Memory PowerPoint

Focus/ review

True or False??

• Once people learn to ride a bicycle, they probably will never forget how.

• The best way to remember something is to repeat it many times.

• People with photographic memory are rare.

• Once people learn to ride a bicycle, they probably will never forget how.

– True: Skill memories tend to last, even when they are not used regularly.

• The best way to remember something is to repeat it many times.

– False: It is more effective to find a meaning in new information, or to find and application for it.

• People with photographic memory are rare.

– True

There are certain tricks you can use to improve your memory.

Main Objective

:

Compare AND Contrast the 3 KINDS of

What is Memory?

• Memory:

– The process by which we recollect prior

experiences and information and skills learned in the past.

• 3 KINDS of Memory:

Episodic Memory:

• Memory of a specific event.

– EX: What did you eat for dinner last night?

• It’s as if we photograph it in every detail:

– Flashbulb memories.

• EX: Traumatic event, first love, marriage, birth of child.

Semantic Memory

:

• General knowledge that people remember.

– Examples:

• Who was the first president of U.S.? • Learning the alphabet

• Knowing you need oxygen to live.

Both

Episodic

&

Semantic

Memory

…

• Considered to be explicit memory:

Implicit Memory:

• Consists of skills or procedures you have learned.

– Examples:

• Throwing a ball • Riding a bike • Swimming

• Playing the piano • Driving a car

Chapter 7: Section 2

Main Objective

:

No peeking!!!

• How many sides do most pencils have?

• In what hand does the Statue of Liberty

3 Main

Processes

of Memory

:

Encoding

:

• The translation of information into a form in which it can be stored.

– 1st stage of processing information!

– Example:

• Encoding light waves into a physical stimulus.

• Different types of codes necessary in order to process:

OTTFFSSENT

Visual Codes

:

Acoustic Codes

:

• Record letters in memory as a sequence of sounds.

Semantic Codes

:

• Related to meaning. • EX:

– Making sense out of letters. (“sent”) – Make a sentence out of all letters.

• “Only Tiny Tots Feel Friendly…”

– Letters represented first letters in the numbers

1-10.

Storage

:

• 2nd process of memory

• Maintenance of encoded information over a period of time.

• Strategies to store new information:

Maintenance Rehearsal

:

• Repeating information over and over again to keep from forgetting it.

– EX:

Elaborative Rehearsal

:

• Creates a meaningful link between new

information and information already known.

Organizational Systems

:

• As memory develops, it organizes

Now, write down the 12 months

of the year in

alphabetical

order

!!

Did this take longer????

How do you organize….

• Notebook • Closet

• Bookbag • Car

Filing Errors:

• Ability to remember information is subject to error.

Retrieval:

• 3

No Peeking!!

What letters did you memorize??

What encoding method did you use this

Hmmmmm… which spelling is

correct???

• Retrieval • Retreival

• Better Approach?:

Concepts related to Retrieval:

Context-Dependent Memory

State-Dependent Memory

Context-Dependent Memory:

• Information that is more easily retrieved in the context in which it was encoded and stored.

– EX: Going back to old middle/elementary school.

• Findings suggest that ability to retrieve

memories is GREATER when people are in the place or situation in which they stored memories to begin with.

– EX: Studying in classroom where you will take test. • Taking witnesses to scene of crime to

improve memories.

• Old song may bring back memories:

Memories….

State-Dependent Memory

:

• Memories that are retrieved because the

mood in which they were originally

encoded is re-created.

– EX:

On the Tip of the Tongue:

• “Feeling-of-knowing experience”

Memory Activity

In Powerschools, this assignment is labeled as memory activity.

• Write a narrative of your favorite family memory (vacation, time at home, etc).

Where were you, describe the place, what smells, tastes, sounds do you remember (be specific). How do you remember

feeling?

• What types of encoding must you have used in this memory? Are there any you did not use.

F & R

• What is the difference between explicit and implicit memories?

• Who are the fathers of structuralism, fundamentalism, or behavorism?

F & R

• Three kinds of memory

Answers to Vocabulary:

Chunking: The process of taking single items of information and collecting them based on similarity, association, or other organizing principles, into larger wholes. Engram: The hypothesized chemical change in the brain resulting from the storing of memory information; also called memory traces.

