Sentence Diagramming 1

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Sentence

Diagraming

G

LENCOE

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ANGUAGE

A

RTS

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Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such material be to reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with Glencoe Language Arts products. without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with Glencoe Language Arts products. Any other reprodu

Any other reproduction, for use or sale, is prohibitction, for use or sale, is prohibited without written peed without written permission of thermission of the publisher.

publisher.

Send all inquiries to: Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place 8787 Orion Place Columbus, Ohio 43240 Columbus, Ohio 43240 ISBN 0-07-824702-0 ISBN 0-07-824702-0 Sentence Diagraming

Sentence Diagraming is a is a blackline master workbook that offers samples,blackline master workbook that offers samples, exercises, and step-by-step instructions to expand

exercises, and step-by-step instructions to expand students’ knowledge of students’ knowledge of grammar and sentence structure. Each lesson teaches a

grammar and sentence structure. Each lesson teaches a part of a part of a sentencesentence and then illustrates a way to diagram it. Designed for students at all levels, and then illustrates a way to diagram it. Designed for students at all levels, Sentence Diagraming

Sentence Diagraming provides students with a tool provides students with a tool for understanding writtenfor understanding written and spoken English.

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L

Le

es

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1

1 Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates I

Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates I

. . . .. . .

2

Simple subject and simple predicate Simple subject and simple predicate Understood subject

Understood subject

L

Le

es

ss

so

on

n

2

2 Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates II

Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates II

. . . .. . .

3

Simple subject or simple predicate having more than one word Simple subject or simple predicate having more than one word Simple subject and simple predicate in inverted order

Simple subject and simple predicate in inverted order

L

Le

es

ss

so

on

n

3

3 Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates I

Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates I

. . . .. . .

5

Compound subject Compound subject

L

Le

es

ss

so

on

n

4

4 Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates II

Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates II

. . . .. . .

6

Compound predicate Compound predicate

L

Le

es

ss

so

on

n

5

5 Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates III

Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates III

. . . .. . .

7

Compound subject and compound predicate Compound subject and compound predicate

L

e

es

ss

so

on

n

6

6 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects I

Direct Objects and Indirect Objects I

. . . .. . .

8

Direct object Direct object

L

Le

es

ss

so

on

n

7

7 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects II

Direct Objects and Indirect Objects II

. . . .. . .

9

Compound direct object Compound direct object

L

Le

es

ss

so

on

n

8

8 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects III

Direct Objects and Indirect Objects III

. . . .. . .

10

Indirect object Indirect object

L

Le

es

ss

so

on

n

9

9 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects IV

Direct Objects and Indirect Objects IV

. . . .. . .

11

Compound verb with direct and indirect objects Compound verb with direct and indirect objects

Le

ss

sson

on

10

10 Adj

Adj

ect

ive

s

and

Adv

erb

erbs

s

I

. . . .. . .

13

Adjectives Adjectives

Le

ss

sson

on

11

11 Adj

Adj

ect

ive

s

and

Adv

erb

erbs

s

II

. . . .. . .

15

Adverbs Adverbs

Adverbs modifying verbs Adverbs modifying verbs

Le

ss

sson

on

12

12 Adj

Adj

ect

ive

s

and

Adv

erb

erbs

s

III

. . . .. . .

16

Adverbs that modify other modifie Adverbs that modify other modifiersrs

Le

ss

sson

on

13

13 Adj

Adj

ect

ive

s

and

Adv

erb

erbs

s

IV

. . . .. . .

18

Modifiers with compound subjects, verbs, and objects Modifiers with compound subjects, verbs, and objects

Le

ss

sson

on

14

14 Subject Complements I

Subject Complements I

. . . .. . .

19

Predicate noun Predicate noun

Le

ss

sson

on

15

15 Subject Complements II

Subject Complements II

. . . .. . .

20

Predicate adjective Predicate adjective

Le

ss

sson

on

16

16 Subject Complements III

Subject Complements III

. . . .. . .

21

Compound subject complements Compound subject complements

P

AR

ART I

T II

I

Si

Simp

mple

le Se

Sent

nten

ence

ces w

s wit

ith P

h Phr

hr

as

ases

es

. . . .. . .

23

23 Le

Le

ss

sson

on

17

17 App

App

osi

ti

tives

ves

and

App

osi

ti

tive

ve Phr

Phr

ase

ases

s

. . . .. . .

24

Appositive

Appositives and appositive phrasess and appositive phrases

Le

ss

sson

on

18

18 Prepositional Phrases I

Prepositional Phrases I

. . . .. . .

26

Used as adjectives Used as adjectives

Le

(4)

Le

ss

sson

on

24

24 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases II

Gerunds and Gerund Phrases II

. . . .. . .

36

Used as direct objects Used as direct objects

Le

ss

sson

on

25

25 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases III

Gerunds and Gerund Phrases III

. . . .. . .

37

Used as predicate nouns Used as predicate nouns

Le

ss

sson

on

26

26 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases IV

Gerunds and Gerund Phrases IV

. . . .. . .

