Project On Inventory Management

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A STUDY ON INVENTORY MANAGEMENT IN SMELTER PLANT, With reference to National Aluminium Company Ltd.

Angul, Orissa

by

BILIZA TOPPO ROLL NO. – 8 PGDM(FINANCE)

A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Post Graduate Diploma in Management (PGDM)

XAVIER INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SERVICE (XISS) Purulia road

Ranchi - 843001 2008 - 10

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DECLARATION

I here by declare that this project report entitled “A study on inventory management in Smelter Plant, with reference to National Aluminium Company Limited, Angul” submitted by me under the guidance of Prof. B. P. Srivastava, Xavier Institute of Social Service, Ranchi is my own and has not been submitted to any other university or institution or

published earlier.

Place: Biliza Toppo

Date: Roll No. -8

Finance - I

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is a great pleasure for me to acknowledge the assistance and contributions given by large number of individuals to this effort.

First and foremost I wish to express my deepest gratitude to Fr. Beni Ekka, Director, Xavier Institute of Social Service, Ranchi for giving me the opportunity to do this project work. I am indebt to the Institute.

Secondly my deepest gratitude to Dr. Ratnesh Chaturvedi, Head of the Department (Finance) and Prof. Bhaskar Bhowani, Summer Internship Coordinator, for the encouragement and co-operation extended to me and for their help and useful suggestions for this summer Internship.

I am deeply thankful to my guide, Prof. B.P.Srivastava, Professor, Xavier Institute of Social Service, Ranchi who spared his valuable time and effort to guide me in the completion of the project.

My sincere thanks to Shri. C. Padhiari, CM(Finance), Smelter Plant, Nalco, Angul Whose indispensable guidance, valuable suggestions and immense encouragement during the training period made me possible to make a project report of this magnitude

I would also like to express my thanks to Shri. M. A. Raju, CM(Materials), Smelter Plant, Nalco, Angul who in spite of his busy schedule help me to get all data and information required for my project report.

I am also equally obliged to express my gratitude to all the staffs of Finance and Stores Department of Smelter plant, NALCO, Angul, Orissa, for offering their all kinds of help and encouragement for completion of my Project Report.

Biliza Toppo Roll No. – 8, Finance - I XISS, Ranchi

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “A STUDY ON INVENTORY MANAGEMENT OF SMELTER PLANT, NATIONAL ALUMINIUM COMPANY LIMITED, ANGUL” completed during 20th_{April 2009 to 30}th_{may 2009 is a bonafide work carried out by BILIZA} TOPPO, a student of Xavier Institute of Social Service, Ranchi under my guidance and has been submitted in the partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of Post Graduate Diploma in Management (Finance).

Shri. C. Padhiari

Chief Manager (Finance) Smelter Plant, Nalco

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CONTENT

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY……….pg…1 2. INTRODUCTION………...pg…4 2.1. INVENTORY CONTROL………...………pg…4 2.2. INVENTORY CONTROL TECHNIQUES……….……pg…7 3. COMPANY PROFILE………...pg…20 3.1. ALUMINIUM INDUSTRY……….…..pg…20 3.2. NALCO OVERVIEW………....pg…24 4. RESEARCH PROBLEM……….….pg…30 5. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES……….…pg…33 6. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY……….….pg…34 6.1. TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN………....…pg…34 6.2. DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES………...….….pg…35 7. ANALYSIS & INTREPRETATIONOFDATA………..…….….pg…36 7.1. INVENTORY OF MATERIALS………..…….……pg…36 7.2. SELECTIVE CONTROL TECHNIQUES………...pg…42 7.3. ECONOMIC ORDER QUANTITY OF RAW MATERIALS………...pg…46 8. CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS………....pg…67

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Y……….. CHAPTER 1 : EXECUITVE SUMMARY

Inventory is the most excessive assets of a manufacturing company like Nalco and also the idle resource. There are various inventory control techniques such as Economic order quantity, Reorder point, safety stock, ABC analysis, XYZ analysis, FSN analysis, HML analysis, VED analysis, Just in Time inventory control, perpetual inventory control and many more. Out of all these, there are some techniques which are applied for inventory control in Nalco Smelter Plant, Angul.

Aluminium industry market shows that CY 2007 was the phenomenal year with 37.8 million tonnes aluminium consumption against 38.1 million tonnes production, with china leading the market. But FY 2008 faced significant fluctuation in aluminium prices mainly due to depreciating dollar and import duty reduction.

Aluminium industry consist of primary producers and secondary fabricators. The majority users of aluminium are sectors such as electrical, transportation, building and construction and packing industries.

