2011
2011
SUBARNA PODDAR
SUBARNA PODDAR
DESIGNING AND IMPLEMENTING CAR PARKING
DESIGNING AND IMPLEMENTING CAR PARKING
SENSORWITH VISUAL FEEDBACK
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT
Parking Sensor visual System is a high technology product. It adopts infra-red light sensors to Parking Sensor visual System is a high technology product. It adopts infra-red light sensors to measure the distance between the car and the obstacles, and reminds the driver of safe
measure the distance between the car and the obstacles, and reminds the driver of safe distance accurately when reversing a car. This circuit was designed as an aid in parking the distance accurately when reversing a car. This circuit was designed as an aid in parking the car near the garage wall when backing up. In this manner we are alerted
car near the garage wall when backing up. In this manner we are alerted when approachingwhen approaching too close to the wall. The
too close to the wall. The first LED illuminates when bumper-wall distance is about 65 cm, 1first LED illuminates when bumper-wall distance is about 65 cm, 1 more LED illuminates at about 50 cm. and in
more LED illuminates at about 50 cm. and in all 3 LEDs at about 45 cm. all 3 LEDs at about 45 cm. In this way it isIn this way it is provided with the visual
provided with the visual feedback.feedback.
IC555 forms an oscillator driving the infra-red
IC555 forms an oscillator driving the infra-red LED by means of 0.8 millisecond pulses atLED by means of 0.8 millisecond pulses at
120 Hertz frequency and about 300 mA
120 Hertz frequency and about 300 mA peak current. Two diodes are placed peak current. Two diodes are placed facing the car onfacing the car on the same line, a couple of centimeters apart, on a s
the same line, a couple of centimeters apart, on a short breadboard strip fastened to the wall.hort breadboard strip fastened to the wall. One of them picks up the infra-red beam generated by and reflected by the surface placed in One of them picks up the infra-red beam generated by and reflected by the surface placed in front of it.
front of it.
The signal is amplified by IC2A and peak detected by D4 & C4. Diode D3
The signal is amplified by IC2A and peak detected by D4 & C4. Diode D3 , with R5 & R6,, with R5 & R6, compensates for the forward diode drop of D4. A DC
compensates for the forward diode drop of D4. A DC voltage proportional to the distance of voltage proportional to the distance of the reflecting object and D1 & D2 feeds the inverti
the reflecting object and D1 & D2 feeds the inverting inputs of three voltage comparators.ng inputs of three voltage comparators. These comparators switch on and off the LEDs, referring to voltages at their non-inverting These comparators switch on and off the LEDs, referring to voltages at their non-inverting inputs set by the voltage divider resistor chain R7-R10.
All distances mentioned before can var
All distances mentioned before can vary, depending on infra-red transmitting and receivingy, depending on infra-red transmitting and receiving LEDs used and are mostly affected by the color of t
LEDs used and are mostly affected by the color of the reflecting surface. Black surfaceshe reflecting surface. Black surfaces lower greatly the device sensitivity. Obviously, we can use this circuit in
lower greatly the device sensitivity. Obviously, we can use this circuit in other applicationsother applications like liquids level detection, proximity devices etc.
LIST OF TABLES AND
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURESFIGURES
TABLES TABLES
S.NO
S.NO DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTION OF OF TABLE TABLE PAGE PAGE NO.NO. 1.1
1.1 Connections Connections and and purpose purpose of of IC555 IC555 timertimer 1111
2.1
2.1 Table Table of of assembling assembling componentscomponents 23-2423-24
3.1
3.1 Distance Distance intervals intervals & & corresponding corresponding lighted lighted LEDsLEDs 2727
FIGURES FIGURES S.NO.
S.NO. DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTION OF OF THE THE FIGURE FIGURE PAGE PAGE NO.NO. 1.1
1.1 Pin-out Pin-out diagram diagram for for the the IC555 IC555 timertimer 1010 1.2
1.2 IC555 IC555 timer timer connections connections in in Astable Astable modemode 1010 1.3
1.3 Pin-out Pin-out diagram diagram for for LM324LM324 1212 1.4
1.4 Metal Metal can can packagepackage 1313 1.5
1.5 Plastic Plastic packagepackage 1313 1.6
1.6 A A PhotodiodePhotodiode 1414 2.1
2.1 Circuit Circuit Diagram Diagram of of our our IR IR Car Car Parking Parking Sensor Sensor DeviceDevice 1616 2.2
2.2 Flowchart Flowchart of of Transmitter Transmitter CircuitCircuit 1717 2.3
2.3 Flowchart Flowchart of of Receiver Receiver CircuitCircuit 1717 2.4
2.4 Array Array of of 3 3 LEDs LEDs connected connected to to port port A A to to warn warn the the useruser of his or her proximity from the interfering obstacle. of his or her proximity from the interfering obstacle.
18 18
S.NO.
S.NO. DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTION OF OF THE THE FIGURE FIGURE PAGE PAGE NO.NO. 2.5
2.5 Circuit Circuit diagram diagram for for the the image image transmittertransmitter 1919 2.6
2.6 Circuit Circuit diagram diagram for for the the image image receptorreceptor 2020 2.7
2.7 Working Working model model of of Car Car Parking Parking SensorSensor 2020 2.8
2.8 Soldering Soldering Machine Machine & & PCB PCB SolderingSoldering 2222 3.1
3.1 Variation Variation in in no. no. of of LEDs LEDs glowing, glowing, with with the the variation variation inin distance of the obstacle.
distance of the obstacle.
25-26 25-26
TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS S.NO.
S.NO. TITLETITLE PG. NO.PG. NO.
ABSTRACT ABSTRACT
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
iii-iv iii-iv v-vi v-vi CHP-1
CHP-1 LITERATURE SURVEY LITERATURE SURVEY 8-148-14 1.1
1.1 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION 88 1.2
1.2 BASIC BASIC COMPONENTS COMPONENTS 9-149-14 CHP-2
CHP-2 PROBLEM DEFINITION PROBLEM DEFINITION 15-2415-24 2.1
2.1 LOGICAL LOGICAL STRUCTURE STRUCTURE 1515 2.2
2.2 HARDWARE HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS REQUIREMENTS 16-1816-18 2.3
2.3 CIRCUIT CIRCUIT OPERATION OPERATION 1919 2.4
2.4 SOLDERING SOLDERING 2222 2.5
2.5 ASSEMBLING ASSEMBLING 2323 CHP-3
CHP-3 RESULT & RESULT & CONCLUSION CONCLUSION 25-3125-31 3.1
3.1 OBSERVATIONS OBSERVATIONS (SNAPSHOTS) (SNAPSHOTS) 2525 3.2
3.2 RESULT(S) RESULT(S) 27-2827-28 3.3
3.3 CONCLUSION CONCLUSION & & RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS 2929 3.4
3.4 IMPLICATIONS IMPLICATIONS FOR FOR FUTURE FUTURE RESEARCH RESEARCH 3030 4 4 REFERENCES REFERENCES 3232 5 5 APPENDICES APPENDICES 33-4033-40 A A LM324 LM324 DATASHEET DATASHEET 33-3533-35 B
B 7812 7812 VOLTAGE VOLTAGE REGULATOR REGULATOR DATASHEET DATASHEET 36-3736-37 C
C IC555 IC555 TIMER TIMER DATASHEET DATASHEET 38-3938-39 D
CHAPTER-1 LITERATURE SURVEY CHAPTER-1 LITERATURE SURVEY
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION We are often afraid that our brand new Hummer i
We are often afraid that our brand new Hummer is going to get scratched while parking it ins going to get scratched while parking it in tight space. Or we have trouble backing our large Mercedez S-class into our small garage. tight space. Or we have trouble backing our large Mercedez S-class into our small garage. There is no need to fear an
There is no need to fear any more! This Car parking sensor circuit can sense how far we arey more! This Car parking sensor circuit can sense how far we are away from the wall or a
away from the wall or a hidden object behind your car and warn us visually using LEDs. It ishidden object behind your car and warn us visually using LEDs. It is to note that we have kept our project scope onl
to note that we have kept our project scope only till the visual feedback using infra-redy till the visual feedback using infra-red technology.