38

Used as objects of prepositions Used as objects of prepositions

Le

ss

sson

on

27

27 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases I

Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases I

. . . .. . .

40

Used as adjectives Used as adjectives

Le

ss

sson

on

28

28 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases II

Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases II

. . . .. . .

41

Used as adverbs Used as adverbs

Le

ss

sson

on

29

29 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases III

Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases III

. . . .. . .

42

Used as subjects Used as subjects

Le

ss

sson

on

30

30 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases IV

Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases IV

. . . .. . .

43

43 Le

Le

ss

sson

on

31

31 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases V

Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases V

. . . .. . .

44

44 P

P

AR

ART I

T III

II

Co

Comp

mpou

ound

nd an

and C

d C

ompl

om

pl

ex

ex Se

Sent

nten

ence

ces

s

. . . .. . .

47

47 Le

Le

ss

sson

on

32

32 Compound Sentences I

Compound Sentences I

. . . .. . .

48

Clauses connected by a semicolon Clauses connected by a semicolon

Le

ss

sson

on

33

33 Compound Sentences II

Compound Sentences II

. . . .. . .

50

Clauses connected by a conjunction Clauses connected by a conjunction

Le

ss

sson

on

34

34 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses I

Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses I

. . . .. . .

52

Adjective clauses intr

Adjective clauses introduced by relative pronounoduced by relative pronounss

Le

ss

sson

on

35

35 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses II

Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses II

. . . .. . .

54

Adverb clauses that modify verbs Adverb clauses that modify verbs

Le

ss

sson

on

36

36 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses I

Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses I

. . . .. . .

56

Used as subjects Used as subjects

Le

ss

sson

on

37

37 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses II

Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses II

. . . .. . .

58

58 Le

Le

ss

sson

on

38

38 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses III

Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses III

. . . .. . .

59

Introduced by Introduced by that that

Le

ss

sson

on

39

39 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses IV

Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses IV

. . . .. . .

61

Used as objects of prepositions Used as objects of prepositions

Le

ss

sson

on

40

40 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses V

Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses V

. . . .. . .

63

63 ANSWER KEY

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Le

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1

1 Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates I

Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates I

. . . .. . .

2

Simple subject and simple predicate Simple subject and simple predicate Understood subject

Understood subject

L

Le

es

ss

so

on

n

2

2 Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates II

Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates II

. . . .. . .

3

Simple subject or simple predicate having more than one word Simple subject or simple predicate having more than one word Simple subject and simple predicate in inverted order

Simple subject and simple predicate in inverted order

L

Le

es

ss

so

on

n

3

3 Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates I

Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates I

. . . .. . .

5

Compound subject Compound subject

L

Le

es

ss

so

on

n

4

4 Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates II

Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates II

. . . .. . .

6

Compound predicate Compound predicate

L

Le

es

ss

so

on

n

5

5 Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates III

Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates III

. . . .. . .

7

Compound subject and compound predicate Compound subject and compound predicate

L

e

es

ss

so

on

n

6

6 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects I

Direct Objects and Indirect Objects I

. . . .. . .

8

Direct object Direct object

L

Le

es

ss

so

on

n

7

7 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects II

Direct Objects and Indirect Objects II

. . . .. . .

9

Compound direct object Compound direct object

L

Le

es

ss

so

on

n

8

8 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects III

Direct Objects and Indirect Objects III

. . . .. . .

10

Indirect object Indirect object

L

Le

es

ss

so

on

n

9

9 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects IV

Direct Objects and Indirect Objects IV

. . . .. . .

11

Compound verb with direct and indirect objects Compound verb with direct and indirect objects

Le

ss

sson

on

10

10 Adj

Adj

ect

ive

s

and

Adv

erb

erbs

s

I

. . . .. . .

13

Adjectives Adjectives

Le

ss

sson

on

11

11 Adj

Adj

ect

ive

s

and

Adv

erb

erbs

s

II

. . . .. . .

15

Adverbs Adverbs

Adverbs modifying verbs Adverbs modifying verbs

Le

ss

sson

on

12

12 Adj

Adj

ect

ive

s

and

Adv

erb

erbs

s

III

. . . .. . .

16

Adverbs that modify other modifie Adverbs that modify other modifiersrs

Le

ss

sson

on

13

13 Adj

Adj

ect

ive

s

and

Adv

erb

erbs

s

IV

. . . .. . .

18

Modifiers with compound subjects, verbs, and objects Modifiers with compound subjects, verbs, and objects

Le

ss

sson

on

14

14 Subject Complements I

Subject Complements I

. . . .. . .

19

Predicate noun Predicate noun

Le

ss

sson

on

15

15 Subject Complements II

Subject Complements II

. . . .. . .

20

Predicate adjective Predicate adjective

Le

ss

sson

on

16

16 Subject Complements III

Subject Complements III

. . . .. . .