Indian aluminium industry is dominated by only five companies. One public sector unit: Nalco and two private groups: Aditya Birla Group – Hindalco and Sterlite Industries – Balco and Malco. Hindalco is the largest producer of aluminium and Nalco is the low cost aluminium producer. The strength of Indian aluminium industry is the vast bauxite reserves through out the country. Though these industry are energy intensive, every Plant has each of its captive power plant for continuous supply of power. Growing economy provides good and better opportunities for these industries.

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Now coming to the overview of Nalco, it was incorporated in 1981 with technical collaboration of aluminium Pechiney of France. It is the first Aluminium company to achieve ISI 9002 certification for all the four production units: mines, alumina refinery, smelter and power plant. With Nalco joining the aluminium industry brigade, the country’s production has risen from a level of 357347 tonnes aluminium in 1985 89 tonnes to 38.1 million MT in 2007 08.The present capacity of its bauxite mines is 4800000 MT, of alumina plant is 1575000 MT, of aluminium plant is 345000 MT and captive power plant is 960 MW.

Going through financial performance of the company it can be found that it is a constant profit generating company. The company achieved a turnover of Rs 5576 crores against the turnover of Rs 6354 crores during the previous year the profit after tax stands at Rs 1632 crore as against Rs 2381 crore in the previous year. The decline in sales realization and net profit during the year, compared to previous year is mainly due to lower\sales realization from export of alumina, substantial appreciation of rupee against US dollar.

Nalco has finished the first phase of expansion and is working for the 2nd_{phase of expansion}

after which the capacity of bauxite mines would be 6300000 MT, alumina Refinery would be 2100000 MT, aluminium smelter would be 460000 MT and captive power plant would be 1200 MW.

The research conducted in about the inventory control techniques applied in Nalco Smelter Plant, Angul and its effectiveness. The inventory of this plant increased from Rs 111.32 crores in FY:05 06 to Rs 121.82 crores in FY:06 07 and it further increased to Rs 138.51 crores in FY:07 08. The increase in inventory is due to expansion projects, increase in production, bulk purchase of raw materials and steel and cement, duplicate indent of AP Item, change in man

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power and increase due to spares. The research objective is to study and understand the inventory of all materials, and analyzing the effectiveness of various techniques used in Nalco. Finally recommending methods and strategies to control the inventory.

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CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION

2.1 INVENTORY CONTROL / INVENTORY MANAGEMENT

2.1.1 NEED FOR INVENTORY

Inventory is very vital to every Company is that without inventory no company would survive. Inventory is meant for ‘protection’ and for‘ economy’ in cost. Keeping inventory of sufficient stocks will help to face lead times component, demand and supply fluctuations and any unforeseen circumstances in the procurement of materials. Though to have inventory is must, inventory is such a thing that will pile up and creep into the area of profits to turn them as losses and can put the company in red. It is therefore, necessary to have control over inventory to save the company from piling up of inventories and to avoid losses. Better said than done is the world that suits the inventory control.

2.1.2 DEFINITATIONS

Inventory control can be defined as “Determining and maintaining optimum investment in inventory given the significance of benefits and cost association with holding inventory ”. Inventory Control relates to “ a set of policies and procedure by which an industries determines which materials it will hold in stock and the quality of each that it will carry in stock “. Therefore inventory control is otherwise known as STOCK CONTROL.

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Inventories constitutes second largest category of all manufacturing operation exceeded only by plant and equipment and followed by receivables. The objectives of inventory control are:

a) To keep required stock of materials so that production and maintenance actitives do not suffer. b) Minimum blockage of funds in inventory. Optimization can be achieved and efforts need to be made to improve input output ratio of materials by scientific methods of determining.

2.1.4 TYPES OF INVENTORIES

Depending upon the types of business, generally the Inventories Varies. But in a manufacturing industry the inventory can be classified into four broad categories:

1.

Production Inventory: It contains materials purchased from market like raw materials; Ready made parts, component, spares and also special parts and components manufactured in their own industry and kept in stock for self consumption for use in manufacture.

2.

Maintenance, Repair & Operating Inventory: Contains materials purchased from vendors to maintain the production process and these maintenance, repair and operating inventory do not form part of the finished products.

3.

Work in progress Inventory: This contains manufactured good kept in

stores, warehouse or retail outlets, Stock Yard for sales to consumers. To put this into a diagram, the Constituent of Inventory is as follows:

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2.1.5 FACTORS INFLUENCING INVENTORY

“How much to buy at onetime” and “When to buy this quality “. These are two fundamental things on which inventory control depends. Many factors govern these fundamental things. The prime factors that govern these two fundamental things are:

1. Requirements

2.

Quality in stock or on order

3.

