Respiration-Larsen[1].ppt

(1)

(2)

I.

Pulmonary Ventilation

 Gas exchange between atmosphere and _{Gas exchange between atmosphere and}

lungs. Gas flow in is regulated by pressure

differences.

(3)

 Respiration _Respirationis the process of bringing in is the process of bringing in oxygen to supply the blood cells with, and oxygen to supply the blood cells with, and

removing carbon dioxide produced by removing carbon dioxide produced by

cellular activity (cellular respiration). cellular activity (cellular respiration).

Respiration is made up of three Respiration is made up of three

processes: 1) Pulmonary Ventilation processes: 1) Pulmonary Ventilation

2) External Respiration2) External Respiration

(4)

A. Process of Inspiration

(breathing in)

1.

1. Volume of thoracic cavity changesVolume of thoracic cavity changes

a. The volume increases and the pressure

decreases.

b. The inspiration muscles (diaphragm and the

intercostals) contract.

i. Diaphragm flattens (it is usually

curved up).curved up).

ii. Intercostals pull the ribs up and

the

(5)

(6)

2. Pressure

 The pressure in the _{The pressure in the}

lungs (alveolar

pressure) needs to

decrease so the air

will rush into the

lungs, stretching the

lungs. This happens

when the volume

increases.

(7)

B. Process of Expiration

(breathing out)

1.

1. Volume of thoracic cavity decreases.Volume of thoracic cavity decreases. a. Lungs recoils as the air exits.

a. Lungs recoils as the air exits.

b. The diaphragm and inspiration

muscles relax.

2. Pressure increases – the air exits the

lungs.

(8)

II. External Respiration

 The movement of _{The movement of}

oxygen and carbon

dioxide between the

alveoli of the lungs and

the pulmonary

capillaries across the

alveoli-capillary

membrane

(9)

A.

A. CarbaminohemoglobinCarbaminohemoglobin breaks down breaks down into carbon dioxide and hemoglobin.

into carbon dioxide and hemoglobin.

B.

B. Carbon dioxide moves out of the lung Carbon dioxide moves out of the lung capillary blood and into the alveolar air

capillary blood and into the alveolar air

and out of the body when expired air

leaves.

C.

C. Oxygen moves into lung capillary blood.Oxygen moves into lung capillary blood. D.

D. Oxygen combines with hemoglobin and Oxygen combines with hemoglobin and forms

forms oxyhemoglobin.oxyhemoglobin.

(10)

III. Internal Respiration

 The movement _{The movement}

of oxygen and

carbon dioxide

between the

tissue

capillaries and

the tissue cells.

(11)

Internal Respiration

A.

A. Oxyhemoglobin breaks down and forms Oxyhemoglobin breaks down and forms oxygen and hemoglobin.

oxygen and hemoglobin.

B.

B. Oxygen goes from the capillary blood _{Oxygen goes from the capillary blood}

into tissue cells.

C.

C. Carbon dioxide goes from the tissue Carbon dioxide goes from the tissue cells to the capillary blood.

cells to the capillary blood.

D.

D. Carbon dioxide combines with Carbon dioxide combines with hemoglobin making

hemoglobin making

carbaminohemoglobin.

(12)

 _{Oxygen and Carbon dioxide always flow}_{Oxygen and Carbon dioxide always flow}

from an area of high concentration to an

area of low concentration (diffusion!)

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Organ Anatomy & Function

I.

I. Overall functionOverall function

A. Bring in oxygen (inspiration) and

expel carbon dioxide (expiration) and

exchange these gases.

B. Produce sound.

C. Filter air and eliminate waste.

(14)

II. Mucous Membrane

(MM)

A.

A. Lines the air Lines the air passageways

passageways

B.

B. Covered with Covered with mucous to trap

mucous to trap

foreign particles.

C.

C. Contain cilia which Contain cilia which move the trapped

move the trapped

particle out of the

respiratory system.

(15)

III. Organs of Upper

Respiratory Tract

A.

A. Nose – warms and moistens air; Nose – warms and moistens air; contains sense organs

contains sense organs

1.

1. External Nares – nostrilsExternal Nares – nostrils 2.

2. Nasal Cavity – hollow chamber behind the Nasal Cavity – hollow chamber behind the nose

nose

3.

3. Nasal Conchae – membrane folds to Nasal Conchae – membrane folds to increase surface area

increase surface area

4.

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Nose

5. Nasal Hairs – filter air and trap particles

6. Paranasal Sinuses – hollow spaces lined with

MM that aid in sound production.

(17)

B. Pharynx

 _{Passageway for food liquid and}_{Passageway for food liquid and} air. Lined with MM.

air. Lined with MM.

1.

1. Position – intermediate to the Position – intermediate to the nasal/oral cavity and the

nasal/oral cavity and the

vertebrae

2.

2. Divisions Divisions

a. Nasopharynx – opens to

auditory tubes; receives air

from nasal cavity.

b. Oropharynx – common

pathway for food, liquid, and

air; contains opening from the

mouth.

c. Laryngopharynx – connect

esophogus and larynx

(18)

IV. Organs of the Lower

Respiratory Tract

A.

