1. triple beam balance
1.A triple beam balance is used to measure the mass of an object. 2.A balance measures only the mass not the weight of an object. 3.A balance measures the mass of an object in grams units. 2. spring scale
1. a spring scale measures the weight of an object. 2. The weight of an object = mass + gravitational pull.
3. The spring scale measures the weight because it measures the mass of the object and the spring is also pulled down by gravity.
3. a magnet
1. A magnet attracts iron.
2. A magnet helps to separate out mixtures that contain iron.
3. An electromagnet is a magnet that can be switched on and off. Yup, you read right. A magnet that can actually be turned on and off!! That’s what an
electromagnet is.
4. a thermometer boiling/freezing pt. C/F
1. The boiling point of water is 100 C. (and for F, it is 212.)
2. The freezing AND melting point of water is 0 (and for F it is 32.)
3. The freezing and melting point is the same number because a little below 0 water freezes, and a little above 0, water melts. O is the point at which these changes in water take place.
4. These number points for water never change; doesn’t matter if it’s a lot or a little water, BP always = 100 C. MP/FP always = 0 C.
5. graduated cylinder
1. A graduated cylinder measures the volume of liquid.
2. A graduated cylinder measures volume in milliliters mL units
3. It’s easy to read a graduated cylinder if you remember to read the bottom of the bubble: )
5 ¼ properties of matter
1. Matter (material) is anything that has mass and takes up space (solid, liquid, gas). 2. Properties describe what the material looks, feels, smells, taste, sound, and acts like.
3. There are two types of properties of matter- physical properties and characteristic properties.
5 ½ physical properties
1. Physical properties describe what the material looks, feels, smells, tastes, and sounds like. (Mass and volume as are also considered physical properties because they are connected to size).
2. Physical properties are properties which may change in appearance but does not change the material.
2. Some examples of physical properties are: color, size, shape, and state of matter.
3. For instance, you can have a blue plastic balloon, a red plastic balloon, and a yellow plastic balloon. Even the color changes, the material does not. They are all still plastic balloons.
4. Another example, you can have 3 glass containers, a beaker, a graduated cylinder, and a flask. Even though the shapes of the glass are different, the material stays the same. The material is still glass.
5 ¾ characteristic properties
1. Characteristic properties are properties which describe how the material “acts” or behaves. The material always acts the same; so the materials characteristic properties are always the same.
2. Examples of characteristic properties are: magnetism, sinking and floating, solubility, conductivity, insulation, boiling point, and freezing/melting point.
3. For instance, the material iron will always be attracted to a magnet. the material cotton will never be attracted to a magnet.
4. Another example, metal will always be a good conductor of electricity. Rubber will always be a bad conductor of electricity.
6. density
1. Density is the amount of matter in a given volume. 2. The density of water is 1 g/ml.
4. If an object sinks in water it has more density than water. It is >1 g/ml. 7. mixture
1. A combination of substances that does not form a new substance. 2. Each substance in a mixture can be separated.
3. 4 ways to separate a mixture include: strainers, magnets, filters, and separating by density floating/sinking in water.
8. solution
1. Solutions are mixtures with the substance dissolved in a liquid. 2. Salt water, sugar water, lemonade, soda, are examples of solutions.
3. Because each solution is a mixture the substances can be separated. Evaporation is a common way to separate solutions. Basically, you evaporate the water; and when the water all evaporated
whatever else was in the solution is left on the bottom of the container.
9. controls (in an experiment)
1. Controls in an experiment stay the same, so that the single variable can be the focus of the experiment.
10. variable (in an experiment)
1. The variable is the main focus of the experiment.
2. The variable in an experiment is the only thing that changes in an experiment. 3. There can only be one variable in an experiment.
11. trials (in an experiment)
1. Trials is what they call when you repeat an experiment to make sure your results are true and no mistakes were made.
2. For a trial to be good you must repeat the experiment exactly the same. If the results stay close to the same you can be confident the results are true.
3. The more trials you do the more confident you can be that your results are true. 12. kinetic energy
2. 3 Examples of kinetic energy are a ball moving, a person running, a plane flying. 3. The five energies, thermal, sound, light, mechanical, and electrical are all kinetic energies.
13. potential energy
1. Potential energy is energy stored. (“potato”)
2. When the five energies are “off” they are stored.
3. Examples of potential energy are a ball on a table, a person sitting in a chair, a plane parked on the runway, a light that is off.