Lead time

4. Obsolesce.

2.1.6 CONTROL, MAINTENANCE AND MANAGEMENT

The essence of inventory control, broadly speaking consists of revolving the following three factors:

1.

Necessity for stocking an items

2.

Time for reordering the items

3.

Quality per order to be order.

Continuous and periodical review is required in the evaluation of inventory management and treats it as a continuous process as costs, source of supply, availability of materials; consumption will vary in the course of time making the previous assessment invalid. This process also helps in standardization of materials for procurement by using near equivalents and eliminating material, which are discontinued as a regulation, which will

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2.2.INVENTORY CONTROL TECHNIQUES

Inventory is being maintained as a cushion in supply of materials for continuous production without causing stock out situation. This cushion should not be suicidal to any organization. The following scientific techniques and methods are being used in control of inventory.

1.

Inventory Management Techniques 2. Standardization

3.

Selective Inventory Control

4.

Just In Time

5.

Perpetual inventory system

6.

Inventory turnover ratio

2.1.7.1 INVENTORY MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

1. Economic Order Quantity

If the firm is buying raw materials, it has to decide lots in which it has to be purchased on replenishment. If the firm is planning a production run, the issue is how much production to schedule. These problems are called order quantity problems, and the task of the firm is to determine the optimum or economic order quantity.

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(a) Ordering cost:

The term ordering cost is used in case of raw materials and includes the entire costs of acquiring raw materials.

(b) Carrying cost:

Cost incurred for maintaining a given level of inventory is called carrying cost.

Economic Order Quantity is given by the formula: EOQ =

And the total cost of inventory is given by the formula: Total cost of inventory = (A×P) + (A×O) + (EOQ×C)

EOQ 2

Where A = Annual consumption (in units) O = Ordering cost per order (in Rs) C = Carrying cost per unit (in Rs) P = Price per unit (in Rs)

2. Reorder Point

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(a) Lead time is the time normally taken in replenishing inventory after the order has been placed.

(b) Average usage

(c) Economic order quantity

3. Safety stock

The demand for material may fluctuate from day to day. The actual delivery time may be different from the normal lead time. If the actual usage increases or the delivery of inventory is delayed the firm can face problem of stock out, which can be costly. So, in order to guard against the stock out the firm may maintain a safety stock.

2.1.7.2 STANDARDIZATION

Standardization is very essential to control the inventory, as by standardization reduction in variety of material is possible. And because of the reduction in variety the advantages are low order cost, low inventory, less storage stocks, conservation of materials, variety reduction, less paper work, easy follow up with suppliers, less number of orders.

The importance of this field has been recognized since the days of F.W. Taylor, who first drew attention to this fundamental need in any organization. Just as work study is necessary preliminary to work simplification, and a basic technique for production control, quality control, materials handling, estimated cost control, etc.,

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“Standardization “ are preliminary necessity to design a basic technique on build control and standardization procedure.

2.1.7.3 SELECTIVE INVENTORY CONTROL MANAGEMENT

Any manufacturing organization consumes few thousand items of stores. A high degree of control on inventories of each item would, therefore neither be practical considering the work involved, nor worthwhile since all items are not of equal importance. Hence, it is desirable to classify or group items to control, commensurate with importance. This is the principle of selective control as applied to inventories and the technique of grouping is termed as selective technique.

Selective inventory means variation in the methods of inventory control from items to item and this differentiation should be on selective basis by classification. A company has to stock thousands of items of raw materials, standard parts, stores and spares, sub contract items, tools, stationery etc. To have better control over the inventory/ stock on hand, selective inventory control technique should be used in isolation/ or in conjunction.

Thus selective control means selecting the area of control so that required objective is achieved as early as possible without any lost of time due to taking care of full area –

• Minimum lost of energy and efforts.

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There are following selective control techniques: * ABC Analysis * FSN Analysis * XYZ Analysis * VED Analysis * HML Analysis

a)

ABC ANALYSIS

ABC analysis is a selective control technique which is required to be applied when we want to control value of consumption of the item in rupees obviously when we want to control value of the consumption of the material we must select those materials where consumption is very high.

In any company manufacturing, there are number of items which are consumed or traded it may run into thousands. It is found after number of studies for different companies that –

Value of consumption of items (value in Rs).

No. Of items Grade 70% of consumption 10% of no. Of items A 20% of consumption 15% of no. Of items B 10% of consumption 75% of no. Of items C

A items these are those items which are found hardly 5% 10% but their consumption may amount 70% 75% of the total money spend on materials.

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B items these are those items which are generally 10% 15% of he total items and their consumption amounts to 10% 15% of the money spend on the materials.

