INTRODUCTION
The proposed research will have a direct impact on production process, such as precision tube sizing. Sizing of bushes etc, and final results will be of utility to industries. This will help in achieving high precision by selecting appropriate “Ball-Tube” combination.
Other carbon steels and alloy steels with harder balls. Ballizing could be done on soft metals like zinc. copper, lead, light metal, bearing metal and many other soft alloys.Application of lubricant and types of lubrication can be used.Higher loads can be choose for achieving more hardness. Work hardening in the internal diameter layer takes place upto 0.06 mm. Efforts can be made to increase this depth.
The hole wall expands due to the interference between the ball and hole. The material
Discussion and Analysis of Ball Rolling (Ballizing)
Process with Elastic and Plastic Deformation
between Ball and Material
PAWAN K. UPADHYAY¹, PANKAJ AGARWAL² and A. R. ANSARI³
¹Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIIT, Bhopal (India). ²Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bhopal (India). ³Department of Mechanical Engineering, SSCT Bhopal (India).
(Received: June 09, 2012; Accepted: July 03, 2012)
ABSTRACT
In this regard ballizing may be the only means of producing exact size holes which can have no corner break and must also be burr free.
Mated holes having slight elbow or s-bends can be finished in one pass and interrupted areas such as cross holes recesses do not create problems. Nor does ballizing throw burrs or chips into them as could occur if the piece were broached reamed or honed.
The method applies to metallic materials, and they should have homogenous structure. If there are hard spots in castings, ballizing will not be carried out uniformly, any of the ferrous, non ferrous or stainless screw stocks can be processed with good results. Parts can also be ballized after case hardening or plating up to but not including the hard chromium level. The work piece should not be harder than 45 RC. Ball should have more hardness than work piece.
Key words : Ballizing, Alluminum Alloy, Alloy steel, C.L.A., Elastic Pressure, Plastic Deformation, BHN, Machining; Surface finish and deformation.
of the ball is so selected that it is not permanently deformed. After the ball has passed through the hole, it adopts its original diameter, whereas the hole wall springs back by the amount of elastic expansion. some metal is also displaced by the plastic flow.
Analysis and evaluation of Plastic Deformation in Ballizing
Ballizing can be carried out with or without lubrication. Generally lubricated ballizing gives better results When ballizing is done on soft and ductile materials like Aluminum, the particles of base material get detached and remain stick to the ball.
The value of b calculated from the circular contact can be applied for load calculation due to elastic mode in ballizing.
F elastic = π D × 2b × µ × p ...(1)
The axial force F elastic is given by equation (2) where 2b is width of contact p D is length of contact, p the radial elastic pressure (to be derived from Lame’s equation) and µ is coefficient of friction sticking conditions can be assumed to prevail between the ball and the hole wall and a value of µ equal to K/5.14 K = nearly equal o 0.2 is adopted.
The various values of different parameters are shown in the figures
This the contact between the ball and hole is circular with develop a mathematical mode to estimate Fp1 as a function of ball travel and accounting for the size of built up nose, however, a simplified model for the estimation of Fp1 is proposed.
P=2K (1+π/2) =5.14 K ()
Considering the effect of elastic material underneath the coronet
Experimental Technique
a.Orthogonal Transformation :- To facilitate the determination of b0, b1, b2 and b3 the values of x1, x2 and x3 should be so selected that
So that
The values of coded variables x1 or x2 or x3 can be +1 ro -1 to satisfy the condition of orthogonally.
The relationship between the natural variables x’ and the coded variables x is based upon conventional transformation.
Since we will need coding in logarithmic form
...(4)
It can be verified that R.H.S. of eqn. (9) is equal to +1 when x’max is substituted for x’ in above equation and equal to -1 when x’min is substituted for x’ in above equation.
