Safeguarding Sumatran tigers: evaluating effectiveness of law enforcement patrols and local informant networks”. Journal of Applied Ecology 52 (4): 851–860. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12461. ISSN 1365-2664. Missing |last6= in Authors list (help) [35] Bateman, Ian J.; Fisher, Brendan; Fitzherbert,
Emily; Glew, David; Naidoo, Robin (2010-04-01).
“Tigers, markets and palm oil: market poten-tial for conservation”. Oryx 44 (02): 230–234.
doi:10.1017/S0030605309990901.ISSN 1365-3008. [36] Williams, Ian (2010-11-19). “On the prowl for
man-eating tigers”. NBC News. Archivedfrom the original on 2013-11-13.
[37] “Tambling Ketambahan Tiga Anak Harimau”.Media In-donesia. 2011-11-01. Archived from the original on 2012-04-07.English translationatGoogle Translate
[38] “Sumatran tiger cubs born at London Zoo”. BBC News. 2014-03-12. Archivedfrom the original on 2014-03-25. Retrieved 2015-01-15.
[39] Aldred, Jessica (2014-03-13). “Sumatran tiger triplets born at London zoo”. The Guardian. Archivedfrom the original on 2014-10-24. Retrieved 2015-01-15.
9
External links
• “Species portrait Panthera tigris". International Union for Conservation of Nature/SSC Cat Special-ist Group. Archivedfrom the original on 2014-11-12. and“short portrait P. t. sumatrae". International Union for Conservation of Nature/SSC Cat Special-ist Group. Archivedfrom the original on 2014-12-13.
• “Sumatran Tiger Trust Conservation Program”. World Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Archivedfrom the original on 2015-03-01. • “Tiger Facts − Sumatran Tiger”. The Tiger
7
10
Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
10.1 Text
• Sumatran tiger Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatran_tiger?oldid=723914749Contributors: Earth, Felsenst, Muriel
Got-trop~enwiki, Fvw, PuzzletChung, Nurg, Ashley Y, UtherSRG, Rdsmith4, Vsmith, Arthur Holland, Bender235, Hapsiainen, Quartier-Latin1968, Shanes, Bobo192, Circeus, Fir0002, A2Kafir, Alansohn, Ctande, Velella, BanyanTree, Emvee~enwiki, Kenyon, Ajshm, Rtcpenguin, Graham87, Rjwilmsi, Funnyhat, Plastictv, Osprey39, Maitch, Winhunter, Hottentot, Wongm, DVdm, Gdrbot, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, Wavelength, JarrahTree, Okedem, Rsrikanth05, Nicke L, Ejdzej, Porthugh, TDogg310, Bota47, E Wing, Superstark-ing89, Allens, Katieh5584, SmackBot, Gilmeister27, Unschool, Maelwys, Hydrogen Iodide, McGeddon, Pmaas, C.Fred, Ntk53s, Fran-cisco Valverde, Gilliam, Skizzik, Hectorguinness, Chris the speller, Rakela, BeccaRPerp, Arsonal, Darth Panda, GeorgeMoney, AltheaJ, Khoikhoi, Aldaron, Nakon, Caniago, Mammalia, Beyazid, SashatoBot, Heimstern, Gobonobo, Mgiganteus1, Davemcarlson, RCIWes-ner, Lancini87, IvanLanin, Wildtiger, Gilabrand, JayHenry, Tawkerbot2, Ale jrb, PoetrixViridis, Cockroach.org.uk, Beastie Bot, Pink-floyd5040, Metanoid, Nol888, Altaileopard, Epbr123, Ante Aikio, Merbabu, WinBot, Seaphoto, AtikuX, MikeLynch, JAnDbot, Dan D. Ric, PhilKnight, CHD~enwiki, Kerotan, VoABot II, Barbagianni potente, Fabrictramp, 28421u2232nfenfcenc, Dmano, Dirigible Plum, J.delanoy, Jolo Buki~enwiki, Uncle Dick, Eliz81, Vanished User 4517, VolkovBot, Thomas.W, Jeff