21

Compound subject complements Compound subject complements

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Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates I

A sentence diagram is a chart

A sentence diagram is a chart of a sentence. It shows how the words and partsof a sentence. It shows how the words and parts of a sentence relate to ea

of a sentence relate to each other and to the sentence as a ch other and to the sentence as a whole. To diagramwhole. To diagram any sentence, begin with a

any sentence, begin with adiagram frame,diagram frame, like the one shown here. Makelike the one shown here. Make the vertical line that cuts through the baseline

the vertical line that cuts through the baseline equally long above and below the baseline. equally long above and below the baseline.

Simple Subject and Simple Predicate

Every sentence has two parts: a subject and a predicate. The

Every sentence has two parts: a subject and a predicate. Thesubjectsubject tells what atells what a

sentence is about. The

sentence is about. Thepredicatepredicatesays something about the subject. The subjectsays something about the subject. The subject of the sentence appears on the left side of the diagram frame. The predicate of the sentence appears on the left side of the diagram frame. The predicate appears on the right.

appears on the right. The

Thesimple subjectsimple subject of a sentence is the key noun or pronoun in the subject.of a sentence is the key noun or pronoun in the subject. The

Thesimple predicatesimple predicate is the verb or verb phrase that expresses the essentialis the verb or verb phrase that expresses the essential thought about the subject. To diagram a sentence with a simple

thought about the subject. To diagram a sentence with a simple subject andsubject and

simple predicate, write the simple subject on the baseline to the left of the vertical simple predicate, write the simple subject on the baseline to the left of the vertical line. Write the simple predicate on the baseline to the

line. Write the simple predicate on the baseline to the right of the vertical line.right of the vertical line.

Example

Robins fly.

In a diagram, keep

In a diagram, keep capitalization as it is in the sentence. capitalization as it is in the sentence. However, leave out anyHowever, leave out any punctuation.

punctuation.

Understoo

d

d Subject

Subject

In some sentences, the subject

In some sentences, the subject you youis not stated, but it is understood. Place theis not stated, but it is understood. Place the understood subject in parentheses to the left of

understood subject in parentheses to the left of the vertical line.the vertical line.

Example

Sit.

EXERCISE

Diagram each sentence.Diagram each sentence. 1.

1. Dolphins swim.Dolphins swim. 3.3. Turn.Turn.

2.

2. Wait!Wait! 4.4. Tiffany jogs.Tiffany jogs.

1

vertical line vertical line baseline baseline R

Roobbiinnss ffllyy sisimpmple le susubjbjecectt sisimpmple le prprededicicatate e

(

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y y r r i i g g h h t t © © b b y y T T h h e e M M c c G G r r a a w w - - H H i i l l l l C C o o m m p p a a n n i i e e s s

, , I I n n c c . .

Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates II

Simple Subject or Simple Predicate Having More than One Word

A simple subject may have more than one word. For example, it may be a A simple subject may have more than one word. For example, it may be a compound noun, such as

compound noun, such as White House,White House, or a person’s full name, such asor a person’s full name, such as President President William Henry Harrison.

William Henry Harrison. A simple predicate, orA simple predicate, or verb,verb,may also have more than onemay also have more than one word. A main verb with its

word. A main verb with its helping, or auxiliary, verbs is called ahelping, or auxiliary, verbs is called a verb phrase.verb phrase. AnAn example is

example ishave been voting,have been voting, in which the main verb isin which the main verb isvoting voting and the helping verbsand the helping verbs are

are havehaveandand been.been. In a diagram, place all the words of a simple subject or simpleIn a diagram, place all the words of a simple subject or simple predicate on the baseline on

predicate on the baseline on the correct side of the vertical rule.the correct side of the vertical rule.

Example

Sojourner Truth was speaking.

Simple Subject and Simple Predicate in Inverted Order

In some questions, the simple subject appears between a helping verb and the In some questions, the simple subject appears between a helping verb and the main verb. An example is

main verb. An example is Was she crying?Was she crying? The simple subject,The simple subject, she,she,comes betweencomes between the words of the verb phrase,

the words of the verb phrase, was crying.was crying. In a diagram, however, the locations of In a diagram, however, the locations of the simple subject and the simple predicate always stay the same

the simple subject and the simple predicate always stay the same——the subject atthe subject at

the left of the vertical line

the left of the vertical line and the predicate at the right.and the predicate at the right.

Study the example below. Remember that capitalization stays the same as in Study the example below. Remember that capitalization stays the same as in the original sentence but that punctuation is

the original sentence but that punctuation is not used.not used.

Example

Is anyone listening?

EXERCISE 1

1. Hector has been exercising.Hector has been exercising. 4.4. Hurry!Hurry!

2.

2. Did you forget?Did you forget? 5.5. DrDr. Lee has bee. Lee has been calling.n calling.

2

So

Sojojoururnener Trr Trututhh wawas sps speaeakikingng sisimpmple le susubjbjecectt sisimpmple le prprededicicatate e

si

simpmple le susubjbjecectt sisimpmple le prprededicicatate e an

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C C o o p p y y_r_r i i g g_h_h t t © © b b y y T T h h e e M M c c G G r r a a _w_w -H H i i l l l l C C o o_m_m p p a a _n_n i i e e s s , , I I n n c c . . 7.