C items these are large number of items which are cheap and inexpensive and hence insignificant. They are large in number s running into hardly 5% 10% of the total money spends on materials.

'A' Class Items

(High consumption value)

‘B’ Class Items

(Moderate consumption value)

'C Class Items

(Low consumption value)

1. Very strict control 1. Moderate control 1. Loose control. 2. No safety stocks or very

Low safety stocks. 2. Low safety stocks. 2. High safety stocks 3. Maximum follow up and

Expediting 3. Periodic follow up 3. Follow up and expediting in exceptional cases 4. Rigorous value analysis 4. Moderate value analysis 4. Minimum value analysis 5. Must be handled by senior

officers 5. Can be handled by management 5. Can be fully delegated

b)

FSN ANALYSIS

This type of analysis is more concerned from the point of view of movement of the item or issue of the item or issue of the item under this type of analysis.

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‘F’ items are those items, which are fast moving i.e. in a given period of time, say a month or a year they have been issued up till number of items. Although fast moving does not necessarily mean that these items are consumed in large quantities. ‘S’ items are those items which are slow moving in the sense that in the given period of time they have been issued in a very limited number of time

‘N’ non moving items are those, which are not at all issued for a considerable period of time.

Thus, stores department whose concerned with the moving of items would like to know and classify that the items are storing in the categories FSN. So that they can manage operate and plan stores activity accordingly.

For example, for efficient operations it would be necessary that fast moving items as far as possible should be stored as near as possible to the point of issue. So that it can be issued with minimum of handling. Also such items must be stored at the floor level avoiding storing them at high heights.

Similarly, if the items are slow moving or issued once in a while in a given period of time they can be stored in the interior of the stores and even at the higher heights because handling of these items becomes very rare.

Further it is necessary for stores in charge to know about non moving items for various reasons:

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1. They mean unnecessary blockage of money and affecting the rate of returns of the company.

2. Further they also occupy valuable space in the stores without any usefulness and therefore it becomes necessary to identify these items and go into details and find reasons for their non moving and if justified to recommend to top management for their speedy disposal so that company operations are performed efficiently. Also inventory control to some extent can also be exercised on the basis of FSN analysis.

For example, fast moving items can be controlled more severely, particularly when their value is also high. Similarly, slow moving items may not be controlled and reviewed very frequently since their consumption may not be frequent and their value may not be high.

c)

XYZ Analysis

This type of analysis is carried out from the point of view of value of balance stocks lying in the stores from time to time and classifies all the items as given below.

‘X ‘items are those items whose value of balance stocks lying in the stock are very high.

‘Y’ items are those items whose value of balance stock is moderate.

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After knowing this type of classifications and their items can be taken to control the situation as shown below:

1] From security point of view high value items must be stored and kept under lock and key or if not possible they should be kept in such a way that they are always under supervision. Similarly arrangement can be made for y and z items accordingly. 2] From inventory control point of view we must know why there is high inventory for ‘X’ items. We should review inventory control procedure for each and every high item because stock should be maintained to take care of lead time consumption and also to provide safety stocks. For high value items lying in stores we should review the reasons for long lead time as well as demand variations and see whether lead time consumption and safety stocks can be reduced. Thus proper inventory control procedures can be developed on the basis of XYZ analysis.

Thus proper selective control methods should be selected to control the materials and prevent from facing loss, taking advantage and knowing what exactly is to be done.

d) VED ANALYSIS

VED analysis is carried out to control situation, which are critical. When applied to material in VED analysis we try to identify material according to their criticality to the production, which means the material, without which the production will come to stop and so on from this point of view material classified into three categories.

V vital, E essential,

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D desirable.

Vital categories of the items are those items for the want of which the production will come to stop. For e.g. Power in the factory.

Essential group of items are those items because of non availability of which the stock out cost is very high.

Desirable group of items are those items because of non availability of which there is no immediate loss of production and stock cost is very less and it may cause minor disruption in the production for a short time.

e) HML ANALYSIS

This analysis, analysis the material according to their prices and then classifies them as H items or M items or L items.

H stands for high price, L stands for low price and M stands for medium price.

Since price is more concerned of purchase department mostly purchase department people analyses the material according to HML analysis.

HML analysis must be carried out from any one of the following objectives or some of the objective as the case may be.

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• When it is desire that purchasing responsibility should be delegated to right level of people.

• When it is desired to evolve purchasing policies then also HML analysis is carried out i.e. whether to purchase in exact quantities as required or to purchase in EOQ or purchase only when absolutely necessary.

• When the objective is to keep control over consumption at the department level then authorization to draw materials from the stores will be given to high level H item, low level for L items and medium level for M item.