technology.
Aim of our project
Aim of our project
A significant portion of the people around the world
A significant portion of the people around the world owns car or are daily drivers. Amongowns car or are daily drivers. Among these drivers, it
these drivers, it‟‟s not entirely untrue to assume that parallel parking or s not entirely untrue to assume that parallel parking or rearward parking isrearward parking is one of the most cumbersome parts of their driving ex
one of the most cumbersome parts of their driving experience. It takes years of drivingperience. It takes years of driving experience and rigo
experience and rigorous practices to avoid an ugly scrarous practices to avoid an ugly scratch across the bumper. tch across the bumper. Some oldSome old school auto-enthusias
school auto-enthusiasts may like to do everts may like to do ever ything manually, but most of us like to tything manually, but most of us like to takeake advantage of the advanced car electronic
advantage of the advanced car electronics and technologies to make our life s and technologies to make our life a little bit a little bit easiereasier and also to avoid common acc
and also to avoid common accidents during parking. idents during parking. Hence, we decided to desigHence, we decided to design and buildn and build an infra-red parking assistant system that will help the driver
an infra-red parking assistant system that will help the driver get a sense of how far the car isget a sense of how far the car is away from a wall or an object behind the car.
away from a wall or an object behind the car.
Earlier Works done in the field of Parking Sensors
Earlier Works done in the field of Parking Sensors::
Intelligent Transportation Systems are defined as
Intelligent Transportation Systems are defined as those systems utilizing synergisticthose systems utilizing synergistic technologies and systems engineering concepts to develop and improve transportation technologies and systems engineering concepts to develop and improve transportation systems of all kinds. The scope of this interdisciplinary activit
systems of all kinds. The scope of this interdisciplinary activit y includes the promotion,y includes the promotion, consolidation, and coordination of ITS technical activities among IEEE entities, and consolidation, and coordination of ITS technical activities among IEEE entities, and providing a focus for cooperative activities, both internally and externally
providing a focus for cooperative activities, both internally and externally In urban areas, congested traffic results in a large number of accidents at low
In urban areas, congested traffic results in a large number of accidents at low speeds. Thisspeeds. This paper describes an accurate and fast
paper describes an accurate and fast driver-assistance system (DAS) that detects obstaclesdriver-assistance system (DAS) that detects obstacles and warns the driver in advance of possible collisions in such a congested traffic
environment. A laboratory prototype of the system is built
environment. A laboratory prototype of the system is built and tested by simulating differentand tested by simulating different weather conditions in the laboratory. The proposed DAS is also suitable as a
weather conditions in the laboratory. The proposed DAS is also suitable as a parking-assistance system. Ultrasonic sensors are used to detect
assistance system. Ultrasonic sensors are used to detect obstacles in this paper because theyobstacles in this paper because they have several advantages over other types of sensors in
have several advantages over other types of sensors in short-range object detection. Multipleshort-range object detection. Multiple sensors are needed to get a full-field view because of the li
sensors are needed to get a full-field view because of the limited lateral detectable range of mited lateral detectable range of ultrasonic sensors. Furthermore, crosstalk is a common
ultrasonic sensors. Furthermore, crosstalk is a common problem when multiple ultrasonicproblem when multiple ultrasonic sensors are used.
sensors are used. A review of
A review of automobile-guidance research projects carried out in European universities andautomobile-guidance research projects carried out in European universities and advanced safety vehicle development by Japanese car manufacturers is followed b
advanced safety vehicle development by Japanese car manufacturers is followed b y ay a description of driver assistance systems in current use. A new research initiative for description of driver assistance systems in current use. A new research initiative for autonomous unmanned aircraft is
autonomous unmanned aircraft is then discussed. Fully-autonomous prototype vehicles havethen discussed. Fully-autonomous prototype vehicles have demonstrated impressive feats on public roads, but car manufacturers are currently
demonstrated impressive feats on public roads, but car manufacturers are currently concentrating on driver assistance systems. Research is underway to extend
concentrating on driver assistance systems. Research is underway to extend the use of the use of unmanned aircraft into the civil field, and to
unmanned aircraft into the civil field, and to allow them to share airspace with pilallow them to share airspace with piloted planes.oted planes. Presents current policies in
Presents current policies in automotive and aerospace development, and describes the rangeautomotive and aerospace development, and describes the range of sensor technologies applied to collision
of sensor technologies applied to collision avoidance.avoidance.
1.2 Basic components
1.2 Basic components
The first step, which was taken in making the
The first step, which was taken in making the project, was the collection of various data andproject, was the collection of various data and information regarding the circuit and working of the circuit.
information regarding the circuit and working of the circuit. These components play the sameThese components play the same role, as molecules play in the constitution of an obj
role, as molecules play in the constitution of an object. They are the vital features and henceect. They are the vital features and hence an understanding of such components is a must. Going to the basic components of the circuit, an understanding of such components is a must. Going to the basic components of the circuit, they are (excluding resistors and
they are (excluding resistors and capacitors):capacitors): 1. IC555
1. IC555 2.
2. LM324 LM324 Schmitt Schmitt triggertrigger 3.
3. 7812 7812 12V 12V 1A Po1A Positive voltagsitive voltage rege regulator ICulator IC 4.
1.
1. IC
IC 555:
555:
The 555 monolithic timing circuits is a high
The 555 monolithic timing circuits is a highly stable controller capable of ly stable controller capable of producing accuproducing accuraterate time delays or oscillations. The
time delays or oscillations. The IC design was proposed inIC design was proposed in 19701970 by Hans and Jimby Hans and Jim Ball. Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555
Ball. Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package includes over 20package includes over 20 transistors,transistors, 2
2 diodesdiodes and 15and 15 resistorsresistors on aon a siliconsilicon chip installed in an 8-pin mini dual-in-line packagechip installed in an 8-pin mini dual-in-line package (DIP- (DIP-8)
8).Variants available include the 556 (a 14-pin DIP combining two 555s on one chip), and the.Variants available include the 556 (a 14-pin DIP combining two 555s on one chip), and the 558 (a 16-pin DIP combining four slightly modified 555s with DIS &
558 (a 16-pin DIP combining four slightly modified 555s with DIS & THR connected internally,THR connected internally, and TR falling edge sensitive instead of
and TR falling edge sensitive instead of level sensitive).level sensitive).
