G.A.Q.-B.A.-LANGUAGE-Compound&ComplexSentences-APOWERPOINTPRESENTATIONBYRCF

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COMPOUND & COMPLEX

SENTENCES

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THE

FOR-TO

-INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTION

EXPRESSED BY A NOUN IN COMMON CASE OR A PERSONAL PRONOUN IN THE OBJECTIVE CASE AND AN INFINITIVE WITH THE PARTICLE TO. IT IS INTRODUCED BY THE PREPOSITION FOR.

SERVES AS 1) SUBJECT

e.g. It was easy for us to reach. For me to miss that concert was a crime. 2) PREDICATIVE

e.g. That is not for me to say. What will come out of it remains for everyone to see.

3) OBJECT

e.g. Everyone was impatient for the performance to begin.

4) ATTRIBUTE

e.g. There was nothing for me to say. She gave orders for all of us to stop panicking.

5) ADVERBIAL MODIFIER

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THE COMPOUND SENTENCE

CONSISTS OF TWO OR MORE CLAUSES OF EQUAL RANK. CLAUSES ARE CALLED COORDINATE, AS THEY ARE JOINED BY COORDINATION. TYPES OF LINK BETWEEN THE CLAUSES:

• SYNDETICALLY (CONJUNCIONS AND, BUT, OR, NOR, FOR, ETC.

CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS MOREOVER, BESIDES, HOWEVER, YET, ETC)

• ASYNDETICALLY (COMMA, SEMICOLON, COLON, DASH) IN SPEECH THEY ARE SEPARATED BY PAUSES.

THE MAIN SEMANTIC FEATURE IS THAT IT FOLLOWS THE FLOW OF THOUGHT.

1) THE OPENING CLAUSE PLAYS THE LEADING ROLE AND EACH

SUCCESSIVE CLAUSE IS RELATED/JOINED TO THE PREVIOUS ONE.

2) THE CLAUSES ARE SEQUENTIALLY FIXED

e.g. I was late for the class; moreover, the class was absolutely useless.

3) COORDINATE CLAUSES MAY BELONG TO DIFFERENT COMMUNICATIVE TYPES

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THE COMPOUND SENTENCE

Copulative connection

(coordinates w/similar information

)

And, nor, neither…nor, not only…but also, as well as, moreover, besides

e.g. She went home and read that e-mail.

They knew the lecturer and that disappointed them.

He packed his things, then he unpacked them.

Adversative connection

(opposition, contrast,

contradiction)

But, while, whereas, however, nevertheless, yet, still, only

e.g. The weather was nasty, but the spirits were high.

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Disjunctive coordination

(choice between alternatives)

Or, either…or, else (or else), otherwise

e.g. Either stay with me, or I will curse you!

Don’t be late, otherwise they won’t let you in.

Do as I say, or else I’ll shoot.

Causative-consecutive coordination

(one has reason,

the other – consequence)

For

e.g. Jane must have left her phone at home, for she doesn’t answer it.

So, so that, therefore, hence, thus, then

e.g. The cost was low, so everyone liked it.

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THE COMPLEX SENTENCE

CONSISTS OF A MAIN (PRINCIPAL, INDIPENDENT) CLAUSE AND A SUBORDINATE (DEPENDENT) CLAUSE(S)

TYPES OF CONNECTION BETWEEN THE CLAUSES:

• SYNDETICALLY (CONJUNCIONS THAT, BECAUSE, THOUGH, IN ORDER TO, ETC., CONJUNCTIVE WORDS WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, ETC.,

RELATIVE WORDS WHOM, WHERE, WHICH, ETC.)

e.g. I know what he said. I know that he said something.

• ASYNDETICALLY (COMMA, SEMICOLON, DASH) POSSIBLE COMBINATIONS:

1) SUCCESSIVE SUBORDINATION:

e.g. He understands that there is a problem which we cannot solve.

2) PARALLEL SUBORDINATION

e.g. I know that you were there and you asked him that question.

3)

SUBORDIANTE CLAUSES WITH DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS

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THE ROLE OF A SUBORDINATE CLAUSE IS TO COMPLETE THE MAIN CLAUSE:

e.g. I believe that she is married.

The subordinate clause may be placed before, after, or in the middle of

the main clause. Punctuation depends on closeness of connection – if

closely connected, the clause is joined w/out any punctuation mark:

e.g. This is the dress I told you about.

Semantically the main clause dominates the subordinate clause(s), as it

contains the main information. However, there are cases when the

main clause is less important, maintaining only the immediate

communicative connection w/the listener:

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SUBORDINATE CLAUSES FUNCTION AS DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE SENTENCE.

THE COMPLEX SENTENCE WITH A SUBJECT CLAUSE

INTRODUCED BY THAT, IF WHETHER, BECAUSE, THE WAY; WHO, WHOEVER, WHAT, ETC.; WHENEVER, HOW, WHY, WHERE, ETC. TWO TYPES:

1) SUBJECT CLAUSE PRECEDES THE PREDICATE OF THE MAIN CLAUSE

e.g. How well I will pass the test depends solely on me.