• When it is desired to decide frequency of stock taking then very frequently H category, very rarely L category and averagely M category.

• When it is desired to arrange security arrangements for the items, then H item under lock and key, L items keep open on the shop floor and under supervision for M items

2.1.7.3 JUST IN TIME INVENTORY SYSTEM

Keeping in view the enormous carrying cost of inventory in the stores and go downs, manufacturers and merchandisers are asking for more frequent deliveries with shorter purchase order lead times from their suppliers. Now days organizations are becoming more and more interested in getting potential gains from making smaller and more frequent purchase orders. In other words, they are becoming interested in just in time purchasing system. Just in time purchasing (JIT) purchasing is the purchase of material

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or goods in such a way that delivery of purchased items is assured before their use or demand.

Just in time purchasing recognizes too much carrying costs associated with holding high inventory levels. Therefore, it advocates developing good relations with suppliers and making timely purchases from proven suppliers who can make ready delivery of goods available as and when need arises. EOQ model assumes a constant order quantity whereas JIT purchasing policy advocates a different quantity for each order if demand fluctuates. EOQ lays emphasis on ordering and carrying costs but inventory management extends beyond carrying and ordering costs to include purchase costs quality costs and stock out. Just in time purchasing takes into consideration all these costs and move— outside the assumptions of the EOQ model.

Advantages of JIT purchasing

1. Investment in inventory is reduced because more frequent purchase orders of small quantities are made.

2. Carrying cost is reduced as a result of low investment in inventory.

3. A reduction in the number of suppliers to be dealt with is possible. Only proven suppliers who can give quick delivery of quality goods are given purchase orders . As a result of this reduction in negotiation time is possible. The use of long—run contracts with some suppliers with minimal paper work involved is possible.

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4. Quality costs such as inspection cost of incoming materials or goods , scraps and rework costs are reduced because JIT purchasing assures quick and frequent delivers of small size orders which results in low level of inventories causing minimum possible wastage. Therefore, JIT purchasing is frequently applied by organizations dealing in perishable goods.

2.1.7.4 PERPETUAL INVENTORY SYSTEM

The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants, London, defines the perpetual inventory as “a system of records maintained by the controlling department, which reflects the physical movements of stocks and their current balance”. Bind cards and the stores ledger help the movements of the stock on the receipts and in maintaining this system as they make a record of to physical movements of the stocks on the receipts and issues of the materials and also reflect the balance in the stores. Thus, it is a system of ascertaining balance after every receipt and issue of materials through stock record to facilitate regular checking and to avoid closing down the firm for stocktaking. To ensure the accuracy of perpetual inventory records (i.e. Bin card and stores ledger), physical verification of the stores is made by bin cards or stores ledger may differ from the actual balance of stock as ascertained by physical verification. It may be done to the following avoidable and unavoidable causes.

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CHAPTER 3: COMPANY PROFILE 3.1 ALUMINIUM INDUSTRY

In CY 2007, the world aluminium consumption stood at 37.8 Million tonnes against production of 38.1 Million tonnes. The consumption was 10% higher than the preceding year. This growth was primarily led by China, which grew at a phenomenal 37.7% in CY2007, more than compensating for demand weakness in the US. India too, registered a strong double digit growth in 2007 in line with buoyant economic growth. The strong industrial growth, infrastructure initiatives and electrification drive resulted in good demand for aluminium. Automobile and transportation sectors also supported the aluminium demand.

Globally, Aluminium production increased in line with the consumption. The primary aluminium production for the year was 38.1 Million tonnes. China again led the production growth in 2007 with an increase of 34% over 2006 production. Higher aluminium prices in the early part of the year also led to some capacity restarts which further supported the production.

In FY08 LME aluminium prices fluctuated significantly between USD 2400 and USD 3100 per tonnes. The average LME aluminium price for the year was almost flat at FY 08 levels. The depreciating dollar resulted in a sharp fall in domestic aluminium realizations as the prices are dollar denominated. Continuing with the stated policy of

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import duty for aluminium declined from 8.1% to 5.7%. As a result of these macro economic factors, average aluminium realizations for FY08 declined sharply by11% as compared with FY07 realizations. During FY08, crude prices also witnessed a sharp surge. The rising crude prices resulted in higher prices for its derivatives. The soaring crude also had a cascading effect in terms of higher transportation costs and higher prices of alternate energy sources like coal. All these led to a significant cost push for the aluminium industry.