•
• Monostable mode: in this mode, the 555 functions as a "one-shot". ApplicationsMonostable mode: in this mode, the 555 functions as a "one-shot". Applications
include timers, missing pulse
include timers, missing pulse detection, frequency divider, pulse-width modulationdetection, frequency divider, pulse-width modulation (PWM) etc
(PWM) etc
•
• Astable - free running mode: the 555 can operate as an oscillator. Uses include LEDAstable - free running mode: the 555 can operate as an oscillator. Uses include LED
and lamp flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks, etc. and lamp flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks, etc.
•
• Bistable mode or Schmitt trigger: the 555 can operate Bistable mode or Schmitt trigger: the 555 can operate as a flip-flop, if tas a flip-flop, if the DIS pin ishe DIS pin is
not connected and no capacitor is used.
not connected and no capacitor is used. Used in bounce free latched switches, etcUsed in bounce free latched switches, etc Pin-out diagram
Pin-out diagram
Fig.1.1. Pin-out diagram for the IC555
Fig.1.1. Pin-out diagram for the IC555 timer timer But the one mode which concerns us is the astable mode:
But the one mode which concerns us is the astable mode:
Fig.1.2. IC555 timer connections in Astable mode Fig.1.2. IC555 timer connections in Astable mode
The connection of the pins is as follows: The connection of the pins is as follows: Pin
Pin NameName PurposePurpose 1
1 GND GND Ground, Ground, low low level level (0 (0 V)V) 2
2 TRIG TRIG OUT OUT rises, rises, and and interval interval starts, starts, when when this this input input falls falls below below 1/31/3 V V CCCC..
3
3 OUT OUT This This output output is is drivendriven to +to +V V CCCCoror GND.GND.
4
4 RESET RESET A A timing timing interval interval may may be be interrupted interrupted by by driving driving this this input input to to GND.GND. 5
5 CTRL CTRL "Control" "Control" access access to to the the internal internal voltage voltage divider divider (by (by default, default, 2/32/3 V V CCCC).).
6
6 THR THR The The interval interval ends ends when when the the voltage voltage at at THR THR is is greater greater than than at at CTRL.CTRL. 7 DIS
7 DIS Open collectorOpen collector output; may discharge a output; may discharge a capacitor between intervals.capacitor between intervals. 8
8 V V +,+, V V CCCC Positive supply voltage is usually between 3 and 15 V.Positive supply voltage is usually between 3 and 15 V.
Table1.1. Connections and purpose of IC555 timer Table1.1. Connections and purpose of IC555 timer Applications for the 555 chip
Applications for the 555 chip include precision timing, pulse generation, pulse width include precision timing, pulse generation, pulse width modulation,modulation, pulse position modulation, sequential timing, and missing pulse detection.
pulse position modulation, sequential timing, and missing pulse detection.
2.
2. LM324 Schmitt trigger:
LM324 Schmitt trigger:
The LM324 (released in 1972) was an amp that came in a quad package (four separate The LM324 (released in 1972) was an amp that came in a quad package (four separate op-amps in one package) and
amps in one package) and became an industry standard.became an industry standard. The LM324 series consists of
The LM324 series consists of four independent, high gain, internally frequency compensatedfour independent, high gain, internally frequency compensated operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate
operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate from a from a single powersingle power supply over a wide range of voltages. Operation from split power supplies is also
supply over a wide range of voltages. Operation from split power supplies is also possiblepossible and the low power supply current drain is independent of the magnitude of
and the low power supply current drain is independent of the magnitude of the power supplythe power supply voltage.
Application areas include transducer amplifiers, DC gain bl
Application areas include transducer amplifiers, DC gain bl ocks and all the ocks and all the conventional opconventional op amp circuits which now can be more easily implemented in single power supply systems. For amp circuits which now can be more easily implemented in single power supply systems. For example, the LM124 series can be directly operated off of the standard +5V power supply example, the LM124 series can be directly operated off of the standard +5V power supply voltage which is used in digital s
voltage which is used in digital systems and will easily provide the required interfaceystems and will easily provide the required interface electronics without requiring the additional ±15V
electronics without requiring the additional ±15V power supplies.power supplies.
Advantages Advantages
Fig.1.3. Pin-out diagram for LM324 Fig.1.3. Pin-out diagram for LM324
1.
1. Eliminates Eliminates need need for for dual dual suppliessupplies 2.
2. Four internaFour internally compensated lly compensated op amps op amps in a sin a single packingle packageage 3.
3. Allows dAllows directly irectly sensing sensing near near GND aGND and Vnd VOUTOUTalso goes to GNDalso goes to GND
3.
3. 7812 12V 1A Positive voltage regulator IC
7812 12V 1A Positive voltage regulator IC
7812 is a Positive voltage regulator capable of giving 1A current.
7812 is a Positive voltage regulator capable of giving 1A current. It has internal thermalIt has internal thermal protection against overheating.
protection against overheating.
The 7805, 7812, and other variants in the 78** series of regulator
The 7805, 7812, and other variants in the 78** series of regulator ICs have remained veryICs have remained very popular for many years. These regulator ICs offer very acceptable levels of performance for popular for many years. These regulator ICs offer very acceptable levels of performance for most applications and in addition to this
most applications and in addition to this they are very cheap and easy to use. Having onlythey are very cheap and easy to use. Having only three terminals, i.e. input, output and ground, they require no external components for their three terminals, i.e. input, output and ground, they require no external components for their basic operation.
Although the mainstay components are the 7805
Although the mainstay components are the 7805 and 7812 themselves, other variants supplyand 7812 themselves, other variants supply other voltages, the last two digits indicating the v
other voltages, the last two digits indicating the voltage output. In addition to this toltage output. In addition to this there arehere are low power variants 78L** and
low power variants 78L** and high power variants 78H**.high power variants 78H**. The 7805 and 7812 are positi
The 7805 and 7812 are positive voltage regulators supplying a positive ve voltage regulators supplying a positive voltage. Howevervoltage. However there is an equivalent series of negative voltage regulators - the 79** series i
there is an equivalent series of negative voltage regulators - the 79** series i ncluding thencluding the 7905 and 7912. These are virtually the same as the 7805, 7812 and the remaining variants in 7905 and 7912. These are virtually the same as the 7805, 7812 and the remaining variants in the 78** series, but they provide a negative instead of a positive output.
the 78** series, but they provide a negative instead of a positive output.
Fig.1.4.
Fig.1.4. Metal Metal can can package package Fig.1.5. Fig.1.5. Plastic Plastic packagepackage Specifications of 7812 IC
Specifications of 7812 IC
•
• Input Voltage Max:22 VInput Voltage Max:22 V •
• Maximum Output current: 1AMaximum Output current: 1A •
• Maximum Power dissipation :15W(at Maximum Power dissipation :15W(at 25degree C)25degree C)
4.
