Runtime-Controlled Energy Reduction Techniques for FPGAs; Assem Introduction
Island-Style Field-Programmable Gate Arrays Architecture
CAD Flow for FPGAs Power Dissipation in VLSI Dynamic Power
Static
Energy Reduction Techniques for FPGAs Clock Gating
Controlled Body Biasing Dynamic Reconfiguration Multiple Supply Voltages CAD Techniques
Other Techniques
Runtime-Controlled Power-Gated FPGAs Architecture Description
Evaluation
Architecture Evaluation Example Application Conclusion
Smart Grid and ICT's Role in Its Evolution Climate Change
Conventional Electricity Grid Overview of Smart Grid Smart Grid Applications
Command and Control Strategies Smart Grid Building Blocks Smart Grid Network Topologies Smart Grid Communication Systems Smart Grid ICT Future Developments Suggested Readings
Energy Saving Solutions and Practices of China Mobile Introduction
Energy Consumption Status and Objective of CMCC
Views on Energy Saving of Wireless Communication Devices and Systems from CMCC Energy Saving Solutions for Wireless Networks
The High-Energy-Efficient Hardware Platform RRUs in Distributed Base Stations
Distributed RRU Networking
Multi-Carrier Distributed Base Station
Energy Saving Advantages Software Power-Saving Features Intelligent Power-Saving Technology
GSM Intelligent Power-Saving System Based on Base Station Sector Switching System Overview
Typical Power-Saving Proposals
Highly Energy-Efficient RAN Network Architecture
Energy Saving Proposals for Core Networks and Data Centers Energy Saving of Data Center Facilities
Data Center Energy Efficiency Assessment and Optimization The Analysis of the Main Factors Affecting Energy Efficiency Technologies and Measures for Optimizing Energy Efficiency The Construction of the New Generation of Green Data Center Energy Saving of IT Equipment
Improve Equipment Efficiency Requirements Applications of Server Virtualization
Power Management for Cloud Computing
Energy-Saving Solutions for Accessory Equipments Energy-Saving Solutions for the Refrigeration System Smart Ventilation System
Heat-Pipe Heat-Exchanger Unit
The Energy Saving Solutions for Backup Power Systems Lithium Iron-Phosphate Battery
The Thermostat for Rechargeable Battery
Energy Saving Solutions Using Renewable Energy Solar Energy Utilization for Base Stations
Base Stations Powered by Wind Energy Technologies Standard Methodologies for Energy Efficiency Assessment Introduction
An Overview on Novel Green Network Technologies Internet Evolution and Concern over Energy Wastes
Current Approaches and Concepts for Low-Energy Networking Benchmarking Methodologies
ECR 3.0.1
ATIS 060015.03.2009 RFC 2544
Other Upcoming Propositions Comparison among the Standards Performance Evaluation
Extending Current Evaluation Methodologies Test Results
Conclusions
Reciprocal Learning for Energy-Efficient Opportunistic Spectrum Access in Cognitive Radio Networks
Introduction
Network Model and Problem Formulation
Distributed Learning Algorithms with Dynamic Conjectures A Best Response Learning Method for OSA
The Best Response Strategies
Global Convergence of the Dynamic Network OSA by Gradient Ascent Algorithms
Numerical Results Conclusion
Green Communications for Carbon Emission Reductions: Architectures and Standards Introduction
Network Architectures and Technologies to Reduce Carbon Emissions Networks and Protocols
Integrated Optical-Wireless Access Data Centers
Testbeds Greenstar NetVirt SAVI
Carbon Standards for Communications Technologies Power and Performance Measurement Challenges Network and System Operation Challenges
The Need for Carbon Standards Adapted to Communications Technologies Standards Development in the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) Conclusion
The Role of ICT in the Evolution Towards Smart Grids Introduction
Legacy Energy Grids The Concept of Smart Grid Hot Topics for Smart Grids Load Management
Wide Area Situation Awareness Distributed Generation
Microgrids Energy Storage AMI Systems Electric Vehicles Energy Gateways Man-Machine Interfaces
Network Management Grid Management Market Operations
Political and Standardization Initiatives Policies and Directives
Europe North America Asia
Research Projects in Europe Standardization Efforts Architectures for Smart Grids Conceptual Models of Smart Grids Layout of the Communication System Distributed Services and Applications Data Models and Information Exchange Networking
Communication Media and Technologies Network Architectures
Local Area Networks Home Area Networks Access Networks
Neighborhood Area Networks Wide Area Networks
Research Issues and Challenges for ICT
Moving a Processing Element from Hot to Cool Spots: Is This an Efficient Method to Decrease Leakage Power Consumption in FPGAs?