G., Flavio.brandani, Kaiwynn, TXiK-iBoT, Oshwah, Synthebot, Turgan, Logan, W4chris, Fanatix, SieBot, Sonicology, Oz Spinner, Phe-bot, Flyer22 Reborn, Faradayplank, Polbot, NicolasJz, Stfg, Cyfal, Huku-chan, LeoGard, Denisarona, ImageRemovalBot, ClueBot, The Thing That Should Not Be, Inap-propriatePenguin, Yanri, Drmies, CounterVandalismBot, Brazilian Tiger, Excirial, Alexbot, TonyBallioni, 21CT, Ludwigs2, Razorflame, Elizium23, Staygyro, Browneatmidnight, 7, XLinkBot, BhagyaMani, Addbot, Wakablogger2, ConCompS, DOI bot, Agripio, Ronhjones, MrOllie, Ria194, Ahrie, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Mtminchi08, LuK3, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Collectable, Zheliel, Ptbotgourou, Senator Palpa-tine, Persian Gulf 4ever, Mmxx, Nallimbot, MassimoAr, Derricw, AnomieBOT, Akhran, JackieBot, Ulric1313, Flewis, Materialscien-tist, Xqbot, JimVC3, Tad Lincoln, Almabot, GrouchoBot, Frankie0607, Isym444, Fiskehaps, Shadowjams, Joaquin008, A.amitkumar, Thehelpfulbot, Donnan45, Legionsofmarduk, Donnan5, Drakenwolf, Girlwithgreeneyes, Rigaudon, Citation bot 1, Pinethicket, Vice-narian, MJ94, Yahia.barie, RedBot, ScottMHoward, Tea with toast, Elekhh, TobeBot, Wakeffra, Fama Clamosa, Ninjakeg, Brian the Editor, R.Y.D.E.R RHOKZ, Sighsolid, DASHBot, EmausBot, John of Reading, Dewritech, Wikipelli, Dcirovic, 1brettsnyder, Captain Herbert, Wayne Slam, Demiurge1000, Gsarwa, Bulwersator, ةيناريد دابع, DASHBotAV, Petrb, ClueBot NG, MelbourneStar, Little-Jerry, Millermk, Microsafety, Frietjes, Cntras, Primergrey, Widr, ZieglerHn, Perisan Prince TT, HMSSolent, BG19bot, Metricopolus, Vegimite lucy, Kimelea, Nav-NJITWILL, APOCalypseSAS, Matty1234565, Amur facts, EuroCarGT, Tow, SuperDeej, Frosty, Nichollas Harrison, ProsserRose00, The Anonymouse, Epicgenius, ح.لیهس, Ginsuloft, Wumam322, Monkbot, Cfgyhnudc, FierceJake754, HM-SLavender, Editor abcdef, Demarcus1412, Christina1969, EnricoPoetra, Robuer, Elmidae, Seahawkman12, Jdcomix, Piptock, Leo1pard, Tepigtl1234, OrganicEarth, 09b ext2015, Omni Flames and Anonymous: 341
10.2 Images
• File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Groep_mensen_bij_tijgerval_met_tijger_te_Soepajang_Padangse_Bovenlanden_
Sumatra`s_Westkust_TMnr_60003566.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/COLLECTIE_ TROPENMUSEUM_Groep_mensen_bij_tijgerval_met_tijger_te_Soepajang_Padangse_Bovenlanden_Sumatra%60s_Westkust_ TMnr_60003566.jpgLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:TropenmuseumOriginal artist:Christiaan Benjamin Nieuwenhuis
• File:Commons-logo.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svgLicense: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contribu-tors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svgLicense: Public
do-main Contributors: Law: s:id:Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2009 (http://badanbahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/ lamanbahasa/sites/default/files/UU_2009_24.pdf) Original artist: Drawn byUser:SKopp, rewritten byUser:Gabbe
• File:Indrah_the_Sumatran_Tiger.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Indrah_the_Sumatran_Tiger. jpgLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist:Nichollas Harrison
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