4. Infra Red Photodiode:
Infra Red Photodiode:
A photodiode is simpl
A photodiode is simply a semiconductor p-n junction. Photodiodes are quantum y a semiconductor p-n junction. Photodiodes are quantum detectors.detectors. That is light, which can exhibit
That is light, which can exhibit wave behaviouwave behaviour and particle-like behaviour, delivers itsr and particle-like behaviour, delivers its energy in a bundle (or quanta) proportional to the
energy in a bundle (or quanta) proportional to the frequency of that light.frequency of that light. Placing a p-type semiconductor in
Placing a p-type semiconductor in contact with an n-tcontact with an n-type semiconduype semiconductor creates what's calledctor creates what's called a space charge region (SCR). Carriers generated (electron-hole pairs) in the SCR are
a space charge region (SCR). Carriers generated (electron-hole pairs) in the SCR are separated by the field of the SCR. The particular choice of material
separated by the field of the SCR. The particular choice of material determines the "banddetermines the "band gap" of the material -- i
gap" of the material -- i.e. how much energy a given photon must possess in order to create.e. how much energy a given photon must possess in order to create an electron-hole pair.
Fig.1.6. A
Fig.1.6. A PhotodiodePhotodiode
Photons with energy equal to or greater than the band-gap of the material
Photons with energy equal to or greater than the band-gap of the material will excite awill excite a valence electron to the conduction band, and the built-in field of
valence electron to the conduction band, and the built-in field of the SCR will sweep thosethe SCR will sweep those carriers out as a current. These detectors can, in principle, be very fast, depending on the carriers out as a current. These detectors can, in principle, be very fast, depending on the design of the junction and choice of materials. It i
design of the junction and choice of materials. It i s necessary to collect the separated charges necessary to collect the separated charge before the carriers can r
before the carriers can recombine.ecombine.
Its application includes IR-remote control of hi-fi
Its application includes IR-remote control of hi-fi and TV sets, video tape recorders,and TV sets, video tape recorders, dimmers, and Light reflecting switches
CHAPTER-2
CHAPTER-2 PROBLEM PROBLEM DEFINITIONDEFINITION 2.1 Logical Structure
2.1 Logical Structure
The basic theory behind this is the Sound Navigation and Ranging (SONAR) technique that The basic theory behind this is the Sound Navigation and Ranging (SONAR) technique that is used for finding the distance and direction of a
is used for finding the distance and direction of a remote object underwater by transmittingremote object underwater by transmitting sound waves an
sound waves and detecting reflections from it. d detecting reflections from it. First, a series of short ultrasonic pulses areFirst, a series of short ultrasonic pulses are transmitted using a transducer that cha
transmitted using a transducer that changes voltage into sound wavenges voltage into sound waves. s. The transmitted pulseThe transmitted pulse is reflected off an object, and the reflected wave is
is reflected off an object, and the reflected wave is then received by another transducer thatthen received by another transducer that converts sound waves into
converts sound waves into voltage.voltage.
The transmitted signal is also known as the
The transmitted signal is also known as the „„pingping‟‟ and the received signal is known as theand the received signal is known as the „„pongpong‟‟. . By counting the elapsed time betweBy counting the elapsed time between the ping and the pong, the distancen the ping and the pong, the distance betweene between the device and an object can be easily calculated by multiplying the elapsed time
the device and an object can be easily calculated by multiplying the elapsed time with thewith the speed of sound.
speed of sound. Note that the time measured represents the time it takes a pulse to travel toNote that the time measured represents the time it takes a pulse to travel to an object plus the time it takes to travel back to the receiver.
an object plus the time it takes to travel back to the receiver. Hence, the measHence, the measured time isured time is halved in calculating the
halved in calculating the appropriate distance:appropriate distance:
Distance = (Time elapsed / 2) *
Distance = (Time elapsed / 2) * 340.29 m/s340.29 m/s Since a single measurement may misrepresent the
Since a single measurement may misrepresent the actual distance, a multiple received signalsactual distance, a multiple received signals were sampled and ave
were sampled and averaged to give more accurate distance mearaged to give more accurate distance measurement. surement. The calculatedThe calculated distance is then broken down into four intervals that represent the level of
distance is then broken down into four intervals that represent the level of proximity from theproximity from the object.
object.
As per the observations, the actually expected results fall out in the
As per the observations, the actually expected results fall out in the following ranges:following ranges: For distances>65 cm there should be no LED glowing
For distances>65 cm there should be no LED glowing For distances between 65-51 cm, 1 LED should For distances between 65-51 cm, 1 LED should glow. For distances between 50-46 cm, 2 LEDs glow. For distances between 50-46 cm, 2 LEDs should glow. For distances between <45 cm, 3
should glow. For distances between <45 cm, 3 LEDsLEDs should glow.
2.2 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS 2.2 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS The Circuit-diagram and the list of
The Circuit-diagram and the list of the electronic components required are as:the electronic components required are as:
Fig.2.1. Circuit Diagram of our IR Car Parking Sensor Device Fig.2.1. Circuit Diagram of our IR Car Parking Sensor Device
Parts List:
Parts List:
R1 - 10K 1/4W Resistor R1 - 10K 1/4W Resistor R2,R5,R6,R9 - 1K 1/4W Resistors R2,R5,R6,R9 - 1K 1/4W Resistors R3 - 33R 1/4W Resistor R3 - 33R 1/4W Resistor R4,R11 - 1M 1/4W R4,R11 - 1M 1/4W ResistorsResistors R7 - 4K7 1/4W Resistor R7 - 4K7 1/4W Resistor R8 - 1K5 1/4W Resistor R8 - 1K5 1/4W Resistor R10,R12-R14 - 1K 1/4W Resistors R10,R12-R14 - 1K 1/4W Resistors C1,C4 - 1µF 63V Electrolytic or Polyester C1,C4 - 1µF 63V Electrolytic or Polyester Capacitors Capacitors C2 - 47pF 63V Ceramic Capacitor C2 - 47pF 63V Ceramic Capacitor C3,C5 - 100µF 25V Electrolytic C3,C5 - 100µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitors Capacitors D1 - Infra-red LED D1 - Infra-red LEDD2 - Infra-red Photo Diode D2 - Infra-red Photo Diode D3,D4 - 1N4148 75V 150mA
D3,D4 - 1N4148 75V 150mA DiodesDiodes D5-7 - LEDs (Any color and size) D5-7 - LEDs (Any color and size) IC1 - 555 Timer IC
IC1 - 555 Timer IC
IC2 - LM324 Low Power Quad Op-amp IC2 - LM324 Low Power Quad Op-amp IC3 - 7812 12V 1A Positive
IC3 - 7812 12V 1A Positive voltagevoltage regulator
Hardware Design
Hardware Design
::
The hardware circuit can be broken down into two main sub-circuits
The hardware circuit can be broken down into two main sub-circuits – – transmittertransmitter circuit and rece
circuit and receiver circuit. iver circuit. The basic scThe basic scheme of the transmitter cheme of the transmitter circuit is shownircuit is shown below.
below.