Introduction
Power Consumption Sources Static Power
Short-Circuit Power Dynamic Power
Dynamic Versus Static Power Digital Thermal Sensor
Ring Oscillator vs. System Monitor
Ring Oscillator vs. FPGA VCCINT Voltage Supply Experimental Setup
Processing Element Number 1: Random Number Generator Processing Element Number 2: MicroBlaze
Experiments and Results
Temperature vs. Leakage Current Consumption FPGA Temperature Analysis
Conclusion
Cloud Computing - A Greener Future for IT Introduction
Why IT Needs to be Green Cloud Computing, the Future of IT What is Cloud Computing?
Cloud Computing Classification Cloud Computing Characteristics
Why does Cloud Computing Make IT Green?
Cloud Foundation: Green Data Center Green Measurement, PUE
Data Center Site Selection Datacenter Construction Power Conversion and UPS Cooling
Cloud Building Block: Green Hardware Energy Saving Chip
Energy Saving Hardware
Cloud Core: Intelligent Management Software Virtualization
Automation
Autonomic Management
Outlook to a Green Cloud Future
Energy-Effcient Management of Campus PCs Introduction
Motivations
Reducing PCs Power Consumption: Why Now?
Impact of PCs Power in Campus Environments Monitoring PC Usage
Methodology Results
Active Devices vs. Energy Consumption Device Classification
Energy Consumption of Networked Devices Characterization of Users' Habit
Discussion
Reducing PC Energy Consumption PoliSave Architecture
Client Architecture Server Architecture Communication Protocols
Discussion and Implementation Issues
Results
Testbed Description
Minimizing the Number of PCs On Automatic vs. Manual Operations Different Users' Profiles
Users' Characterization Discussion
Related Work Conclusion
Focus on Wireless Communications C-RAN: A Green RAN Framework Introduction
Challenges of Today's RAN Explosive Network Data Traffic
Large Number of BS and High Power Consumption Rapid Increasing CAPEX and OPEX
Dynamic Mobile Network Load
Growing Internet Service Pressure on the Core Network Architecture of C-RAN
Overall Concept
Different Technical Approaches Advantages of C-RAN
Energy Efficient Perspective
RAN Cost Structure Optimization Perspective Enhanced Network Performance Perspective Service on the Edge
Challenges of C-RAN
Efficient Transmission of Radio over Optical Transport Networks Cooperative Transmission and Reception on C-RAN
Real-time Cloud and BS Virtualization
Performance and Power Challenge of SDR on General Purpose Processor China Mobile's View on RAN Evolution Path
Trials on GSM/TD-SCDMA Network Overall Situation
Field Trial Area Overall Solution
Progress in C-RAN PoC system Potential Evolution Path
C-RAN Centralized Base Station Deployment Multi-Standard SDR and Joint Signal Processing Virtual BS on Real-time Cloud Infrastructure
Conclusions
Green Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks Introduction
Energy Harvesting Techniques Energy Conservation Techniques Energy Synchronization Techniques
A Feedback-Based Energy Synchronization Control An Energy Synchronized Communication Protocol
Green Wireless Communications under Quality of Service Constraints Introduction
Preliminaries - Effective Capacity and Energy Per Information Bit Effective Capacity
Spectral Efficiency vs. Bit Energy
Variable-Rate/Variable-Power and Variable-Rate/Fixed-Power Transmissions Channel Model
Energy Efficiency in the Low-Power Regime CSI at the Receiver Only
CSI at Both the Transmitter and Receiver Energy Efficiency in the Wideband Regime CSI at the Receiver Only
CSI at Both the Transmitter and Receiver Fixed-Rate/Fixed-Power Transmissions Channel Model
Energy Efficiency in the Wideband Regime Energy Efficiency In The Low-Power Regime
Transmissions over Imperfectly-Known Wireless Channels Training and Data Transmission Phases
Training Phase
Data Transmission Phase and Capacity Lower Bound Fixed-Rate Transmission and ON-OFF Model
Optimal Training Power
Energy Efficiency in the Low-Power Regime Energy Efficiency in the Wideband Regime
Decomposing the Wideband Channel into Narrowband Subchannels Rich and Sparse Multipath Fading Scenarios
Conclusion
On the Energy Efficiency-Spectral Efficiency Trade-off in Cellular Systems Introduction
Background Literature Spectral Efficiency Energy Efficiency
Energy Efficiency-Spectral Efficiency Trade-Off Explicit Formulation vs. Approximation
Low-Power Approximation Approach EE-SE Closed-Form Approximation
Idealistic vs. Realistic Power Consumption Model Limitations on the Idealistic Power Model
Realistic Power Model Perspective Power Model Mathematical Framework EE-SE Trade-Off on a Link