14. 5 Forms of Energy
1. Mechanical energy is the energy of objects in motion.
2. Light energy is light in motion. Sound energy is sound in motion.
3.Thermal energy is heat in motion. Electrical energy is electrons in motion.. 15. sound energy
1. Sound moves in waves; like water and light. 2. Sound moves objects through vibration.
3. Vibrations are sound energy that has been changed to mechanical energy. 4. The unit (piece of measurement) for sound is called a decibel (dB).
16. conductor
1. Conductor allows heat, sound, and electricity to move through them easily. 2. Metal is an excellent conductor. Metal allows heat, sound , and electricity to move through them easily. 2 Examples of metal conductors are copper and aluminum.
17. insulator
1. An insulator DOES NOT allow ( it RESISTS) heat, sound, and electricity to move through them easily.
2. 2 examples of excellent insulators are rubber and styrofoam because they don’t allow (they resists) heat, sound, and electricity to move through them easily. 18. thermal energy
1. Thermal energy is heat in motion.
2. Conduction is the movement of heat between objects that touch each other. 3. Convection is the movement of heat energy through liquid and gas currents. During convection warm water/air rises and cool water/air drops.
19. light energy
1. Light energy travels in waves.
2. Light energy travels in a straight light until it hits an object.
3. When it hits an object it is either reflected, refracted, or absorbed. 4. We don’t see the colors that are absorbed. We only see the colors being reflected. Ex. green plant---color reflected back is green, all other colors of rainbow are absorbed.
20. (to) transmit
transparent translucent, opaque, ,
1. To transmit means for light to pass through an object.
2. Light passes through transparent objects and objects on the other side can be seen clearly. Ex. window
3. Light passes through translucent objects but objects on the other side cannot be seen clearly. Ex. wax paper
4. Light cannot pass through an object that is opaque. Ex. cardboard 21. prism
1. A prism is triangular transparent object.
2. A prism separates white light into different colors.
2. A rainbow occurs because the raindrops have a shape similar to a triangle. 22. refraction
2. A lens is a curved piece of transparent material that bends light as it passes through it.
3. 4 Ex. of lens that bends are: microscopes, eye glasses, magnifying lens, & camaras. 4. Lens not only bend light but they also make things look bigger than they are. 5. Water also bends light. Ex. Pencil looks bent in glass of water.
23. reflection
1. Reflection is when light bounces off a shiny object. Ex. mirror, aluminum foil. 2. The colors we see in objects are the colors that are being reflected.
3. The colors we don’t see are the colors that are being absorbed.
24. static electricity
1. Static electricity is the buildup of electrical charges (electrons) in an object. 2. This buildup of electrons causes a shock.
3. Lightening and getting a shock when we rub our feet against the rug and touch another object are 2 examples of static electricity.
25. series circuit (series –“single”)
1. A series circuit is a single circuit that has the light (or any device) share one wire.
2. The advantage of a series circuit is that because the light bulbs share the same wire, you use less wire to light many lights.
3. The disadvantage of a series circuit is that if one light goes out, because they all connected to a single one, all of the lights go out- because you are basically breaking the connection in the circuit. Another disadvantage is because the devices have to share the wire the lights are weaker.
1. A parallel circuit is a more complex circuit that has each light bulb have its own wire; its own circuit.
2. The advantage of a parallel circuit is that if one light goes out, that’s ok because each bulb has its own circuit. The other bulbs won’t go out.
3. The disadvantage of a parallel circuit is that it uses a lot more wire because each bulb has its own circuit of wire.
27. force
1. force is the push or pull.
2. There are three forces in the universe- gravity, magnetic, and friction. 28. material resources
1. Material resources are basically everything we have on earth which we use to make things we need or want.
2. Wood, plants, animals, rock, soil, water, and air are all material resources we use to make things we need or want.
29. non renewable energy resources
1. Nonrenewable energy resources are energy from fossil fuels.
2. Fossil fuels are nonrenewable because they take millions of years to form. 3. Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are all examples of fossil fuels because they were form millions of years ago.
30. fossil fuels
1.Coal is a combustible (burnable) black or brownish sedimentary rock formed from dead plants buried by layers of sediment long ago.
2. Petroleum is a brownish oily liquid formed from the remains of dead plants and animals buried between layers of sediment long ago.
3. Natural gas is gas created from the breakdown of dead plants and animals long ago.
1. Renewable energy resources are alternatives to having to use fossil fuels. 2. Alternative energy is another name for Renewable Energy.
3. Examples of renewable energies are solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, biofuel (biomass) and tidal.
32. solar energy
1. Solar energy is an energy source which uses the sun’s light for energy. 2. The sun’s light is changed into electric energy by solar panels.