Functional Amnesia: A severe type of memory loss caused by psychological factors such as anxiety, hysteria, or repression.

Mnemonic: Technique or device used to aid in memorization.

Organic Amnesia: A permanent form of memory loss, resulting from biological devastation to the brain, such as disease, alcoholism, chemical poisoning, and senility.

Chapter 7: Section 3

Main Objective:

Identify the 3 STAGES of memory, and explain how they are related to each

3

STAGES

of Memory:

Sensory Memory

Short-Term Memory

Sensory Memory:

• 1st

stage

• Consists of the immediate, initial recording of information that enters through our

senses.

• Sensory memory decays within a second!

Think about the following:

• Think about all the sights, sounds, and smells you encounter as you walk to class on a typical morning. Consider how your life would be

different if these thousands of stimuli were recorded in your memory in vivid detail.

• Would this be a help or a hindrance to normal, everyday functioning Why?

• Sensory memory serves as a filter for stimuli that would otherwise overwhelm your

3 concepts involved in

Sensory Memory

:

Iconic Memory

Eidetic imagery

Iconic Memory

• The sensory register that briefly holds mental images of visual stimuli.

– “Snapshots”

Eidetic Imagery:

• Ability to remember visual stimuli over long periods of time.

– “Photographic memory”

– What is the truth about Photographic Memory???

• Read short article

Echoic Memory:

• The sensory register in which traces of sounds are held and may be retrieved within several seconds.

Examples of

Echoic memory

:

Short-Term Memory:

• 2nd stage of memory

• Also called “working memory”

• Memory that holds

information briefly before it is stored or forgotten.

– EX: Meeting new person.

Multiply the following

IN YOUR HEAD

!!

26 x 8

Concepts of Short-Term

Memory

:

Primacy & Recency Effects

Chunking

The Primacy & Recency Effects

:

• Primacy Effect:

– Tendency to recall the FIRST items in a series of items.

• Recency Effect:

Remember these words WITHOUT writing them down! (15 seconds)

Chunking

:

• Organization of items into familiar or

manageable units.

• George Miller:

– Found average person holds a list of seven items in short-term memory.

• EX: Telephone # (…separate chunking with area code)

• Businesses will obtain # with many zeros or repeated digits. (less chunking involved)

Remember this number:

(15 seconds)

Now, remember #’s by using this

approach

:

177618611865193919452018

• 1776: America gained Independence from

Britain.

• 1861: Beginning of Civil War

• 1865: End of Civil War

• 1939: Beginning of WWII

• 1945: End of WWII

Interference

:

• Occurs when new information appears in short-term memory and takes the place of what is already there.

Long-Term Memory

:

• The type or stage of memory capable of

large and relatively permanent storage.

• Several concepts involved:

– Capacity of Memory

Capacity of Memory:

• Memory is limited by amount of attention

we pay to things.

• Long-term memory are incidents and

experiences that have the greatest impact

Memory as Reconstructive

:

• We tend to remember things in

accordance with our beliefs and needs

Schemas

:

• An idea or mental framework that helps one organize and interpret information.

Did any of you include the word

“Sleep”???

• Why did you do this?

Remembering and Forgetting

Video…about 30 minutes

Complete the following throughout video:

1. Define the following:

• Chunking • Engram

• Functional Amnesia • Mnemonic

• Organic Amnesia

• Serial Position Effect

What is

Occupational Therapy

?

• They help people across their lifespan to participate in the things they want and need to do through the therapeutic use of everyday activities (occupations).

• Common occupational therapy interventions include:

– Helping children with disabilities to participate fully in school and social situations.

Focus/ REVIEW

Chapter 7: Section 4

Main Objective:

Describe the ways

• Memory decays almost immediately unless you pay attention to it and transfer it into short-term memory.

Basic Memory Tasks:

Recognition

Recall

Recognition

:

• Involves identifying objects or events that have been encountered before.

• Easiest of tasks!!