AWGN Channel
Deterministic Channel with Colored Gaussian Noise Ergodic Rayleigh Fading Channel
Channel Capacity: CFE vs. CFA CFA of the MIMO EE-SE Trade-Off CFA of the SISO EE-SE Trade-Off Accuracy of the CFAs: Numerical Results MIMO vs. SISO: An Energy Efficiency Analysis MIMO vs. SISO EE Gain: Idealistic PCM MIMO vs. SISO EE Gain: Realistic PCM EE-SE Trade-Off in a Cell
SISO Orthogonal Multi-User Channel
SISO Multi-User Channel with Residual Interference EE-Based Resource Allocation
Single User Optimal EE EE vs. SE Resource Allocation EE-SE Trade-Off in Cellular Systems The Key Role of CoMP in Cellular Systems Relevant Background on CoMP
Power Model Implications Backhaul
Signal Processing
Global Cooperation: CFA of EE-SE Trade-Off EE-SE Analysis of the Symmetrical Cellular Model Clustered CoMP: The Transmit EE-SE Relationship Conclusion and Outlook
Energy Savings for Mobile Communication Networks through Dynamic Spectrum and Traffic Load Management
Background
Dynamic Spectrum and Traffic Load Management
Power Saving by Dynamically Powering Down Radio Network Equipment Cellular - Cellular Offloading
Cellular - Wi-Fi Offloading
Cellular - White-Fi Offloading
Power Saving by Propagation Improvement
Power Saving by Channel Bandwidth Increase or Better Balancing Performance Assessment
Power Saving by Dynamically Powering Down Radio Network Equipment Cellular - Cellular Offloading
Cellular - Wi-Fi Offloading Cellular - White-Fi Offloading
Power Saving by Propagation Improvement
Power Saving by Channel Bandwidth Increase or Better Balancing Conclusion
Toward Energy-Efficient Operation of Base Stations in Cellular Wireless Networks Introduction
Overview of Green Cellular Network Design Energy-Aware Heterogeneous Deployment Micro Base Station Deployment Strategy System Model
Problem Formulation
Key Observations and Algorithm Numerical Results
Deployment Structure: Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous System Model
Problem Formulation
Optimal Area Power Consumption vs. Target 10-Percentile Area Throughput Base Station On/Off and User Association
A Quantitative Case Study System Model and Formulation Energy-Efficient User Association Traffic-Driven Base Station On/Off Greedy Turning on Algorithm Design Rationale
Greedy Turning off Algorithm Discussion: GON and GOFF Interpretation
Other Heuristic Algorithms Numerical Results
Energy-Delay Tradeoff for Energy-Proportional BSs Energy-Delay Tradeoff for Non-Energy-Proportional BSs Effect of BS Density on Energy Savings
Other Issues and Discussions
Open Problems and Other Directions Towards Green Cellular Networks
Ongoing Projects and Consortiums Green Wireless Access Networks Introduction
Motivation
Energy Efficiency and Network Technologies Energy Efficiency Evaluation Framework Cell Deployment Strategies
Macro Cell Deployment
Heterogeneous Cell Deployment Relaying Techniques
Relaying Schemes
Two Hop vs. Multicast Cooperative Relaying Hybrid Schemes for Two Hop Relaying Multi-RAT Deployment
Aspects of LTE Roll-Out over Legacy Networks Topology Planning In Multi-RAT Environment Comparison of LTE and Legacy Networks Base Station Coordination and Cooperation Fractional Frequency Reuse
Cooperating Base Stations Adaptive Network Reconfiguration Bandwidth Adaptation
Multi-RAT Management Radio Resource Management Theoretical Considerations High Load Scheduling Low Load Scheduling
Hardware Optimal Scheduling
Complementary Research Activities for Access Networks Operator Cooperation
Management of WLANs Hardware Techniques Future Architectures
De-coupling of System Information and User Data Coverage Extension by Multihop Relaying
Network Coding Summary and Outlook
Energy Efficient Communications in MIMO Wireless Channels Introduction
On the Design of Energy-Efficient MIMO Single-User Communications General De nition of the Energy-Efficiency Performance Criterion
Optimizing the Total Transmit Power and Power Allocation in MIMO Channels with Perfect CSI
Static Links Fast Fading Links Slow Fading Links
Energy Efficient Communication in MIMO Channels with Imperfect CSI Power Control
Optimizing Training Sequence Length Optimizing the Number of Transmit Antennas
Cross Layer Design in Energy-Efficient Communications
On the Design of Energy-Efficient MIMO Multi-User Communications A Discussion on the Performance Criterion
Power Control in Multi-Carrier CDMA Systems
The Case of Specific Transmitter and Receiver Structures, Multiplexing and Diversity Gain