In 2008, the global aluminium demand is expected to remain strong in spite of a marginal slow down in the demand growth rate. The Chinese demand though expected to remain strong; the growth rate is expected to decline marginally from CY07 levels. The US demand weakness will continue. In India, the demand is expected to increase in line with economic growth rate. Over medium term, thrust on power sector spending will spur the aluminium demand. Aluminium production is expected to keep pace with growing demand with new capacities coming up in Middle East and Asia. However, globally, in the recent past, the aluminium industry is witnessing production cut downs due to power shortages in various parts of the world. The cost push witnessed by the industry in 2007 is expected to continue with crude prices still continuing with its northward journey. Higher input costs such as bauxite, fuel oil, coal tar pitch and caustic soda, rising freight, diminishing availability and rising costs of various fuels/power will continue to push operating costs up. The rising costs and supply constrains will determine the floor for the prices. A reasonably strong demand along with supply constraints and rising cost is expected to keep the prices strong. Rupee exchange rate will continue to have a significant bearing on domestic realizations.

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Aluminium industry can be broadly classified into different segments, namely Primary Aluminium Producers who sale virgin Aluminium metal and Secondary Fabricators of Aluminium who buy Aluminium metal in the form of ingot, slab, wire rod, etc. from the primary producers. There are only few big players in primary Aluminium market who dominate market and also have a considerable position in export market.

In the secondary Aluminium market there are many fabricators who buy Aluminium from the primary Aluminium producers and fabricate into different downstream products. In the downstream there are several companies in small and medium scale. In the secondary fabrication units the product can be divided into three main categories example (1) redrawn wire rods , (2) rolled products and (3) extrusion products. Each category can again be sub divided into different segments.

The majority of aluminium produced in India is consumed in the electrical, transportation, building and construction and packaging industries. Indian demand for primary aluminium increased at a compound annual growth rate of 13.0% between CY 2002–2007 on the back of high demand from the electrical, construction and transportation sector. Electrical applications continue to be the largest end use sector in India, consuming approximately 36.0% of aluminium

Production in CY 2007 as a result of the continuing drive to provide electricity throughout the country. Transport is also a major consumer, contributing approximately 22.0% of demand, although the average aluminium use in Indian made automobiles is still approximately one third of that in western made automobiles. The demand in India

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is likely to be robust on the back of strong GDP growth and will grow at similar levels.

Indian Aluminium Industry:

India’s share of global aluminum production is hovering around 3 per cent. The Indian aluminum industry is highly concentrated with only five primary plants in the country from three business groups.

• The Aditya Birla Group: Hindalco Industries Limited (Hindalco)

• Sterlite Industries: Bharat Aluminium Company Limited (Balco), Madras Aluminium Company Limited (Malco)

• Public Sector Undertakings: National Aluminium Company Limited (Nalco). SWOT ANALYSIS:

STRENGTH:

• vast resources of bauxite

• Bauxite resources are distributed throughout the country

• Production matches with consumption

• production comparatively cheaper

WEAKNESSES:

• energy intensive industry.

• availability of power not satisfactory

• copper better material of electricity

• bauxite reserves in undeveloped regions

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• Indian railways one of the largest consumer

• building industry another consumer

• 3000 odd applications in the world

• Lack of caustic soda in future

• Lack of Aluminium fluoride

3.2NALCO OVERVIEW

On January 7th_{1981, was born, the Rs.2400 crores National Aluminium Company}

Ltd. (NALCO) following technical collaboration agreement with Aluminium Pechiney of France. The multi unit, multi location company, NALCO came up with 24lakhs tones per year bauxite mines an alumina refinery to produce 8lakh tones of calcinated alumina per year and 230000 tones smelter plant. Since assured an uninterrupted supply of power is a must for production of aluminium, NALCO has also set up a 720MW captive power plant close to its smelter plant.

In 1981, NALCO finalized the technical collaboration agreement with Aluminium Pechiney of France. Signing of an agreement to avail commercial euro dollar term loan of 980million US Dollars and start of project activities followed this. Starting from the commissioning of mines in November 1985, all the units of the projects followed on schedule, without any cost overrun.

PLANT CAPACITIES & TECHNOLOGY FEATURES:

SEGMENT / CAPACITY SPECIAL TECHNOLOGICAL FEATURES

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48,00,000 tpa > 370 million tones deposit estimated > 14.6kms long single flight multi curve > 1800 tph capacity computerized conveyor system of transportation of ore

ALUMINA PLANT DAMANJODI, ORISSA

15,75,000 tpa

> Atmospheric pressure digestion process > Energy efficient fluidized Bed Calciners. > Co generation of 3*18.5 MW power by back pressure turbines from process Steam > Integrated facilities for manufacture speciality alumina, hydrates and zeolite.

ALUMINIUM PLANT ANGUL , ORISSA

3,45,000 tpa

> Advanced 180KA cell technology.