7. Work!Work! 9.9. Who called?Who called?

8.

8. Senator Adams will have retired.Senator Adams will have retired. 10.10. Did Aunt Emily go?Did Aunt Emily go?

EXERCISE 2

In each of these sentences, the simple subject and the verb are shown inIn each of these sentences, the simple subject and the verb are shown in boldface type. Diagram only the boldfaced simple subject and verb of each sentence. boldface type. Diagram only the boldfaced simple subject and verb of each sentence. 1. Sleet is falling

1. Sleet is falling on theon the 4.4. At the end of the race,At the end of the race,drinkdrink

s

siiddeewwaallkks s aannd d rrooaaddss.. ssoomme e wwaatteerr..

2. Were you planning

2. Were you planning to fixto fix 5. Plants5. Plantsof many kindsof many kinds are soldare sold

t

thhe e bbrrookkeen n wwiinnddooww?? aat t tthhe e ggaarrddeen n cceenntteerr..

3.

3. All year long, theAll year long, theDoans Doans have have been been 6. 6. OneOneof these statementsof these statementsisisfalse.false. remodeling

remodeling their old house neartheir old house near the seashore. the seashore.

2

Continued Continued

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, , I I n n c c . .

Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates I

A simple sentence has only one main clause. That is, it has a single subject and a A simple sentence has only one main clause. That is, it has a single subject and a single predicate. Its diagram uses only one

single predicate. Its diagram uses only one baseline. However, the subject or thebaseline. However, the subject or the predicate may have more than one part. If a simple sentence has a compound predicate may have more than one part. If a simple sentence has a compound subject or predicate, its diagram still uses

subject or predicate, its diagram still uses only one baseline. However, the baselineonly one baseline. However, the baseline is forked at the appropriate side to

is forked at the appropriate side to make space for more than one make space for more than one part.part.

Compound Subject

A

A compound subjectcompound subjectis made up of two or more simple subjects that are joinedis made up of two or more simple subjects that are joined by a conjunction

by a conjunction——such assuch as anand,d,bubut,t,oror or or ——and have the same verb. The diagramand have the same verb. The diagram for a sentence with a compound subject has a fork in the baseline at the left for a sentence with a compound subject has a fork in the baseline at the left (subject) side of the vertical line. Draw parallel horizontal lines, one for each part (subject) side of the vertical line. Draw parallel horizontal lines, one for each part of the subject. Connect the lines

of the subject. Connect the lines with a dotted vertical line at their with a dotted vertical line at their right, andright, and write the conjunction along that dotted line. Draw a

write the conjunction along that dotted line. Draw angled lines from both the topngled lines from both the top and bottom subject lines to join

and bottom subject lines to join the stack to the baseline, as the stack to the baseline, as this example shows:this example shows:

Example

Trucks and tractors raced.

If a correlative conjunction such as

If a correlative conjunction such as bothboth. . .. . . and and ororeither either . . .. . .or or is used, write oneis used, write one word of the conjunction on each side of

word of the conjunction on each side of the dotted line. Study this example:the dotted line. Study this example:

Example

Both trucks and tractors raced.

EXERCISE

1. Both Emma and Becky laughed.Both Emma and Becky laughed. 3.3. Boaters and swimmers were rescued.Boaters and swimmers were rescued.

3

verb verb part 1 of compound subject

part 1 of compound subject

c c o o n n j j _._.

part 2 of compound subject part 2 of compound subject

c c o o n n j j _._. raced raced trucks trucks tractors tractors a a n n d d B B o o t t h h verb verb part 1 of compound subject

part 2 of compound subject part 2 of compound subject raced raced Trucks Trucks tractors tractors a a n n d d

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Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates II

Compound Predicate

A

Acompound predicatecompound predicate(or(orcompound verbcompound verb) is made up of two or more verbs) is made up of two or more verbs or verb phrases that are joined by a conjunction and have the same subject. The or verb phrases that are joined by a conjunction and have the same subject. The diagram for a sentence with a compound verb has a fork in the baseline at the diagram for a sentence with a compound verb has a fork in the baseline at the right (verb) side of the vertical

right (verb) side of the vertical line. To diagram a sentence with a compound verb,line. To diagram a sentence with a compound verb, draw a mirror image of the diagram for a compound subject. Look at the example draw a mirror image of the diagram for a compound subject. Look at the example below.

below.

Example

Icicles gleamed but dripped.

If a helping verb is not repeated, write it on the baseline between the vertical line If a helping verb is not repeated, write it on the baseline between the vertical line and the fork, as in the next example.

and the fork, as in the next example.

Example

Icicles were gleaming but dripping.

EXERCISE

1. Rex was growling and biting.Rex was growling and biting. 4.4. She either complains or criticizes.She either complains or criticizes.

2.

2. WWaves rose and aves rose and fell.fell. 5.5. Elaine paused but continued.Elaine paused but continued.

3.