Non-Cooperative Resource Allocation in Multi-User MIMO Systems Optimizing Transmit Power with a Matched Filter
Optimizing the Choice of Linear Receiver Optimizing the Beamforming Vector Concluding Remarks and Open Issues Glossary
Minimising Power Consumption to Achieve More Efficient Green Cellular Radio Base Station Designs
Introduction
Explosive Traffic Growth Cellular Scenarios Energy Metrics
Energy Reduction Techniques for High Traffic Load Scenarios Energy Reduction Techniques for Low Traffic Load Scenarios Other Energy Reduction Techniques
Conclusion
Energy Conservation of Mobile Terminals in Multi-cell TDMANetworks Introduction
Challenges and Our Solution Related Work
System Model
Power Consumption Model Inter-Cell Interference Dynamic User Sessions
Problem Formulation and Decoupling Property Power Minimization in Multi-Cell Networks Intra-Cell Average Power Minimization
Decoupling Property The DSP Algorithm DSP Algorithm When âëñ 0
DSP Algorithm When
> 0
Simulation results
Power Consumption Improvement
Reduction of the Inter-Cell Interference Power Level Convergence Performance
Potential Research Directions Conclusion
Energy Efficiency for Wireless Relay Systems Introduction
Background
HARQ and Energy-Delay Tradeoff Wireless Relay Systems
One-Way Relay Systems
EDT with Amplify-and-Forward Protocol EDT with Decode-and-Forward Protocol Analysis and Numerical Results
Two-Way Relay systems
EDT with Analog Network Coding
EDT with Physical-Layer Network Coding Analysis and Numerical Results
Conclusions
Holistic Approach to Green Wireless Communications Based on Multicarrier Technologies
Introduction
Efficient Use of Natural Resources in Wireless Multicarrier Energy-and-Spectrum Efficient OFDM Adaptive Transmission OFDM Energy-Wastage Minimization
Reducing the Electromagnetic Pollution OFDM Out-of-Band Radiation Reduction
Holistic View On Reduction of Non-Linear Distortions In OFDM Spectrum Recycling in Future Multicarrier
NC-OFDM Spectrum Access with Taxation Concluding Remarks
Green Video Streaming over Cellular Networks Introduction
Green Video Communications
Video Communication System Overview
Energy Efficiency in Video Coding Energy Efficiency in Video Transmission Joint Video Coding and Transmission Design Video over Emerging Wireless Networks
Energy Efficient Downlink VBR Video Streaming Overview
System Model
Network and Video Source Model Power-Aware Transmission Scheduling Inequality and Theory of Majorization Majorization Preliminaries
Schur-convexity of Problem (23.10) Power Allocation Algorithms
Optimal Algorithm for Problem (23.10) Power Minimization Algorithm
Optimality Proof
Multiuser Video Transmissions Performance Evaluation
Conclusion and Future Directions Focus on Wireline Communications
Trading off Energy and Forwarding Performance in Next-Generation Network Devices Introduction
The Devices' Internal Sources of Energy Consumption Power Scaling Techniques
A Theoretical Model of the Trade-Off Between Energy Consumption and Quality of Service
Introducing Energy-Aware Parameters The Traffic Arrival Process Model The Queuing System Model Model Validation
Conclusions
Energy Efficient VI Planning over Converged Optical Network and IT Resources ; Anna Tzanakaki, Markos Anastasopoulos, Konstantinos Georgakilas, Shuping Peng, Reja Nejabati, Eduard Escalona, and Dimitra Simeonidou
Introduction
Energy Consumption Models for the Physical Infrastructure Optical Network Elements
Energy Consumption Models for Computing Resources Energy Aware VI Planning
VI Problem Formulation
VI Planning With Resilience Considerations Numerical Results and Comparisons
Conclusions
Energy Aware Techniques In IP-Over-WDM Backbone Networks Introduction
Power Aware Network Topology Design
Power Aware Virtual Topology Design (PA-VTD)
Power Aware Routing and Wavelength Assignment (PA-RWA) Energy Aware Traffic Engineering
EA-TE Overlay Strategies EA-TE Integrated Strategies
Energy-Aware Network Management and Content Distribution Introduction
Problem Formulation Classical Design
Centralized Green Model Distributed Algorithms Dual Green Algorithm Benders Green Algorithm Performance Evaluation Centralized Model Impact of Cooperation Impact of QoS Constraints Impact of CP Location Distributed Algorithms Comparison
Sensitivity Analysis Discussion
Related Work Conclusions
Energy Saving Strategies in Fixed Access Networks Introduction
Technology Equipment Models
System Specific Contributions Per-Line Comparison
Architecture
Dynamic Power Management Sleep Mode
Conclusions Glossary Index
Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.