Fig.2.2. Flowchart of Transmitter Circuit Fig.2.2. Flowchart of Transmitter Circuit
A series of pulses which are generated by IC555 timer has very less amplitude, which A series of pulses which are generated by IC555 timer has very less amplitude, which will be attenuated down to less than 20 mV when r
will be attenuated down to less than 20 mV when received by the receiver circuit.eceived by the receiver circuit. Hence, LM324 voltage comparator was used for signal amplification
Hence, LM324 voltage comparator was used for signal amplification beforebefore transmitting the signal.
transmitting the signal. LM324 was uLM324 was used instead of regsed instead of regular operational amplifierular operational amplifier since it has faster s
since it has faster switching speed. The voltage comparator compares the input pulsewitching speed. The voltage comparator compares the input pulse generated by
generated by the IC to 2.5V. the IC to 2.5V. If the voIf the voltage level of the input pulse is gltage level of the input pulse is greater thanreater than 2.5V it outputs 15V drawn from the power supply and drives the
2.5V it outputs 15V drawn from the power supply and drives the IR photodiode,IR photodiode, otherwise it o
otherwise it outputs zero. utputs zero. Hence the Hence the input pulses input pulses are amplified are amplified to 15V pulseto 15V pulses. s. The IRThe IR photodiode conve
photodiode converts the voltage signal to rts the voltage signal to IR light.IR light. Once the transmitted ray hits an obstacle it
Once the transmitted ray hits an obstacle it ‟‟s reflected back and received by IR photos reflected back and received by IR photo receptor that functions as a
receptor that functions as a receiver.receiver.
Fig.2.3. Flowchart of Receiver Circuit Fig.2.3. Flowchart of Receiver Circuit
First, the photo receptor converts the received IR rays into voltage. The si
First, the photo receptor converts the received IR rays into voltage. The si gnal wasgnal was then inputted to a Schmitt Trigger to
then inputted to a Schmitt Trigger to produce a clean square wave. The comparatorproduce a clean square wave. The comparator measures the change in intensity of the transmitted signal and thus, assigns the measures the change in intensity of the transmitted signal and thus, assigns the
trigger voltage (2.5V) gave logical zero (0V) and any value above V gave logical high trigger voltage (2.5V) gave logical zero (0V) and any value above V gave logical high (5V).
(5V). The output of the ScThe output of the Schmitt trigger is used to lighten up hmitt trigger is used to lighten up the LEDs.the LEDs.
Fig.2.4. Array of 3 LEDs connected to port A to warn the user of his or her proximity Fig.2.4. Array of 3 LEDs connected to port A to warn the user of his or her proximity from the in
from the interfering terfering obstacle.obstacle.
During our hardware-testing phase, we found out that the effective range of our During our hardware-testing phase, we found out that the effective range of our detector is propo
detector is proportional to the power of the tranrtional to the power of the transmitted signal. smitted signal. Larger range Larger range waswas initially preferred, but we also know that hi
initially preferred, but we also know that higher power achieved by using operationalgher power achieved by using operational amplifier will also amplify
amplifier will also amplify the noise. the noise. The effective range The effective range of our device wasof our device was important, but acquiring clean square pulses were much more important in terms important, but acquiring clean square pulses were much more important in terms doing calculation with the
doing calculation with the received signal.received signal.
The voltage level of the transmitted signal can be amplified up
The voltage level of the transmitted signal can be amplified up to +18V, but thatto +18V, but that resulted in random spikes and noise
resulted in random spikes and noise in received signal hence producing randomin received signal hence producing random distance calcula
distance calculations. tions. Tuning it down to +15V gave us reasonaTuning it down to +15V gave us reasonably clean signably clean signal, and inl, and in fact it was practical to use 15V since 15V can be
fact it was practical to use 15V since 15V can be tapped from the fuse box of antapped from the fuse box of anyy standard cars.
2.3 CIRCUIT OPERATION 2.3 CIRCUIT OPERATION Circuit diagram is a
Circuit diagram is a simple parking sensors, sensing the distance between where thesimple parking sensors, sensing the distance between where the rear bumper of the car and obstacles behind the car.
rear bumper of the car and obstacles behind the car. In the circuit diagram there areIn the circuit diagram there are two parts to the scheme and the scheme for the t
two parts to the scheme and the scheme for the transmitter receiver. Distance can beransmitter receiver. Distance can be understood from a combination of LEDs (D5 to D7) glowing. When the constraints understood from a combination of LEDs (D5 to D7) glowing. When the constraints exceed 10 cm, none of the LEDs will glow. This circuit
exceed 10 cm, none of the LEDs will glow. This circuit is based on the LM324 as ais based on the LM324 as a core system.
core system.
Fig.2.5. Circuit diagram for the image transmitter Fig.2.5. Circuit diagram for the image transmitter There are pictures on the IC1 NE555 is the cable a
There are pictures on the IC1 NE555 is the cable as astable multivibrator increase IRs astable multivibrator increase IR diode D1 to emit IR pulses. That operates at a
diode D1 to emit IR pulses. That operates at a frequency transmitter must be setfrequency transmitter must be set 120Hz.The IR pulses transmitted by D1 will be reflected on the obstacles and 120Hz.The IR pulses transmitted by D1 will be reflected on the obstacles and received by D2 (infra red). You can also use the photo diode. The received signal received by D2 (infra red). You can also use the photo diode. The received signal amplified by IC2a.The peak amplified signal is
amplified by IC2a.The peak amplified signal is detected by diode D4 detected by diode D4 and capacitorand capacitor C4.R5 and R6 compensates the forward voltage dr
C4.R5 and R6 compensates the forward voltage drop of D4.The output voltop of D4.The output voltage fromage from the peak detector will be proportional to the distance between the bumper cars and the peak detector will be proportional to the distance between the bumper cars and obstacles. Output from the peak detector is given to the input from
obstacles. Output from the peak detector is given to the input from three otherthree other comparators IC2b, IC2c and IC2d the IC2 LM324. The comparators switch status comparators IC2b, IC2c and IC2d the IC2 LM324. The comparators switch status LEDs according to their input voltage inverting input and the reference voltage at the LEDs according to their input voltage inverting input and the reference voltage at the non-inverting input. Resistances R7 to R10 are used to set the reference voltage for non-inverting input. Resistances R7 to R10 are used to set the reference voltage for the comparators.
Fig.2.6. Circuit diagram for the image receptor Fig.2.6. Circuit diagram for the image receptor We should note that the D1 & D2 must
We should note that the D1 & D2 must be installed near (~ 2cm) of be installed near (~ 2cm) of each other, seen ineach other, seen in the same direction. D1 can be a general purpose IR LED. D2 also can be general
the same direction. D1 can be a general purpose IR LED. D2 also can be general purpose IR photo diode with filter Sunda
purpose IR photo diode with filter Sunday. Right to work in the circuit, some ty. Right to work in the circuit, some trial andrial and error is required with the position of
error is required with the position of D1 and D2 in the dash board. All capacitors mustD1 and D2 in the dash board. All capacitors must be rated 25V.
be rated 25V.