3. The advantage of solar energy is that it doesn’t pollute.
4. The disadvantage is that on cloudy days or at night time there is not sunlight.
5. Places that have lots of sunshine throughout the year can use solar energy as an energy option.
33. wind energy
1. Wind Energy is an energy source which uses wind for energy.
2. Turbines in wind mills take wind energy and change it into electrical energy. 3. The advantage of wind energy is that it doesn’t pollute.
4. The disadvantage is that that on still (non windy) days there is no wind. 5. Places that have many windy days can use wind energy as an energy option. 34. geothermal energy
1. Geothermal energy is an energy source which uses hot spots in the earth for energy. 2. Heat from the ground is used to heat water pipes and is also changed into electrical energy. 3. The advantage of geothermal energy is that it doesn’t pollute the environment.
4. The disadvantage is that once all the heat from the hot spot is removed, geothermal energy can’t be used there anymore.
5. Places that have hot spots near the surface of the ground (geysers, volcanoes, hot springs) use geothermal energy as an energy option.
35. hydroelectric /hydropower
1. Hydroelectric/hydropower is an energy source which uses the movement of water passing over a dam.
2. Turbines take the mechanical energy of the moving water and change it into electrical energy. 3. The advantage of hydroelectric energy is after the dam is built hydropower doesn’t pollute the environment.
4. The disadvantage of hydroelectricity is that building the dam destroys a big part of the river system because the dam turns most of it into a lake or reservoir.
5. Places that have fast running rivers (that can be turned into lakes) use hydroelectric as an energy option.
36. biomass
1. Biomass uses burning plant and animal matter for energy.
2. The advantage of biomass is there is less waste in the landfills because we burn the waste instead of keeping in a big pile.
3. The disadvantage of biomass is the burning adds too much carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. 4. Places that have a lot of farms and too many landfills use biomass as an energy option.
37.reuse
1. Taking care of and reusing things we own helps the earth because we have to take less away from the earth.
2. When we reuse plastic containers, we have to take less petroleum oil from the earth; and save the limited supply for energy.
3. When we reuse our clothes we are taking less cotton plants from the earth. 38. recycle
1. Recycling is another way we do our part to help the earth because when we recycle we are again having to take less from the earth.
2. When we recycle paper, we don’t have to cut down as many trees from the forest.
3. When we recycle cans, we don’t have to cut down as many mountains of aluminum and iron.
39. conservation
1. Conservation is not wasting the Earth’s resources. 2. Conservation is using only what we need and no more.
3. Conserving paper towels and other paper products is using only as many as we need an no more. Conserving paper save us from cutting down trees from the forest.
40. water cycle
1. The water cycle is started by the Sun’s heat energy.
2. The 3 main parts of the water cycle is: Evaporation, Condensation, Precipitation. 3. Without the Sun we would not have the water cycle.
1. Evaporation happens when the sun warms the liquid water and changes it into gas. 2. Evaporation begins on the top layers of oceans, lakes, ponds, and even puddles. 3. Evaporation is what happens when our clothes dry on the clothesline.
42. condensation
1. Condensation is when the water vapor comes together in a cloud and forms tiny water droplets to small yet to form a raindrop.
2. The air needs to be cool for condensation to occur. 3. Fog is actually low clouds touching the Earth. 43. precipitation
1. Precipitation is the dropping down of rain, snow, hail from the sky. 44. transpiration
1. Transpiration is the name for plants breathing. 2. Plants breathe through their leaves.
3. Plants breathe in carbon dioxide in and oxygen out during the day 4. At night plants breath the opposite— oxygen in and carbon dioxide out. 45. percolation
1. Percolation is when the rainwater passes down into and beyond the soil. 2. Underground rivers called aquifers get water from percolation.
3. The soil and rocks act like a filter to clean the water before it gets to the aquifer.
46. carbon cycle
1. People breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide.
2. Trees breathe opposite of people during the day. Carbon dioxide in Oxygen out. 3. Burning things always adds more carbon in the atmosphere.
4. Global Warming is caused by too much carbon in the atmosphere. 5. Cars, factories, forest fires are examples that all add carbon into the atmosphere.
1. Carbon sink are things that reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the air.
2. Carbon sink can be good because too much carbon dioxide in the air is causing global warming (the greenhouse effect).
3. Trees and forests are good carbon sinks because they breathe in carbon dioxide and breathe out oxygen during the daytime.
4. Landfills (the places we dump our garbage) are good carbon sinks only because we aren’t burning the garbage, we are just piling it up.
48. weathering
1.Weathering is the breaking of rock into sediment.
2.. Rocks crack when temperatures change from hot to cold, thawing to freezing . 3. Roots from plants and movement by animals can also cause weathering.