3. Stop and listen!Stop and listen! 6.6. Skiers were slipping and falling.Skiers were slipping and falling.

4

simple subject simple subject

part 1 of compound verb part 1 of compound verb

c c o o n n j j . .

part 2 of compound verb part 2 of compound verb Icicles Icicles gleamed gleamed b b u u t t dripped dripped helping verb helping verb simple subject simple subject

c c o o n n j j . .

part 2 of compound verb part 2 of compound verb Icicles Icicles gleaming gleaming b b u u t t dripping dripping were were

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, , I I n n c c . .

Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates III

Compound Subject and Compound Predicate

Some sentences have both compound subjects and compound verbs. The diagram Some sentences have both compound subjects and compound verbs. The diagram for any of those sentences has a

for any of those sentences has a baseline that is forked on both ebaseline that is forked on both ends, as in thisnds, as in this example.

example.

Example

Tracey and Donna strolled and shopped.

EXERCISE

1. Nick and Lawanna swept and dusted.Nick and Lawanna swept and dusted. 5.5. Letters and packages were deliveredLetters and packages were delivered and opened.

and opened.

2.

2. Tina and Mr. Lopez fished and Tina and Mr. Lopez fished and talked.talked. 6.6. WWas Diane or as Diane or Joan singing?Joan singing?

3.

3. Did Ernie and you stop and look?Did Ernie and you stop and look? 7.7. Mayor Axon visited and spoke.Mayor Axon visited and spoke.

4.

4. Neither Midnight nor Belle the CatNeither Midnight nor Belle the Cat 8.8. Both Angela and Rudy have beenBoth Angela and Rudy have been

5

part 1 of compound subject part 1 of compound subject

part 2 of compound subject o occ

n

j

j . .

part 2 of compound verb part 2 of compound verb Tracey Tracey a a n n d d Donna Donna aa n n d d strolled strolled shopped shopped

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Direct Objects and Indirect Objects I

Verbs that express physical or mental action are called

Verbs that express physical or mental action are called action verbs.action verbs. Some actionSome action verbs are complete in themselves,

verbs are complete in themselves, but others pass their action on to otherbut others pass their action on to other elements in the sentence. These elements are called the

elements in the sentence. These elements are called theobjectsobjectsof the actionof the action

verbs. verbs.

Direct Object

A

Atransitive verbtransitive verb is an action verb that is an action verb that is followed by a word or words thatis followed by a word or words that answer the question

answer the questionwhat?what? ororwhom?whom? Such words are calledSuch words are called direct objects.direct objects. Nouns, pronouns, and other words acting as nouns may

Nouns, pronouns, and other words acting as nouns may be direct objects.be direct objects.

T

To diagram a sentence with a o diagram a sentence with a direct object, place the direct object on direct object, place the direct object on thethe baseline to the right of its verb. Separate the object from the verb with a vertical baseline to the right of its verb. Separate the object from the verb with a vertical line above the baseline

line above the baseline onlyonly..

Example

I like picnics.

EXERCISE

1. Everyone brought food.Everyone brought food. 5.5. Ants were bothering us.Ants were bothering us.

2.

2. Fran packed cookies.Fran packed cookies. 6.6. Boys and girls played baseball.Boys and girls played baseball.

3.

3. TTony cooked ony cooked hamburgers.hamburgers. 7.7. Both Max and I hit homers.Both Max and I hit homers.

4.

4. Did anyone bring napkins?Did anyone bring napkins? 8.8. Has everyone had fun?Has everyone had fun?

6

s

suubbjjeecctt action verb action verb ddiirreecct t oobbjjeecct t I

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, , I I n n c c . .

Direct Objects and Indirect Objects II

Compound Direct Object

If a verb has a compound direct object, the right end of the baseline, where the If a verb has a compound direct object, the right end of the baseline, where the direct object belongs, is forked. To the right of the vertical line after the

direct object belongs, is forked. To the right of the vertical line after the verb, drawverb, draw

parallel horizontal lines, one for each part of the compound object. Connect the parallel horizontal lines, one for each part of the compound object. Connect the lines with a dotted vertical line at

lines with a dotted vertical line at their left. Write the conjunction along that line.their left. Write the conjunction along that line. Draw angled lines from both the

Draw angled lines from both the top and bottom lines to join the top and bottom lines to join the stack to thestack to the baseline. Study this example.

baseline. Study this example.

Example

Herbert roasted both corn and

potatoes.

EXERCISE

1. Parks have tables and benches.Parks have tables and benches. 5.5. WWe saw neither e saw neither rain nor clouds.rain nor clouds.

2.

2. YYou use either ou use either grills or campfires.grills or campfires. 6.6. Danelle and Gina had prepared saladsDanelle and Gina had prepared salads and rolls.

and rolls.

3.

3. Did you drink juice or cola?Did you drink juice or cola? 7.7. Mike ate both food and bugs.Mike ate both food and bugs.