Fig 2.7 working model of the Car Parking Sensor Fig 2.7 working model of the Car Parking Sensor
ALL THE PARTS USED IN THE CIRCUIT:
ALL THE PARTS USED IN THE CIRCUIT:
RESISTORS RESISTORS R1 - 10K 1/4W Resistor R1 - 10K 1/4W Resistor R2,R5,R6,R9 - 1K 1/4W Resistors R2,R5,R6,R9 - 1K 1/4W Resistors R3 - 33R 1/4W Resistor R3 - 33R 1/4W Resistor R4,R11 - 1M 1/4W Resistors R4,R11 - 1M 1/4W Resistors R7 - 4K7 1/4W Resistor R7 - 4K7 1/4W Resistor R8 - 1K5 1/4W Resistor R8 - 1K5 1/4W Resistor R10,R12-R14 - 1K 1/4W Resistors R10,R12-R14 - 1K 1/4W Resistors CAPACITORS CAPACITORS
C1,C4 - 1µF 63V Electrolytic or Polyester Capacitors C1,C4 - 1µF 63V Electrolytic or Polyester Capacitors C2 - 47pF 63V Ceramic Capacitor C2 - 47pF 63V Ceramic Capacitor C3,C5 - 100µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitors C3,C5 - 100µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitors DIODES DIODES D1 - Infra-red LED D1 - Infra-red LED
D2 - Infra-red Photo Diode D2 - Infra-red Photo Diode D3,D4 - 1N4148 75V 150mA
D3,D4 - 1N4148 75V 150mA DiodesDiodes D5-7 - LEDs (Any color and size) D5-7 - LEDs (Any color and size)
IC’S IC’S
IC1 - 555 Timer IC IC1 - 555 Timer IC
IC2 - LM324 Low Power Quad Op-amp IC2 - LM324 Low Power Quad Op-amp IC3 - 7812 12V 1A Positive voltage regulator IC3 - 7812 12V 1A Positive voltage regulator
2.4 SOLDERING: 2.4 SOLDERING:
We applied Soldering process for the connection of the components on the PCB. We applied Soldering process for the connection of the components on the PCB. Soldering is a process in which two or more metal
Soldering is a process in which two or more metal items are joined together byitems are joined together by melting, and, flowing a filler metal into the joint, the filler metal having a relatively melting, and, flowing a filler metal into the joint, the filler metal having a relatively low melting point. Soft soldering is characterized b
low melting point. Soft soldering is characterized by the melting point of the fillery the melting point of the filler metal, which is below 250 °C
metal, which is below 250 °C (525 °F). The filler metal used in t(525 °F). The filler metal used in the process is calledhe process is called solder.
solder. The composition of solder is lead & tin. The good quality solder (a The composition of solder is lead & tin. The good quality solder (a type of type of flexible naked wire) is 60% Tin +40% Lead which will melt
flexible naked wire) is 60% Tin +40% Lead which will melt between 180 °C tobetween 180 °C to 200 °C temperature.
200 °C temperature.
Fig 2.8 Soldering Machine & PCB Soldering Fig 2.8 Soldering Machine & PCB Soldering
When the points to solder are heated, an oxide film forms.
When the points to solder are heated, an oxide film forms. This must be removed atThis must be removed at once so that solder may get to the surface of the metal
once so that solder may get to the surface of the metal parts. This is done by applyingparts. This is done by applying chemical substance c
chemical substance called Flux, which boils under the heat of the ialled Flux, which boils under the heat of the iron remove theron remove the oxide formation and enable the metal to receive the solder. The flux which we oxide formation and enable the metal to receive the solder. The flux which we usedused for the soldering was RMA flux.
for the soldering was RMA flux. It contains rosin combined with an activating agent,It contains rosin combined with an activating agent, typically an acid, which increases the wet ability of metals to which i
typically an acid, which increases the wet ability of metals to which i t is applied bt is applied byy removing existing oxides. Flux is a substance which is nearly inert at room
removing existing oxides. Flux is a substance which is nearly inert at room temperature, but which becomes strongly
temperature, but which becomes strongly reducingreducing at elevated temperatures,at elevated temperatures, preventing the formation of metal oxides. Secondarily, flux acts as
preventing the formation of metal oxides. Secondarily, flux acts as a wetting agenta wetting agent inin the soldering process, reducing the
the soldering process, reducing the surface tensionsurface tension of the molten solder and causing itof the molten solder and causing it to better wet out the parts
2.5
2.5 ASSEMBLING:
ASSEMBLING:
For this project it was best
For this project it was best to assemble the components onto the board along with theto assemble the components onto the board along with the precautions given below:
precautions given below:
Components
Components Pictures Pictures ConnectionsConnections 1
1 IC HoldersIC Holders (DIL sockets) (DIL sockets)
Connected the correct way round by Connected the correct way round by making sure the notch is at t
making sure the notch is at thehe correct end
correct end. . ICs (chICs (chips) were nips) were not putot put in yet.
in yet.
2
2 ResistorsResistors No special precautions were neededNo special precautions were needed with resistors.
with resistors.
3
3 Small valueSmall value capacitors capacitors (less than (less than 1µF) 1µF)
These were connected either way These were connected either way round.
round.
Taking care with pol
Taking care with polystyreneystyrene capacitors because they are easily capacitors because they are easily damaged by heat. damaged by heat. 4 4 ElectrolyticElectrolytic capacitors capacitors (1µF and (1µF and greater) greater)
Connected the correct way round. Connected the correct way round. They will be marked with a + or They will be marked with a + or -near one lead.
near one lead.
5
5 DiodesDiodes Connected the correct way round.Connected the correct way round. Germanium diodes get easily Germanium diodes get easily damaged by heat. Thus taking care damaged by heat. Thus taking care
6
6 LEDsLEDs Connected the correct way round.Connected the correct way round. The diagram may be labeled
The diagram may be labeled „a‟„a‟ or +or + for anode and
for anode and „k‟„k‟ or - for or - for cathode.cathode. The cathode is the short lead. The cathode is the short lead. 7
7 Battery clipsBattery clips Connect the correct way round.Connect the correct way round.
8 8
ICs (chips)
ICs (chips) Connect the correct way round.Connect the correct way round. Carefully insert ICs in their holders: Carefully insert ICs in their holders: making sure all the pins are lined up making sure all the pins are lined up with the socket then pushed down with the socket then pushed down firmly with the thumb.
firmly with the thumb.
Table 2.1 Assembling Components table Table 2.1 Assembling Components table
CHAPTER-3 RESULT AND CONCLUSION CHAPTER-3 RESULT AND CONCLUSION
3.1 Observations (Snapshots): 3.1 Observations (Snapshots):
(A)Distance>60
(A)Distance>60 No LED‟s glow No LED‟s glow
(B)
(C) Distance between 50- 46cm
(C) Distance between 50- 46cm Two LED‟s glowTwo LED‟s glow
(D)
(D) Distance Distance <45cm <45cm All All the the three three LED‟s LED‟s glowglow
Fig.3.1. Variation in no. of LEDs glowing, with t
Fig.3.1. Variation in no. of LEDs glowing, with the variation in distance of thehe variation in distance of the obstacle.
