Lecture 4-Sentence Patterns

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UNDERSTANDING BAHASA

INDONESIA AND ENGLISH

SENTENCE PATTERNS

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English Department

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By the end of this lecture, you will be able

to answer questions about:

1. Components that build up a sentence in

English

2. Components that build up a sentence in

Bahasa Indonesia

3. Common errors found in writing

sentences in Bahasa Indonesia

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THE ENGLISH SENTENCE

CONSTRUCTION

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English sentences have two basic components: a subject and a predicate

SUBJECT PREDICATE

Winters in Maine can be extremely difficult. Temperatures frequently drop below zero. Heavy snowfalls make travel risky.

Being self-reliant and resourceful

helps a person to survive through the winter.

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ENGLISH SENTENCE

In its simplest form, an English sentence has two parts: a subject and a verb that express a complete

thought when they are together.

A COMPLETE THOUGHT

Subject

Verb

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SUBJECT

The subject is sometimes called the

naming part of a sentence or clause.

The subject usually appears before

the predicate to show

(a) what the sentence is about, or

(b) who or what performs the

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SUBJECT

The subject is commonly

a) a noun

b) a pronoun

c) a noun phrase

d) compound subject

e) a noun clause

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VERB

The verb shows the action or the state of being

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VERB

VERB PHRASE

Auxiliary Verb Main Verb Functioning as Adverb or Adjective

I must make an ‘A’ in this class.

We grew apart after high school.

Running on the wet floor, she slipped and broke her arm.

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COMPLEMENTS OF ACTIVITY VERBS

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COMPLEMENTS OF LINKING VERBS

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SENTENCE

SIMPLE COMPOUND COMPLEX

SUBJECT AND PREDICATE SUBJECT AND VERB

S + V

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SENTENCE

SIMPLE COMPOUND COMPLEX COMPOUND-_COMPLEX

S + V (+ Clause) + coordinate conjunction + (S + V) ADJECTIVE CLAUSE, NOUN CLAUSE, OR ADVERB CLAUSE (S + V) coordinate conjunction (S + V) (S + V) subordinate conjunction (S + V) Main Clause + Sub Clause (S + V) containing clauses S + V

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SIMPLE SENTENCE

Mr. Potato Head eats monkeys.

I refuse.

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COMPOUND SENTENCE

Mr. Potato Head eats them for

breakfast every day, but I don’t

see the attraction.

Eating them makes him happy;

however, he can’t persuade me.

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COMPLEX SENTENCE

He recommends them highly because they taste like chicken when they are hot.

Although chicken always appeals to me, I still feel skeptical about monkey.

Mrs. Potato Head, because she loves us so much, has offered to make her special monkey soufflé for us.

She can cook it however she wants.

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COMPOUND-COMPLEX

SENTENCE

Mr. Potato Head said that he would share the

secret recipe; however, if he does, Mrs.

Potato Head will feed him to the piranhas, so

we are both safer and happier if I don’t eat

monkeys or steal recipes.

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The man

looked angry few minutes ago.

The man with a scar on his face

looked

angry few minutes ago.

ADJECTIVE AND PHRASE

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The man

is calm now.

The man with a scar on his face

is

calm

indeed

now.

ADJECTIVE AND PHRASE

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The man

is in his office.

The man with a scar on his face

is in his ofice

near the park

.

ADJECTIVE AND PHRASE

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The girl

understood my instruction easily.

The pretty girl in the red sweater

understood my instruction

about how to set

the table without dificulty

.

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The girl

cried loudly.

The small girl in the back of the room

cried

loudly.

ADJECTIVE AND PHRASE

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The insect, a cockroach, is crawling across the kitchen table.

During the dinner conversation, Clifford, the messiest eater at the table, spewed mashed potatoes like an erupting volcano.

An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that

renames another noun right beside it.

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The building looked empty last night.

The building

that sits across from the park

looked empty

when we drove past it

.

CLAUSES

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The building is a museum now.

The building

that used to belong to the

Briggs family

has been a museum

since Mr.

Briggs died in 1986

.

CLAUSES

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The building is on Fifth Avenue.

The building

which contains the legislative

offices

is on Fifth Avenue

because the

senators need to be able to walk to the

State Building across the street

.

CLAUSES

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The child cried loudly.

The child

who was sitting in the back of the

room

cried loudly

so that the teacher could

hear him

.

CLAUSES

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The child understood my question easily.

The child

who was wearing the red sweater

understood my question easily

although it

was very difficult

.

CLAUSES

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Javier

and

his colleagues

collaborated on

the research article.

COMPOUND SUBJECT

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Javier

conducted

the experiment and

documented

the results.

COMPOUND VERBS

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Javier

,

his colleagues

, and

their advisor

drafted

and

revised

the article several

times.

COMPOUND

SUBJECT AND VERB

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THE SENTENCE

CONSTRUCTION OF

BAHASA INDONESIA

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SIMPLE SENTENCE

(Kalimat Tunggal)

COMPOUND SENTENCE

(Kalimat Majemuk)

PREDICATE

Nouns/Noun Phrase (nomina/frasa nomina) Verbs/Verb Phrase (verba/frasa verba)

Adjectives/Adjective Phrase (Ajektiva/frasa ajektiva) Other categories (kategori lain)

COMPUND SENTENCE

Kalimat Majemuk Setara

COMPLEX SENTENCE

Kalimat Majemuk Bertingkat

DECLARATIVE SENTENCE (KALIMAT BERITA) INTEROGATIVE SENTENCE (KALIMAT TANYA) IMPERATIVE SENTENCE (KALIMAT PERINTAH) EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE (KALIMAT SERU)

In Bahasa Indonesia, sentence construction refers to several types which are based on either form or

meaning.