7

Herbert

Herbert roastedroasted subject subject corn corn a a n n d d potatoes potatoes b b o o t t h

h action verb action verb

part 1 of direct object part 1 of direct object

part 2 of direct object part 2 of direct object

c c o o n n j j . . c c o o n n j j . .

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Direct Objects and Indirect Objects III

Indirect Object

An

Anindirect objectindirect objectanswers the questionanswers the question to wto whohommororwhwhatat??oror for whom or what?for whom or what? after an action verb. Almost a

after an action verb. Almost always, a sentence with an indirect object always, a sentence with an indirect object also has also has a direct object. In the sentence, the indirect object appears between the verb and direct object. In the sentence, the indirect object appears between the verb and the direct object.

the direct object. T

To diagram a sentence with an o diagram a sentence with an indirect object, begin by diagraming theindirect object, begin by diagraming the subject, verb, and direct obje

subject, verb, and direct object. Then draw a line that ct. Then draw a line that slants down from theslants down from the baseline under the verb, bends, and extends horizontally to the right. Place the baseline under the verb, bends, and extends horizontally to the right. Place the indirect object on the horizontal segment of the line, as in this example.

indirect object on the horizontal segment of the line, as in this example.

Example

Ranger O’Brien gives campers directions.

EXERCISE

1. MrMr. Norris a. Norris assigned us jobs.ssigned us jobs. 4.4. Ms. Varsey told us stories.Ms. Varsey told us stories.

2.

2. He taught me birdcalls.He taught me birdcalls. 5.5. She handed everyone marshmallows.She handed everyone marshmallows.

3.

3. We made ourselves dinner.We made ourselves dinner. 6.6. Roger lent Manny sunglasses.Roger lent Manny sunglasses.

8

R

Raannggeer r OO''BBririeenn ggiivveess ddiirerecctitiononss ssuubbjjeecctt acacttiioon n vveerrb b direct object direct object campers

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, , I I n n c c . .

Direct Objects and Indirect Objects IV

Compound Verb with Direct and Indirect Objects

In some sentences with a compound verb,

In some sentences with a compound verb, all parts of the verb all parts of the verb share a single directshare a single direct object. To diagram such a sentence, connect the horizontal lines holding the verb object. To diagram such a sentence, connect the horizontal lines holding the verb parts to the baseline at b

parts to the baseline at both left and right, as shown below. Then extend theoth left and right, as shown below. Then extend the baseline at the right to hold

baseline at the right to hold the shared direct object.the shared direct object.

Example

Campers examined and compared maps.

The diagram shows that the campers both examined maps and compared maps. The diagram shows that the campers both examined maps and compared maps.

In other sentences with a compound verb,

In other sentences with a compound verb, a direct or an indirect objecta direct or an indirect object completes only one part of the

completes only one part of the verb. To diagram that type of sentence, connectverb. To diagram that type of sentence, connect the object(s) with only one verb part, as in this example.

the object(s) with only one verb part, as in this example.

Example

Steve drew maps and made us copies.

EXERCISE

Diagram each sentence. Make sure that each direct or indirect object is relatedDiagram each sentence. Make sure that each direct or indirect object is related to the correct verb or verb part.

to the correct verb or verb part. 1.

1. Rangers led hikes and gave hikers advice.Rangers led hikes and gave hikers advice.

9

part 1 of compound verb part 1 of compound verb subject

subject direct object direct object

c c o o n n j j . . c c o o n n j j . .

part 2 of compound verb part 2 of compound verb examined

examined Campers

Campers mapsmaps

a a n n d d compared compared subject subject

c c o o n n j j . . direct object direct object direct object direct object indirect object indirect object Steve Steve drew drew made made a a n n d d maps maps copies copies us us

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3. Food can attract bears and bring campers Food can attract bears and bring campers problems.problems.

4.

4. WWeather can help eather can help or hurt vacationers.or hurt vacationers.

5.

5. Rain gives plants nourishment but can dampen Rain gives plants nourishment but can dampen spirits.spirits.

6.

6. Have you camped or visited parks?Have you camped or visited parks?

9

Continued

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, , I I n n c c . .

Adjectives and Adverbs

I

In addition to nouns, pronouns, and verbs,

In addition to nouns, pronouns, and verbs, many sentences use modifiers. Themany sentences use modifiers. The two types of modifiers are adjectives and adverbs.

two types of modifiers are adjectives and adverbs.

Adjectives

An

An adjectiveadjectiveis a word that modifies, or describes, a is a word that modifies, or describes, a noun or pronoun. Announ or pronoun. An adjective can tell

adjective can tell what what kind,kind,which which one,one,how manyhow many,, oror how much.how much. Examples includeExamples include strong, this, three,

strong, this, three, andandless.less. TheThe articlesarticles a,a,aan,n,andandthethe are also adjectives. Inare also adjectives. In addition, possessive nouns and pronouns can be considered adjectives because addition, possessive nouns and pronouns can be considered adjectives because they describe nouns. Examples of possessive nouns are

they describe nouns. Examples of possessive nouns are children’s, adults’,children’s, adults’, andand Mrs. Mrs. Dean

Dean’ ’ s.s. Possessive pronouns includePossessive pronouns include ouourr,,yoyourur,,hihis,s,andand her.her.In the examIn the example below,ple below, every adjective is underlined.

every adjective is underlined.