3.2
3.2 Result(s):
Result(s):
The range of our device
The range of our device was approximately 60 cm. As was approximately 60 cm. As mentioned before, the effectivementioned before, the effective range is proportional to the power of the transmitted pulses. As we have found out range is proportional to the power of the transmitted pulses. As we have found out from our circuit, that as the distance of th
from our circuit, that as the distance of the car from the wall got less and le car from the wall got less and less, theess, the reflected I.R. needed less time and also it brought
reflected I.R. needed less time and also it brought back a more intensified beam back back a more intensified beam back reflected, so we got more voltage generated from the transducer and hence more reflected, so we got more voltage generated from the transducer and hence more LEDs glowed.
LEDs glowed.
We had to keep in mind t
We had to keep in mind that further amplification would result in more noise and thathat further amplification would result in more noise and that we put more emphasis on accuracy than the range for our application.
we put more emphasis on accuracy than the range for our application.
To test the accuracy of the device we measured the actual distance between the To test the accuracy of the device we measured the actual distance between the sensors and the object with a ruler and compared that to the distance reading which sensors and the object with a ruler and compared that to the distance reading which we have expected from the calculations.
we have expected from the calculations. Distance
Distance Interval Interval (cm) (cm) LED LED lit- lit-up up Status Status 0-40 0-40 1 1 2 2 3 3 DangerDanger 50-41 50-41 1 1 2 2 AlarmingAlarming 6 6 0-51 0-51 1 1 CautionCaution 60+ 60+ 0 0 SafeSafe
Table.3.1. Distance intervals and corresponding lighted LEDs Table.3.1. Distance intervals and corresponding lighted LEDs
Our testing showed us that
Our testing showed us that it has an it has an accuracy of ±2 cm with accuracy of ±2 cm with one exception. Readingsone exception. Readings done in the first distance interval (0
done in the first distance interval (0 – – 3cm) gave some misreading. For inst3cm) gave some misreading. For instance, anance, an actual distance of 2cm was read as 4 cm. We believe that placing an object too actual distance of 2cm was read as 4 cm. We believe that placing an object too closeclose to the IR transducers causes the receiver to be unable to pick up the t
to the IR transducers causes the receiver to be unable to pick up the t ransmitted waveransmitted wave properly like in subsequent distance intervals
properly like in subsequent distance intervals
Throughou
Throughout our t our circuit-testing phase we encountered countless noise issues andcircuit-testing phase we encountered countless noise issues and random behaviors that compromised our result. H
random behaviors that compromised our result. However by employing resistors atowever by employing resistors at the proper place we managed to get the desired output. Also the heating up of t the proper place we managed to get the desired output. Also the heating up of t hehe components was prevented by the use of voltage regulator IC.
3.3 Conclusion & Recommendations
3.3 Conclusion & Recommendations
This device can detect the car within a range of 10cm with
This device can detect the car within a range of 10cm with accuracy of ±2 cm in theaccuracy of ±2 cm in the distance interval of 0 to
distance interval of 0 to 10cm.This hands-on experience made us realize how other10cm.This hands-on experience made us realize how other variables such as random noise, wire capacitance, and temperature can affect variables such as random noise, wire capacitance, and temperature can affect thethe circuit and compromise the result.
circuit and compromise the result. Througho
Throughout the process of delivering the final ut the process of delivering the final product, we gained much more thanproduct, we gained much more than just understanding
just understanding the technology and the technology and its application. These factors its application. These factors are often ignoredare often ignored in theory-based class
in theory-based classes where mostly ideal situation is considerees where mostly ideal situation is considered. d. We believe thatWe believe that it
it‟‟s important to s important to learn and experience them to learn and experience them to appreciate real-life engineering.appreciate real-life engineering. If we were to do t
If we were to do this project again, we would trhis project again, we would try to increase the effective range andy to increase the effective range and enhance the accuracy by implementing some kind of
enhance the accuracy by implementing some kind of noise reduction circuit.noise reduction circuit.
Furthermore, we would like to add even an audible feedback that may help the driver Furthermore, we would like to add even an audible feedback that may help the driver to park the car safely without even looking back. Finally, usability of this
to park the car safely without even looking back. Finally, usability of this device candevice can be improved by making it completely portable and attachable to the bumper of any be improved by making it completely portable and attachable to the bumper of any commercial vehicles.
commercial vehicles.
Certain Precautions are needed to be followed while doing this project. They are: Certain Precautions are needed to be followed while doing this project. They are:
§
§ Power supply must be regulated (hence the use of IC3) for precise referencePower supply must be regulated (hence the use of IC3) for precise reference
voltages. The circuit can be fed by a commercial wall plug-in adapter, having voltages. The circuit can be fed by a commercial wall plug-in adapter, having a DC output voltage in the range 12-24V.
a DC output voltage in the range 12-24V.
§
§ Current drawing: LEDs off 40mA; all LEDs on 60mA @ 12V Current drawing: LEDs off 40mA; all LEDs on 60mA @ 12V DC supply.DC supply. §
§ The infra-red Photo Diode D2 should be of the tThe infra-red Photo Diode D2 should be of the t ype incorporating an opticalype incorporating an optical
sunlight filter: these components appear in black plastic cases. Some of them sunlight filter: these components appear in black plastic cases. Some of them resemble TO92 transistors: in this case, please note that the sensitive surface is resemble TO92 transistors: in this case, please note that the sensitive surface is the curved, not the flat one.
the curved, not the flat one.
§
§ Avoid sun or artificial light hitting directly D1 & D2.Avoid sun or artificial light hitting directly D1 & D2.
§
§ If your car has black bumpers, you can line-up the infra-red diodes with theIf your car has black bumpers, you can line-up the infra-red diodes with the (mostly white) license or number plate.
§
§ It is wiser to place It is wiser to place all the circuitry near the infra-red all the circuitry near the infra-red LEDs in a small box. TheLEDs in a small box. The
3 signaling LEDs can be placed far from the main box
3 signaling LEDs can be placed far from the main box at an height makingat an height making them well visible by the car driver.
them well visible by the car driver.
§
§ The best setup is obtained bringing D2 nearer to D1 (witThe best setup is obtained bringing D2 nearer to D1 (wit hout a reflectinghout a reflecting
object) until D5 illuminates; then moving it a
object) until D5 illuminates; then moving it a bit until D5 ibit until D5 is clearly off.s clearly off. Usually D1-D2 optimum distance lies in the range 1.5-3 cm.
Usually D1-D2 optimum distance lies in the range 1.5-3 cm.
3.4 Implications For
3.4 Implications For Future Research
Future Research
For future research, in the same concerned area, we would like to involve new and For future research, in the same concerned area, we would like to involve new and better technology for the cars and other automobiles, with both visual as well as better technology for the cars and other automobiles, with both visual as well as audible feedback, as mentioned here. This is a
audible feedback, as mentioned here. This is a valuable car accessory technologyvaluable car accessory technology because not only is it a great addition to
because not only is it a great addition to your high-tech car gadgets, it greatly lowersyour high-tech car gadgets, it greatly lowers the risk of vehicular accidents.
the risk of vehicular accidents.