ΣYx1 = b0x0Σx1 + b1Σx12 + b
2Σ x1x2 + b3Σx1 x3 ...(5)
Similarly-ΣYx2 = b0x0Σx2 + b1Σx1 x2+b2Σx22 + b
3Σx2x3 ...(3)
and
ΣVx3=b0x0Σx3 + b1Σx1x3 + b2Σx2x3 + b3Σx32 ...(6)
Mathematical Model for Ballizing
Since practically
Db H≈ Dh H≈ D say A + B=1/D
similarly B=A = 1/2 [2/Db-2/Dh + 0] = 1/D Since Cos 2 ψ = -1 in Ballizing
For a Ratio m=1 and n=1
Analysis of diagram for numerical Value obtained for Ballizing process
Aluminium Alloy Bushes(material)
In the two bushes, in which interference was kept only 70 microns, the surface finish was
Calculations with help by diagrams Where ,
x’1 , x’2, x’3 = Real independent variables x1, x2, x3 = Coded variables
R = Dependent variables
k, a1, a2, a3 = Constants b0, b1, b2, b3 = Constants
Cp-relation Factor
eH = 0.5 x 10-3 cm
Taking D = 1.8 cm making it non dimensional
For Equation We have
(Y’ - Y)2 = 0.13065
Observations Taking from figures for Calculation of Ratio Observation Table
x0 x1 x2 x3 CA initial CA Final Y =loge R
1 +1 -1 -1 143.12 12 13.250 2.65675
1 +1 +1 +1 243 13 19.8181 3.0358
1 -1 -1 -1 179.13 31 3.4531 1.4936
1 -1 +1 +1 203 24 8.9565 2.2982
1 +1 -1 +1 230 32 7.5428 1.8783
1 +1 +1 -1 144.6 8 18.357 3.0134
8 0 0 2215.6 117 78.3775 14.37605
Observation Table
The high and low limits of x' in the experiment are indicated in table.
Variable High Limit Low limit
if/D 9.987641 x 10-3 5.38596 x 10-3
x'2 = √mm/min 118.41 13.04
x'3 = B.H.N. 163.5 72.23
(Y - Y’)2 = 2.082019
= 0.9583
FinalCLA InitialCLA
=1631.61(r f/D) 0.926738(v) 0.41824 (B.H.N.)-042063.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
For Mild steel Bush with 70 Microns interference E = 1.96 x 106 kg/sq mc p = 9903 kg/sq cm
2 a = π R1 = 5.677 cm. µ = 0.3 R1 = 0.9 cm
R2 = 1.8 cm and b = 0.0042 cm
eH = 0.5 x 10-3 cm
Taking D = 1.8 cm
making it non dimensional
8
.
1
10
5
.
0
×
−3=
D
e
H= 0.3 x 10-3
8.2 For Aluminum Bush of 170 microns interference
E = 0.675 x 106 kg/cm2
µ = 0.34
R1 = 0.9 cm R2 = 1.8 cm 2a = 2 p R1 = 5.677 cm.
b = 0.0114 c,
p = 3342.70 kg/ sqcm
The value of eH calculated from the equation
eH = 2.41 x 10-3 cm
The intercept on the Y axis is 1.35 microns according to authors model and aimed at adopting equal to 1.
A value of 70 microns has been adopted for strain calculations in the case of steel, whereas an interference of 170 microns is adopted for Aluminum because of sinking in tendency of Aluminum, under the load of an indenting ball.
Fig indicate comparison between authors model and Experimental results.
eH = 0.5 x 10-3 cm
Taking D = 1.8 cm
DISCUSSIONS
On the result of investigation following Concluding remarks can be made :
1. Effect of Interference is more pronounced than that of velocity. With more difference of hardness in ball and bush, improved surface finish can be obtained.
2. When soft and ductile metals like Aluminium are ballized the metal particles get separated from surface of bushes, without lubricant.
3. These particles get stick to the balls during every pass, which need to be removed every time.
4. Both the results show values are quite high and curve fitting is satisfactory in both the cases.
5. Variation of load on the length of bush shown that, nearly at the center of the bush length the load is maximum.
6. Vibration in he load curve may be due to variation in the geometry accuracy while boring.
Some remark and Objectives of the Proposed work of Ballizing Process
This is having wide range of application and it is being used as a noble process (ballizing), with some Observations and Concluding remarks which are listed below :
1. Parts that have case hardened layer upto 0.4 mm, can be ballized, but beyond 0.4 mm case hardened depth, ballizing connot be carried out successfully.
2. When heat treatment is done after ballizing, sizing and finishing of the ballized hole get disrupted..
4. The required bore diameters can be obtained as mentioned in the diagram (Fig.) 5. Good results can be obtained by ballizing for the following material Sintered iron,
sintered brass i.e. powdered metals. 6. Case hardened surfaces can also be
ballized, but these should be free from hard chromium layer.
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