Any noun or pronoun in a sentence may be modified by one or more Any noun or pronoun in a sentence may be modified by one or more adjectives. To diagram a sentence with adjectives, place each adjective

adjectives. To diagram a sentence with adjectives, place each adjective on a slanton a slant

line below the word it modifies. If more than one adjective modifies the same line below the word it modifies. If more than one adjective modifies the same word, place the modifiers from left to right

word, place the modifiers from left to right in the order in which they appear in the order in which they appear inin the sentence.

the sentence.

Example

Lucy

Lucy’

’s

s

ol

olde

der

r

br

brot

othe

her o

r oile

ile

d he

d her

r

sq

ue

ueak

aky

y

bi

bicy

cy

cl

cle

e

wh

whee

eel.

l.

EXERCISE

1. Those happy fans watched a great race.Those happy fans watched a great race.

2.

2. Did the famous cyclist win first prize?Did the famous cyclist win first prize?

10

b brrootthheerr ooiilleedd h h _e_e r r L L _u_u c c _y_y ’ ’ _s_s wheel wheel ssuubbjjeecctt vveerrb b a a _d_d j j _e_e c c _t_t i i _v_v e e 1 1 direct object direct object o o _l_l_d_d e

e _r_r s s q q u u e e _a_a k k _y_y b b _i_i c c _y_y c c _l_l_e_e a a _d_d j j _e_e c c _t_t i i _v_v e e 2 2 a a _d_d j j _e_e c c _t_t i i _v_v e e 1 1 a a _d_d j j _e_e c c _t_t i i _v_v e e 2 2 a a _d_d j j _e_e c c _t_t i i _v_v e e 3 3

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3. Many enthusiastic people attended that recent event.Many enthusiastic people attended that recent event.

4.

4. My cousin enjoys extreme sports.My cousin enjoys extreme sports.

5.

5. That adventurous teenager climbs steep mountains.That adventurous teenager climbs steep mountains.

6.

6. TTough triathlons attract ough triathlons attract him.him.

7.

7. Dangerous activities give him memorable thrills.Dangerous activities give him memorable thrills.

10

Continued

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, , I I n n c c . .

Adjectives and Adverbs

II

Adverbs

An

An adverbadverb is a word that modifies, or describes, a verb, an adjective, or anotheris a word that modifies, or describes, a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Adverbs answer the questions

adverb. Adverbs answer the questions whewhen?,n?,whewhere?re?,,howhow?,?,andand to what extent?to what extent? InIn the examples below, the adverbs are underlined.

the examples below, the adverbs are underlined.

To diagram a sentence with one or more adverbs, place e

To diagram a sentence with one or more adverbs, place each adverb on a slantach adverb on a slant

line below the word it modifies. line below the word it modifies.

Adverbs Modifying V

erbs

In a sentence, an adverb that modifies a verb may appear either before or after the In a sentence, an adverb that modifies a verb may appear either before or after the verb. It may be separated from the verb by other words or phrases. In these

verb. It may be separated from the verb by other words or phrases. In these examples, the adverb

examples, the adverboftenoften takes two different positions. However, becausetakes two different positions. However, because oftenoften modifies

modifies hostshosts in both sentences, the diagrams of the sentences ain both sentences, the diagrams of the sentences are the same.re the same. When diagraming a sentence in which two or

When diagraming a sentence in which two or more adverbs modify the verb,more adverbs modify the verb, place the adverbs under the verb in the order they appear in the sentence. place the adverbs under the verb in the order they appear in the sentence.

Example

My famil

My family often

y often

hosts p

hosts parties

arties

.

My famil

My family host

y hosts parties

s parties

often

often.

.

EXERCISE

1. Cold winds howled Cold winds howled noisilynoisily.. 4.4. Soon, everyone was Soon, everyone was seated comfortably.seated comfortably.

2.

2. The Dawsons greeted their guestsThe Dawsons greeted their guests 5.5. Had the Lopezes been there before?Had the Lopezes been there before? warmly. warmly.

11

f faammiillyy hhoossttss partiesparties susubbjjeecctt vveerrb b M M y

y o o f f t t e e _n_n

direct object direct object a a _d_d j j _e_e c c _t_t i i _v_v e e a a _d_d v v _e_e r r _b_b

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Adjectives and Adverbs

III

Adverbs That Modify Other Modifiers

A single sentence may have

A single sentence may have both kinds of modifiers, with adjectives modifyingboth kinds of modifiers, with adjectives modifying nouns and pronouns, and adverbs modifying verb

nouns and pronouns, and adverbs modifying verbs.s.

Example

W

atchf

ul

explo

explorers

rers

choo

choose

se their

their

paths

carefu

carefully.

lly.