With the rapid proliferation of vehicle availabilit
With the rapid proliferation of vehicle availabilit y and usage in recent years, finding ay and usage in recent years, finding a vacant car parking space is becoming more and more difficult, resulting in
vacant car parking space is becoming more and more difficult, resulting in a numbera number of practical conflicts. Parking problems are
of practical conflicts. Parking problems are becoming ubiquitous and ever growing atbecoming ubiquitous and ever growing at an alarming rate in every major cit
an alarming rate in every major cit y. Lot of research and development is being doney. Lot of research and development is being done all over the world
all over the world to implement better and to implement better and smarter parking management mechanisms.smarter parking management mechanisms. Widespread use of wireless technologies paired with
Widespread use of wireless technologies paired with the recent advances in wirelessthe recent advances in wireless applications for parking, manifests that digital data dissemination could be the key to applications for parking, manifests that digital data dissemination could be the key to solve emerging parking problems. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)
solve emerging parking problems. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology hastechnology has attracted increased attention and is rapidly emerging due to their enormous
attracted increased attention and is rapidly emerging due to their enormous
application potential in diverse fields. This buoyant field is expected to provide an application potential in diverse fields. This buoyant field is expected to provide an efficient and cost-effective solution to the effluent car parking problems.
efficient and cost-effective solution to the effluent car parking problems. Though newer and more innovative t
Though newer and more innovative typeypes of s of parking sensors are currently coming outparking sensors are currently coming out in the market, allowing for more choices among car owners, there are tw
in the market, allowing for more choices among car owners, there are tw o types of o types of parking sensor technology tha
parking sensor technology that we would lit we would like to focus on. There is the ke to focus on. There is the ultrasonicultrasonic sensor technology
Ultrasonic Reverse Parking Sensor
Ultrasonic Reverse Parking Sensor
Ultrasonic sensors are quickly becoming obsolete in
Ultrasonic sensors are quickly becoming obsolete in the parking sensor marketthe parking sensor market because of newer technologies. It basically consists of four
because of newer technologies. It basically consists of four or more sensors attachedor more sensors attached to the rear bumper of the car.
to the rear bumper of the car. It also needs to be drilled on to It also needs to be drilled on to the bumper, whichthe bumper, which makes car owners think twice about installing this t
makes car owners think twice about installing this type of reverse parking sensor.ype of reverse parking sensor.
Electromagnetic Parking Sensor
Electromagnetic Parking Sensor
This type of parking sensor is more discreet than its
This type of parking sensor is more discreet than its primitive counterpart. It is locatedprimitive counterpart. It is located behind the car bumper to make it virtuall
behind the car bumper to make it virtually unseen by the public eye. It is also morey unseen by the public eye. It is also more reliable than ultrasonic parking sensor because of
reliable than ultrasonic parking sensor because of its advanced technology. It can alsoits advanced technology. It can also detect objects at the sides of bumper, unlike the ultrasonic technology which only detect objects at the sides of bumper, unlike the ultrasonic technology which only detects what
detects what‟‟s directly behind bumper. Although it will s directly behind bumper. Although it will probably cost more than theprobably cost more than the ultrasonic sensor, we may surely get our money
4 REFERENCES 4 REFERENCES
IEEE journals: IEEE journals:
[1]
[1] S.V. Srikanth, Pramod P.J., Dileep K.P., Tapas S., Mahesh U. Patil, SaratS.V. Srikanth, Pramod P.J., Dileep K.P., Tapas S., Mahesh U. Patil, Sarat Chandra Babu N., "Design and
Chandra Babu N., "Design and ImplemenImplementation of tation of a Prototype Smarta Prototype Smart PARKing (SPARK) System Using Wireless Sensor Networks," waina, PARKing (SPARK) System Using Wireless Sensor Networks," waina, pp.401-406, 2009 International Conference on Advanced
pp.401-406, 2009 International Conference on Advanced InformationInformation Networking and Applications Workshops, 2009
Networking and Applications Workshops, 2009 [2]
[2] Christine Connolly, (2007) "Collision avoidance technologyChristine Connolly, (2007) "Collision avoidance technology: from parking: from parking sensors to unmanned aircraft", Sensor Review, Vol.
sensors to unmanned aircraft", Sensor Review, Vol. 27 Iss: 3, pp.18227 Iss: 3, pp.182 – – 188188 [3] Agarwal,
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Intelligent Transportation SyTransportation Systems, stems, Volume 10 Volume 10 , , Issue Issue 3 3 (September 2(September 2009),009), Pages: 486-498, Year of Publication: 2009 ,
Pages: 486-498, Year of Publication: 2009 , ISSN:1524-905ISSN:1524-90500 Books used:
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[4] Bosch,Bosch, "Parking Aid operation" P"Parking Aid operation" Pg 42-45.Retrieved 2009-10-19.g 42-45.Retrieved 2009-10-19. [5]
[5] James Juwon LJames Juwon Lee,ee, “U“Ultrasonic ParKontrollltrasonic ParKontroller”er”, Pg. 35-36., Pg. 35-36. [6]
[6] Maurico RodriguMaurico Rodriguez Saenz,ez Saenz, ““Parktronic system (PTSParktronic system (PTS)”)”, Pg. 54. Retrieved, Pg. 54. Retrieved 2008-07-13.4B
2008-07-13.4BMW Technology Guide: Park Distance ControlMW Technology Guide: Park Distance Control [7]
[7] Scherz, Paul (2000) "Practical Electronics for Inventors," p. 589.Scherz, Paul (2000) "Practical Electronics for Inventors," p. 589. McGraw McGraw--Hill
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[8] Jung, Walter G. (1983) Jung, Walter G. (1983) "IC Timer Cookbo"IC Timer Cookbook, Second Edition," pp. 40ok, Second Edition," pp. 40 – – 41. Sams41. Sams Technical Publishing; 2nd ed.
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[9] IPAC IPAC Staff. "Near, Mid anStaff. "Near, Mid and Far-Infrared". d Far-Infrared". NASA ipac. RetrievNASA ipac. Retrieved 2007-04-ed 2007-04-04.
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[10] Miller,
[10] Miller, Principles of Infrared TechnologyPrinciples of Infrared Technology (Van Nostrand Reinhold,(Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1992), and Miller and
1992), and Miller and Friedman,Friedman, Photonic Rules of ThumbPhotonic Rules of Thumb, 2004., 2004. [11]
[11] C. C. A. A. Grimes, Grimes, E. E. C. C. Dickey, Dickey, and and M. M. V. V. Pishko Pishko (2006), (2006), EncyclopeEncyclopedia dia of of Sensors (10-Volume Set), American Scientific Publishers.
APPENDIX- Data Specification Sheet(s) APPENDIX- Data Specification Sheet(s)
APPENDIX- A LM324 APPENDIX- A LM324
APPENDIX- B 7812 VOLTAGE REGULATOR APPENDIX- B 7812 VOLTAGE REGULATOR
APPENDIX-C IC555 TIMER APPENDIX-C IC555 TIMER
40 |
40 | P a g eP a g e
APPENDIX-D PHOTO-DIODE APPENDIX-D PHOTO-DIODE