> Microprocessor based Pot Regulation System

> Fume treatment with dry scrubbing system > Integrated anode making, aluminium casting and rolling facilities.

CAPTIVE POWER PLANT ANGUL, ORISSA

960MW

>Micro processor based Burner Management > Automatic Turbine run up system

> Specially designed High Pressure Boilers > Advanced Electrostatic Precipitators PORT FACILITIES VIZAG, AP

For Export of Alumina & Import of Caustic Soda Lye

> Mechanized storage facility of 3*25,000T capacity

> Mechanized Mobile Ship Loader of 2200tph capacity.

> Capacity to handle ships up to 35,000 DWT

The work on 2nd_{phase expansion programme at an estimated cost of Rs.5,003 crore (at march,}

2007 price level) is in full swing. The annual capacities of the various project segments and those after 2nd_{phase expansion are given below:}

Project segment Unit Present capacity Capacityafter2ndphaseexpansion Bauxite mines MT 4800000 6300000

Aluminium refinery MT 1575000 2100000 Aluminium smelter MT 345000 460000 Captive power plant MW 960 1200

The salient features of the financial performances are highlighted below:

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•

Highest profit has been Rs. 614.55 crores in the year 1995 96 as the aluminium prices remained buoyant.

•

From 1992 93 to 1995 96 there has been growth in sales, profit book value, earning per share and net worth. But in 1996 97 the profit was dipped due to dip in international aluminium prices. Though the gross sales, profit and other financial parameters have shown improvement in 1997 98, there has been again dip in the production figure, sales, profit etc. in 1998 99 due to internal problem again introduction of MAT has also affected the bottom line of the company.

•

The debt to equity ratio reduced over the years and the company became a Zero Debt company in the year 1998 99 repaying all its debt. This has prompted the company to appeal government of India for Capital restructuring.

•

Form ratio analysis it can be ascertained that the return on capital employed and return on net worth have been impressive.

• The company has achieved a turnover of Rs.5,576 crore, as against the turnover of Rs.6,354 crore during the previous year and profit after tax stands at Rs.1632 crore as against Rs.2,381 crore in the previous year. The decline in sales realization and net profit during the year, compared to previous year, is mainly due to lower sales realization from export of alumina, substaintial appreciation of rupee against US dollar. The company has achieved an export earning of Rs.2,135 crore as against Rs.2585 crore achieved during the previous year.

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•

Zero debt status of the company has made the position of the company very strong for any fresh borrowing from the market. Government of India has also given green signal to NALCO’S proposal for equity restructuring. Hence NALCO’s position in the financial market has become strong. All these have enthused NALCO to invest further in downstream facilities to diversify and spread its operation.

SWOT ANALYSIS OF NALCO

Before analyzing position of Nalco, it is pertinent to look at company’s internal strength, weaknesses, external opportunities available and threats from environment. SWOT analysis gives a fair picture about company’s performance. The SWOT analysis has been done before analyzing the financial restructuring of NALCO.

The following assumptions have been made for SWOT analysis:

•

Present economic policy of economic liberalization undertaken by government of India will continue.

•

Political scenario in and around India and Asia will remain stable.

•

World Aluminium market will remain buoyant in the coming year.

•

Company will continue to produce high quality Aluminium and Industrial Relation in the company will remain healthy in the forthcoming years.

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•

Sound technology base with latest state of the art technology for production of Aluminium and Alumina.

•

Consistent good financial performance.

•

Star trading house and the prices are linked with LME.

•

NALCO has got ISO 9000 certification for all its production units.

•

Low cost of production and high quality products.

•

Leader in domestic primary Aluminium market.

•

Very high customer confidence.

•

Familiar with export market.

•

Huge reserves and surplus in a very short period of time.

•

Experience built over the years in producing Aluminium.

WEAKNESS

•

Does not experience marketing in the highly competitive downstream of aluminium.

•

Large equity base of Rs. 1288 crores, hence low EPS. Being a public sector unit, many a time policy making is influenced by government and bureaucrats.

•

Poor distribution logistics. Being the leader in primary aluminium market, NALCO has never felt the need for setting up channels of distribution which is now absolutely for downstream products.

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•

Lack of promotional effort for marketing.

•

Inadequate R&D.

•

Cost overrun anticipated if there will be delay in implementation of expansion project, which may adversely affect the company’s future.

•

Poor logistic control and supply chain management.

OPPORTUNITIES

•

Expanding global market for Aluminium in all segments.

•

Scope for raising fund from external sources is bright for due to impressive bottom line.

•

There is scope for TV and direct selling to the consumers for the downstream value added products.

•

Scope for backward and forward integration.

THREATS

•

Competitions from substitute materials.