FORM

MEANING

COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE

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The following is the examples of simple sentence (kalimat tunggal) with its various kinds of predicates.

SUBJECT PREDICATE

Bapak menulis.

Wanita itu cantik.

Rumahnya di atas gunung.

Ia dokter.

Ayamnya lima ekor.

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The following is the examples of compound sentence (kalimat majemuk setara)

S + P CONJUNCTION S + P

Sisca anak yang baik

lagi pula ia sangat pandai. Bapak minum teh atau Bapak makan nasi. Dia sangat rajin, tetapi adiknya sangat

pemalas.

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The following is the examples of complex sentence (kalimat majemuk bertingkat)

S + P CONJUNCTION S + P

Diakuinya bahwa ia yang memukul anak itu.

Katanya bahwa ia tidak sengaja menjatuhkan gelas itu.

Mereka sudah mengetahui

bahwa saya yang

mengambilnya. Ayah pulang ketika kami makan malam

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The following is the examples of compound-complex sentence

(kalimat majemuk campuran)

Major Pattern Minor 1 Minor 2

Ketika ia duduk minum-minum, datang seorang pemuda berpakaian bagus dan menggunakan kendaraan roda empat. Rida Wahyuningrum English Department

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There are some conditions that may lead to common errors when writing sentences in Bahasa Indonesia.

1. Influenced by local languages 2. Influenced by foreign languages 3. Ambiguity 4. Ineffectiveness 5. Fragments 6. Illogical Sentences 7. Reduncance/Pleonasm Rida Wahyuningrum English Department

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INFLUENCED BY LOCAL

LANGUAGES

a. Buku itu dibeli oleh saya  buku eta dipeser ku abdi

b. Apa kamu sudah membacanya  Opo kowe . . . .

c. Atas perhatian Saudara kami haturkan terima kasih. d. Teknologinya Jepang jauh lebih maju dari kita

e. Kita punya kemampuan terbaik.

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INFLUENCED BY FOREIGN

LANGUAGES

a. My name is Farah

b. He knows a restaurant where we can get a drink. c. Aeroplanes which cross the Atlantic are jets.

d. The man to whom the letter was addressed had died months before.

e. The travelers with whom I had spoken came from distant town.

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Translated as follows:

• Nama saya adalah Farah.

• Dia tahu rumah makan di mana kita bisa mendapatkan minuman.

• Pesawat-pesawat yang mana mengarungi Lautan Atlantik itu adalah jet.

• Orang kepada siapa surat itu dialamatkan telah meninggal beberapa bulan lalu.

• Para pelancong dengan siapa saya telah berbicara datang dari kota yang jauh.

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AMBIGUITY

a. Lukisan Jamilah dipajang juga dalam pameran itu. b. Garasi mobil yang mewah itu selalu terpelihara. c. Ibu Indra sakit

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INEFFECTIVE SENTENCES

1. Sejumlah desa-desa yang dilalui Sungai Citarum dilanda

banjir.

2. Dalam pembangunan jembatan Pasupati, banyak

persoalan-persoalan ekstern yang muncul.

3. Bersama surat ini saya lampirkan daftar nama-nama calon anggota DPR.

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a. diperlebarkan dilebarkan/diperlebar

b. Seringkali sering-sering/ berkali-kali c. dan lain sebagainya dan lain-lain/dan sebagainya d. Kadangkala kadang-kadang/Adakala

e. zaman dahulu kala zaman/kala

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f. Dalam seminar itu membicarakan . . . .

Dalam seminar itu dibicarakan . . . . Seminar itu membicarakan . . . . (X)

Pemakalah seminar itu membicarakan . . . .

g. Permasalahan negara dapat diatasi dengan cepat

tergantung dari pemimpinnya. (X)

• Pada dinding itu tergantung lukisan.

• Permasalahan negara dapat diatasi dengan cepat

bergantung pada pimpinannya.

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FRAGMENTS

a. Jika tidak ada dukungan masyarakat, tidak akan terwujud.

b. Film produksi dalam negeri yang kurang bermutu yang tidak mampu bersaing di pasaran.

c. Dua orang mahasiswa jurusan Mesin yang sedang mengadakan penelitian ke Bontang.

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ILLOGICAL SENTENCES

a. Yang kencing harus disiram  orangnya yang disiram

b. Dilarang keras membuang sampah ke sungai

c. Kepada yang tidak berkepentingan dilarang masuk Siapa yang tidak berkepentingan? Kepada

d. Daerah bebas parkir  berarti boleh parkir di mana saja.

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ILLOGICAL SENTENCES

e. Waktu dan tempat kami persilakan. f. Bapak/Ibu/Saudara …, kami persilakan.

g. Mereka tidak paham dan mengerti masalah politik.

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REDUNDANCE

Adalah merupakan Mulai sejak Ulang kembali Naik ke atas Turun ke bawah Amat sangat sekali

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REDUNDANCE

Berdasarkan pada Berdasar pada . . . . Berdasarkan . . . . Disebabkan karena Disebabkan . . . Membicarakan mengenai/tentang Berbicara

tentang/mengenai Membicarakan . . . .

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a. Hasil daripada penjualan saham akan digunakan untuk memperluas bidang usaha.

b. Baik pedagang ataupun konsumen masih menunggu

kepastian harga sehingga tidak terjadi transaksi jual beli.

c. Bukan harga sembilan bahan pokok yang mengalami

kenaikan harga tetapi harga produk yang menggunakan bahan baku impor.

d. Sebagian pedagang tidak menaikkan harga melainkan menimbun sebagian barang dagangannya.

e. Antara kemauan konsumen dengan kemauan pedagang

terdapat perbedaan dalam penentuan kenaikan harga. Note:

seperti baik…maupun; bukan…melainkan; tidak…tetapi….; antara…dan…. Rida Wahyuningrum

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