A. Larynx – passageway for air only; aides in Larynx – passageway for air only; aides in sound production

sound production

1. Rings of Cartilage 1. Rings of Cartilage a. Three single rings a. Three single rings

1. Thyroid cartilage - (Adam’s apple) 1. Thyroid cartilage - (Adam’s apple)

Covers the front of larynx_{Covers the front of larynx}

2. Epiglottis – flat that covers larynx 2. Epiglottis – flat that covers larynx

(19)

Larynx, cont.

b. Three paired rings

1. Cricoid – 1

1. Cricoid – 1stst ring _ring of trachea

of trachea

2. Arytenoid – rings

that help voice

production

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2. Vocal Cords

 Ligaments in Pharynx_{Ligaments in Pharynx}

1. True cords – produce sound

2. False cords – blocks particles from entering

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B. Trachea

 _{Passageway for air, connect larynx to the}_{Passageway for air, connect larynx to the}

bronchi lined with MM

1.

1. Tube made of C rings of cartilage, they are Tube made of C rings of cartilage, they are for support and to hold the trachea open.

for support and to hold the trachea open.

2.

2. Obstruction of tracheaObstruction of trachea a.

a. Can result in death within seconds_{Can result in death within seconds}

b.

b. Tracheostomy – incision in the trachea _{Tracheostomy – incision in the trachea}

below the obstruction to make an

emergency airway

(22)

C. Bronchi

 _{Branches of the trachea (left and right),}_{Branches of the trachea (left and right),}

line with MM, composed of cartilage rings.

1.

1. Branches _Branches

a. Primary

b. Secondary

c. Tertiary

2. Bronchial Tree – many sets of bronchial

branches, looks like an upside down tree

(23)

D. Bronchioles

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E. Alveolar Ducts

 Microscopic cavity _{Microscopic cavity}

at the end of the

bronchioles.

1.

1. Each duct ends in a Each duct ends in a sac with many

sac with many

alveoli

*Alveoli – exchange

point of oxygen and

carbon dioxide with

the blood capillary.

(25)

F. Lungs

 _{Cone shaped organs responsible for}_{Cone shaped organs responsible for}

breathing

a.

a. Base – bottom of lung_{Base – bottom of lung}

b.

b. Apex – narrow top portionApex – narrow top portion c.

c. Hilus – where bronchus enters lungHilus – where bronchus enters lung d.

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Lungs

a.

a. Lobes – each lung is divided into lobesLobes – each lung is divided into lobes a. Right Lung has 3 lobes

a. Right Lung has 3 lobes

1. Superior

2. Middle

3. inferior

b. Left lung has 2 lobes

1. Superiof

(27)

Pulmonary Volumes and

Capacities

Pulmonary Volumes

Pulmonary Volumes (normal rate: 12-18 (normal rate: 12-18 breaths/minute)

breaths/minute)

1.Tidal Volume (TV) – amount normally

breathed in or out with each breath

2. Inspiratory Reserve Volume

2. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) – (IRV) – amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled

amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled

after a normal inspiration

(28)

Pulmonary Volumes,

Cont.

3. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) –

amount of air that can be forcibly

exhaled after expiring tidal volume

4. Residual Volume (RV) – amount of air

left in lungs after forceful exhalation.

(29)

Pulmonary Capacities

1.

1. Inspiratory Capacity (IC) – max. amount Inspiratory Capacity (IC) – max. amount of air that can be inhaled after normal

of air that can be inhaled after normal

expiration. IC = TV + IRV

2.

2. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) – Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) – amount of air left in lungs after normal

amount of air left in lungs after normal

tidal expiration. FRC = ERV + RV

(30)

Pulmonary Capacities

Cont.

3. Vital Capacity (VC) – max amount of air

that can forcefully be expired after max

inspiration. VC = TV + IRV + ERV

4. Total Lung Capacity (TLC) – max

amount of air in lungs following max

inspiration

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Controls of Respiration

and Homeostasis

I.

I. Respiratory CenterRespiratory Center

A. The respiratory center is a group of

neurons located in the medulla

oblongata and the pons of the brain

stem.

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B. The neuron groups work together differently to

send impulses to the respiratory muscles that

control the size of the thoracic cavity which

controls breathing.

1. Medullary rhythmicity area controls the normal

rhythm of breathing.

a. The

a. The Inspiratory areaInspiratory area controls the controls the

impulses sent via the nerves to the inspiratory

muscles (diaphragm and intercostals).

b. The

b. The Expiratory area Expiratory area sends impulses via sends impulses via nerves to expiratory muscles for force expiration.

nerves to expiratory muscles for force expiration.

During normal breathing this area is inactive.

(34)

2.

2. Pneumotaxic Area - Pneumotaxic Area -

located in the upper pons,

it brings on expiration by

inhibiting or limiting

inspiration.

3.

3. Apneustic Area Apneustic Area – located – located in lower pons, prolongs

in lower pons, prolongs

inspiration by inhibiting

expiration. The

pneumotaxic area can

override this response.

(35)

II. Regulator of Breathing

A.

A. The direct connection to the cerebral The direct connection to the cerebral cortex allows the voluntary regulation

cortex allows the voluntary regulation

breathing patterns.

B.

B. Stretch receptors on the lungs send Stretch receptors on the lungs send signal to Respiratory Center to inhibit

signal to Respiratory Center to inhibit

inspiration so lungs don’t overstretch.

This is called the

(36)

C. Chemoreceptors sense changes in the

CO

CO₂₂ and H and H++ levels. If they increase too _{levels. If they increase too}

much (hypercapnia), these receptors send

signals to the chemosensitive area in the

medulla oblongata to increase breathing

rate.

D. Temperature is directly related to the rate

of respiration. As the temp. decreases, so

does the respiration rate. A sudden drop in

temperature can cause

temperature can cause apneaapnea, a , a temporary stop in breathing.

(37)

E. Prolonged pain can also increase the

respiration rate.

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