– EX:

• Multiple choice test

What are the names of the Seven Dwarfs? • Grouchy • Gabby • Fearful • Sleepy • Pop • Smiley • Jumpy • Hopeful • Shy • Droopy • Dopey • Wishful • Puffy • Dumpy • Sneezy • Lazy • Wheezy • Doc • Grumpy • Bashful • Cheerful

• Short Do NOT say names out loud!!! • Happy

• Bashful: Long beard; Brown top, green hat, long eyelashes

• Doc: Short beard; Red tunic, brown hat, glasses

• Dopey: Beardless; Green tunic, purple hat, big ears

• Grumpy: Long beard; Red tunic, brown hat, scowl

• Happy: Short beard; Brown top, orange headpiece, smile

• Sleepy: Long beard; Green top, blue hat, heavy eyelids

Recall

:

• Retrieval of learned information.

• EX: Paired associates:

– Remembering a Spanish word by pairing it with an English word that has similar

meaning.

Relearning

:

• Learning material a second time, usually

in less time than it was originally learned.

• EX: Describe the components of a neuron.

Different Kinds of Forgetting;

• “Normal forgetting” due to interference and

decay:

More extreme kinds of

forgetting:

Repression

Repression

:

• Sigmund Freud believed we push away or repress unpleasant or painful memories.

Amnesia

:

• Severe memory loss caused by brain injury, shock, fatigue, illness, or repression.

Several types of Amnesia:

– Infantile – Anterograde

Infantile Amnesia:

• The inability to remember events that

occurred during one’s early years

(before age 3).

• Causes:

– Freudian view:

• Repression.

– Other psychologists:

Biological and Cognitive Factors

:

• Hippocampus (storage of memory) does

NOT fully mature until about 2 years old.

Other Cognitive Reasons for

Infantile Amnesia:

• Infants are not particularly interested in remembering the past year.

• Infants, unlike older children and adults, tend not

to weave episodes together into meaningful

stories of their lives. Information about specific episodes thus tends to be lost.

• Infants do not make reliable use of language to

symbolize or classify events. Their ability to encode sensory

Anterograde Amnesia

:

• Inability to form NEW memories:

– Causes: damage to hippocampus

Retrograde Amnesia

:

• People forget the period leading up to a traumatic event.

• EX:

– Not remembering events leading up to a car accident/athletic injury.

• EXTREME CASES:

Improving

Memory:

Drill & Practice

Relate to things you already know

Form unusual associations

Construct links

Drill & Practice:

• Repetition

• EX: Flashcards

Relate Things You Already

Know

:

• Also known as “elaborative rehearsal”

Form Unusual Associations:

• The more unusual the association, the more effective it will probably be.

• Examples:

– “A U”, with the gold necklace down there

• (element for gold)

– Would you please pass the salt…”Na”!!!!

• (element for sodium)

Construct Links:

• Constructing links between items.

• EX:

– Remembering peso

Mnemonic Devices:

• Systems for remembering information.

• EX:

– Jingles, rhyming, etc…. – “HOMES”: 5 Great Lakes

Law of attraction

Switch Roles:

• Think of 12 locations at your school

– (EX: classroom, commons, library, etc….)

– Say these 12 locations out loud to your group member.

• Then give your group member a list of 12 items

commonly found in a restaurant, such as Food, tables, waiters, cash register, etc….

• Tell your partner to imagine one of these items in each of the 12 locations. (EX: Some teachers allow food in their classrooms.

• After students do this for each of the 12 items, have them mentally work through your school and recall the list of 12 items.

Pair Up!!

• Think of 12 locations in your home

– (EX: den, kitchen, garage, closet, etc….)

– Say these 12 locations out loud to your group member.

• Then give your group member a list of 12 items

commonly found in a classroom, such as SmartBoard, pencil, etc….

• Tell your partner to imagine one of these items in each of the 12 locations. (EX: In the den, you watch movies

from a SmartBoard)

• After students do this for each of the 12 items, have

them mentally work through your house and recall the list of 12 items.

Activity

:

• Create a flyer that includes ways to improve the memory of high school students.

• Choose several strategies psychologists have

identified (at least 5 from Chapter 7) that people can use to improve their memory.

– I would like for you to find at least ONE from each

section!

• Be creative!!!