49. erosion /eroding
1. Erosion is the carrying of sediment by the wind and water.
2. Arches, cliffs, canyons, and anything with a hole are made by erosion.
3. Erosion can be lessened (made less) by planting trees and other plants that have roots to keep the soil in that place.
4. Erosion is worsened by (made worse) by cutting down trees and removing plants. If there are no roots, there isn’t anything to hold the soil in that place.
50. deposition / depositing
1. Deposition is dropping of sediment into a new location.
2.Deposition make dunes and deltas, and anything that’s a mound. 51. sediment
1. Sediment is tiny pieces of sand, silt, or clay.
2. Sediments are easily carried by moving rivers and moving wind. 3. Sedimentary rock is what fossils are made from.
52. glacier
1. Glaciers are very large sheets of moving rivers of ice.
2. Glaciers created valleys millions of years ago during the Ice Age. 3. Glaciers consist ( are made of) freshwater not salt water.
1. fast movement of rock downhill – landslide 2. fast movement of mud downhill – mudslide
3. planting trees and grass helps prevent (stop) mass movement caused by erosion. 54. flood plain
1. Flood plains are flat areas on the banks (sides) of a river.
2. Rising rivers during a flood carrying sediment onto the flood plain and form a new layer of rich soil onto the flood plains.
3.Flood plains are good areas for growing crops. 4. Flood plains are bad areas for building houses. 55. delta
1. A delta is caused by deposition of sediment at the mouth of a river. 2. The mouth of a river is where the river ends and meets the ocean. 3. The delta is in a shape of fingers of land mounds.
56. dunes
1. Dunes are caused by deposition.
2. Dunes are mounds of sand found near the ocean and in the deserts.
3. Trees and grass are planted on dunes near seaside houses to help stop erosion. 57. fossils
1. Fossils are formed in and found in sedimentary rock. 2. Paleontologists are scientists who study fossils. 58. sun
1. The sun is a star, our star.
1. The sun is made of Hydrogen and Helium gases. 2. 8 planets revolve around the sun.
3. The sun rotates on its axis.
4.The sun revolves around the center of the Milky Way galaxy. 5. The sun is our Earth’s energy “engine”.
1. The Earth is made of silicate rock.
2. The Earth has Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Nitrogen in the air. 3. ¾ of the Earth is covered by water.
60. moon
1. The moon is also made of silicate rock like Earth. 2. The moon has no atmosphere or wind.
3. The moon has no water but does have some buried ice. 61. rotate
1. To rotate means to spin in one spot on an axis.
2. It takes 1 day (24 hours) for the Earth to make one complete spin. 3. It takes 28 days (@ 1 month ) for the Moon to make one complete spin. 4. The Sun also rotates on its axis- 25 days in the middle part, 34 days at the poles---- mind blowing!
62. revolve
1. To revolve means to orbit around another object.
2.It takes 28 days (@ 1 month) for the Moon to revolve around the Earth. 3. It takes one year for the Earth to revolve around the Sun
4. It takes 250 million years for the Sun to revolves around center of our Milky Way galaxy--- once again, mind blowing.
63. tilt
1. The Earth’s tilt on its axis causes the seasons.
2. Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere have opposite seasons.
3.In the summer, the sun hits the area directly so it is warmer and has longer days. 4. In the winter, the sun hits the area indirectly so it is colder and has shorter days.
64. phases of the moon
1. It takes 2 weeks for New Moon to go to Full Moon. Waxing increases light on right side of moon.
2. It takes another 2 weeks to go from Full Moon back to New Moon. Waning decreases light on left side of moon. “Little Wan left the building.”
3. New Moon --- Sun-Moon –Earth. (We can’t see the sun’s rays bouncing off the moon from this position).
4 Full Moon --- Sun-Earth- Moon. (From this position we can see the sun’s rays bouncing off the moon).
65. tides
1. Earth’s tides are caused by the Moon’s gravitational pull. 2. Tides are strongest during New Moons and Full Moons. 3. High tides follow the moon’s revolution (on opposite sides) 4. Low tides are where the moon isn’t (on opposite sides. 66. incomplete/simple metamorphosis
1. Incomplete metamorphosis is also called Simple Metamorphosis 2.The baby is a nymph. The nymph looks like the parent “nymphant.” 3. Incomplete metamorphosis has only 3 stages: egg, nymph, adult. 4. Nymphs can molt many times before becoming an adult.
67. complete metamorphosis
1. For complete metamorphosis, the baby is a larva. 2. The larva is wormlike “caterpillar – complete”
3. Complete metamorphosis has 4 stages- egg, larva, pupa, adult.
4. Larva can also molt many times until it is as big as it can get. Then it makes its pupa.