2) WHEN A SUBJECT CLAUSE IS IN FINAL POSITION AND THE SENTENCE CONTAINS FORMAL SUBJECT “IT”

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THE COMPLEX SENTENCE

THE COMPLEX SENTENCE WITH A PREDICATIVE CLAUSE

INTRODUCED BY THAT, WHETHER, BECAUSE, THE WAY, AS, AS IF, LEST; WHO, WHOEVER, WHAT, ETC.; WHENEVER, HOW, WHY, WHERE, ETC.

TYPES:

1) THE PC FOLLOWS THE MAIN CLAUSE IN WHICH THE SUBJECT IS A NOTIONAL WORD W/A VERY GENERAL MEANING (THING, QUESTION, PROBLEM, NEWS, RULE, TROUBLE)

e.g. The thing is that he doesn’t speak the language.

2) THE PC MAY FOLLOW THE MAIN CLAUSE IN WHICH THE SUBJECT IS EXPRESSED BY THE IMPERSIONAL PRONOUN “IT”

e.g. It sounded as if he really knew the subject.

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THE COMPLEX SENTENCE

THE COMPLEX SENTENCE WITH AN OBJECT CLAUSE

INTRODUCED BY THAT, IF, WHETHER, LEST; WHO, WHOEVER, WHAT, ETC.; WHENEVER, HOW, WHY, WHERE, ETC.

REFERS TO ANY VERBAL FORM (FINITE & NON-FINITE) OR ADJECTIVES e.g. I told her to do whatever she wanted to. He was anxious lest someone should

break that precious Chinese vase. TYPES:

1) DIRECTLY FOLLOWS THE WORD IT REFERS TO: e.g. He said that the food was delicious.

2) OBJECT CLAUSE IS IN FINAL POSITION AND THE SENTENCE CONTAINS FORMAL SUBJECT “IT” (after FEEL, TAKE, CONSIDER, FIND, LIKE, etc.) e.g. I like it when you smile. I find it appalling.

3) AN OC MAY BE JOINED TO THE MC BY THE PREPOSITIONS (AFTER, ABOUT, BEFORE, NEAR, etc.)

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THE COMPLEX SENTENCE

THE COMPLEX SENTENCE WITH AN ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

INTRODUCED BY CONJUNCTIONS WITH A DISTINCT MEANING.

SOME TYPES MAY BE INTRODUCED BY AT LEAST A DOZEN DIFFERENT CONJUNCTIONS (E.G. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME). ON THE OTHER HAND, ONE AND THE SAME CONJUNCTION MAY BE USED TO

INTRODUCE MORE THAN ONE KIND OF CLAUSE (AS, SINCE, THAT, WHEN).

IT MAY QUALIFY THE WHOLE MAIN CLAUSE, THE PREDICATE,

ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS. THEREFORE, IT POSITION VARIES: INITIAL, MEDIAL, FINAL.

e.g. When you come home check your mailbox.

One day, because it was convenient, he approached

her.

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THE COMPLEX SENTENCE WITH AN ATTRIBUTIVE CLAUSE

FUNCTIONS AS A MODIFIER TO A WORD OF NOMINAL CHARACTER. CALLED THE ANTECEDENT

INTRODUCED BY RELATIVE PRONOUNS WHO, WHOSE, WHAT, WHICH, THAT; WHERE, WHEN, ETC.

TYPES:

1) DIFINING (CLOSELY CONNECTED W/THE ANTECEDENT AND CANNOT BE REMOVED FROM THE SENTENCE)

e.g. This is the house which my Dad built.

2) NON-DEFINING (CONTAINS ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE ANTECEDENT AND CAN BE LEFT OUT )

e.g. My sister Lucy, who is a kindergarten teacher, is a terrific cook.

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COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE/

COMPLEX-COMPOUND SENTENCE

consists of two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent

clause:

e.g. After it was all over, my dad claimed he knew we were planning

something, but we think he was really surprised

.

Usually there’s no difference between the names, however, some

grammars differentiate between the two, using the name depending on

which sentence comes first:

e.g. Because I was late, the teacher didn’t let me in and I missed the

class. (complex-compound)

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INDIRECT (REPORTED) SPEECH

THE GRAMMARTICAL FORM IN WHICH THE SPEAKERS’S

WORDS ARE REPORTED IS A SUBORDINATE OBJECT

CLAUSE (statements and questions) OR AN INFINITIVE OBJECT

(orders and requests).

THE WORD ORDER IN THESE CLAUSES IS ALWAYS DIRECT

e.g. He wondered what kind of that was. I asked when she had arrived.

THE TENSE OF THE OBJECT CLAUSE’S PREDICATE IS

PREDETERMINED BY THE RULE OF SEQUENCE OF TENSES

WITH A FEW EXEPTIONS ( STATEMENTS THAT ARE

ALWAYS TRUE, IMMEDIATE RESPONSES)

e.g. I asked what had happened. BUT: She said she is twenty-three.

IN ADDITION TO THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES, THERE IS ALSO

CHANGE IN THE USE OF CERTAINS ADVERBS AND

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

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THE END