Also, the sentence may have

Also, the sentence may have other adverbs modifying these modifiers. To diagramother adverbs modifying these modifiers. To diagram an adverb that modifies an adjective or another adverb shown on a slant line, an adverb that modifies an adjective or another adverb shown on a slant line, write the additional adverb on a

write the additional adverb on a slant line parallel to but slightly lower slant line parallel to but slightly lower than thethan the slant line of the word modified. Connect the

slant line of the word modified. Connect the two lines with a short horizontal linetwo lines with a short horizontal line at the top of the lower slant line. In this example, the adverbs

at the top of the lower slant line. In this example, the adverbsvery very andand extremely extremely modify the adjective

modify the adjectivewatchfulwatchful and the adverband the adverb carefully.carefully.

Example

V

ery

watch

ful explorers choose their paths extrem

ful explorer

s choose their paths extremely

ely

carefu

lly

.

EXERCISE

1. Alarmingly thick bushes blocked the path almost everAlarmingly thick bushes blocked the path almost everywhere.ywhere.

2.

2. The travelers looked The travelers looked about rather wearily.about rather wearily.

12

e

expxplolorererrss cchhoooossee pathspaths ssuubbjjeecctt vveerrb b

W W a a _t_t_c_c h h _f_f_u_u l l t t _h_h_e_e i i _r_r direct object direct object a a _d_d j j _e_e c c _t_t i i _v_v e e c c _a_a r r _e_e f f _u_u_l_l l l y y a a _d_d v v _e_e r r _b_b a a _d_d j j _e_e c c _t_t i i _v_v e e s

suubbjjeecctt vveerrb b direct object direct object a a _d_d j j _e_e c c _t_t i i _v_v e e a a _d_d v v _e_e r r _b_b a a _d_d v v _e_e r r _b_b a a _d_d v v _e_e r r _b_b a a _d_d j j _e_e c c _t_t i i _v_v e e e

exxpplloorreerrss cchohooossee pathspaths

w w _a_a t t _c_c_h_h f f _u_u_l_l t t h h _e_e i i _r_r V V _e_e r r _y_y c c _a_a r r _e_e f f _u_u_l_l l l y y e e _x_x t t _r_r_e_e m m _e_e l l y y

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, , I I n n c c . . 3.

3. Extremely sharp hatchets cleared a path remarkably fast.Extremely sharp hatchets cleared a path remarkably fast.

4.

4. The usually energetic leader walked The usually energetic leader walked exceedingly slowlyexceedingly slowly..

5.

5. The group was entering a particularly dangerous area.The group was entering a particularly dangerous area.

6.

6. SuddenlySuddenly, the least , the least courageous member yelled courageous member yelled shockingly loudlyshockingly loudly..

12

Continued

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Adjectives and Adverbs

IV

Modifiers with Compound Subjects, Verbs, and Objects

In a sentence with a compound subject, verb, or object, a modifier may describe In a sentence with a compound subject, verb, or object, a modifier may describe one part of the compound eleme

one part of the compound element or all parts. What the modifier nt or all parts. What the modifier describesdescribes affects where it is placed in the diagram. In the first example below,

affects where it is placed in the diagram. In the first example below, immediately immediately

modifies

modifies blew.blew.In the second example,In the second example,immediately immediately modifies both verb parts. Seemodifies both verb parts. See how the dia

how the diagrams differ.grams differ.

Examples

The leader

The leader turned and

turned and immediately

immediately

blew a

blew a whistle.

whistle.

The lea

The leader

der

immed

immediately

iately

turned

and ble

and blew a whi

w a whistle.

stle.

If a modifier modifies only one part of the compound element, place it If a modifier modifies only one part of the compound element, place it under that part of the fork. If

under that part of the fork. If the modifier modifies all parts, place the modifier modifies all parts, place itit under the shared baseline.

under the shared baseline.

EXERCISE

1. The cowardly explorer shiveredThe cowardly explorer shivered 3.3. Both the book and its sequelBoth the book and its sequel s

suuddddeennlly y aannd d ffaaiinntteedd.. ssoolld d wweellll..

2.

2. Scary stories always frighten andScary stories always frighten and 4.4. The story fascinated adventurousThe story fascinated adventurous d deelliigghht t mmee.. tteeeenns s aannd d aadduullttss..

13

subject subject direct object direct object a a _d_d j j _e_e c c _t_t i i _v_v e

e a a d d _v_v e e _r_r

b b

c c o o n n j j . .

a a _d_d j j _e_e c c _t_t i i _v_v e e leader leader T T _h_h e e i i _m_m m m _e_e d d _i_i_a_a

t t _e_e_l_l y y turned turned a a n n d d blew

blew whistlewhistle

a a subject subject direct object direct object a a _d_d j j _e_e c c _t_t i i _v_v e e a a _d_d v v _e_e r r _b_b

c c o o n n j j . .

a a _d_d j j _e_e c c _t_t i i _v_v e e leader leader i i _m_m m m _e_e d d _i_i_a_a

t t _e_e_l_l y y turned turned a a n n d d b blleeww wwhhiissttllee a a T T _h_h e e