•

NALCO has always operated in suppliers’ market place. Being the leader in an oligopolistic market, the company may find it difficult to market new products where the existing small companies have already established themselves. As such there is cut throat competition in the secondary value added product market.

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•

Fluctuation in foreign exchange may adversely affect its expansion and diversification plans.

•

Proposed expansion by the competitors may affect the market position.

CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH PROBLEM

Inventory is defined as an idle resource which has an economic value. In an industry inventory comprises of raw materials, process materials, general stores, consumables and spares parts, and semi finished and finished goods. Inventory of input materials are carried to support production and maintenance activities so that the same is available in right quantity, at right point of time. Carrying excessive inventory not only results in blocking up of working capital but also adds inventory carrying cost to it. Inventory carrying cost consists of interest on locked working capital cost of storage, obsolescence and detoriation. On and average it works out to 20% to 25% per annum of the value of the locked up inventory.

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The objective of inventory control is to keep required stock of materials so that production and maintenance activities do not suffer. Minimum blockage of funds in inventory optimization can be achieved and efforts need to be improving input output ratio of materials by scientific methods of determining.

Nalco smelter plant has the capacity of 345000 MT which is powered by captive power plant of capacity 960 MW. Production in such plant is continuous and that is why requires large amount of raw materials, steel and cement, general consumables, pot lining and mechanical, electrical and instrumental spares are required.

On looking at the inventory status for last three years it can be seen that inventory is increasing. Inventory in FY: 05 06 was Rs 111.32 crores which increased to Rs 121.82 crores in FY: 06 07. It further increased to Rs 138.51 in FY: 07 08.

Increase in inventory is due to following reasons

• Expansion projects

First phase expansion completed in 2006 has lead to increase in capacity of the Smelter Plant to 345000 MT and Captive Power Plant to 960 MW. Thus this expansion has lead to increase in production and in turn increase in materials supply and increase in inventory.

The work on 2nd_{phase expansion programme at an estimated cost of Rs 5003 crores (at}

March 2007) is in full swing. The annual capacity of aluminium smelter plant and captive power plant is going to increase to 460000 MT and 1200 MW respectively.

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These expansion projects increase the capacity of production and requirement of materials and thus increase inventory.

• Increase in production

As demand in the market for Aluminium strips, rods, billets, and our products from automobile, electricity, packaging industry increases ,thus production also increase leading to increase in materials and thus inventory.

• Bulk purchase of Raw materials and Steel and cement

Raw materials and steel and cement are continuously required for production process. Therefore raw materials are ordered in bulk for 1 month, 2 months or 6 months consumption. Thus the inventory increases t the time of reception of these materials.

• Duplicate indent

General consumable goods are generally order as Automatic procurement items that are these items are commonly required by all the departments in the organization, so all departments give their required quantity in a year to stores department. Stores department taking sum of all the requirements order various items. All these items have a specific code. Even the items with same usage such pen of different company have different code. This can create a duplicate indent. If a particular item is indented by a department with a specific code and item with this code is not available in the stores but store have the items with same usage of different code. The stores order the item even though

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• Change In Man Power

Promotion or transfer of employees from one department to order or from one place to other will require some time to or the employee to adjust with the working and management of the department. This mismanagement can cause improper supply of materials and thus can lead to increase in inventory.

• Increase in inventory due to spares

Requirement of spares is not certain as it is uncertain when the machine will breakdown. Thus spares are ordered are kept as inventory and if it is not indented the number of spare increases and thus inventory. Installing of new machine with better technology can also cause increase in inventory as spares of old machines are left out as well as spares of new machines are also ordered. Thus inventory is largely affected due to spares.

CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

• To study and understand the financial position of the company.

• To study , understand and analyze the inventory of various raw materials, fuel, intermediatary and finished goods.

• To study the various inventory control techniques that are followed in Nalco and analyze it

• To analyze the selective control techniques such as ABC, XYZ and FSN analysis applied in the company

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• To evaluate the total cost of inventory for EOQ and analyze it..

• To recommend methods and strategies to control the inventory.

CHAPTER 6: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The research conducted in inventory control techniques in Nalco Smelter plant , Angul followed a well defined methodology. The procedure followed is explained thoroughly in next titles.

6.1 TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN

Types of research design used in this research of inventory control techniques are descriptive as well as analytical. It follows a descriptive research design it is used to

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identify and classify the elements or characteristics of the subject. Quantitative techniques are used to collect , analyze and summarize the data. In Nalco Smelter Plant, data and information are collected to analyze the inventory control techniques.

Here analytical research is also used as descriptive approach is extended to suggest and explain the causes of changes in inventory and factors effecting inventory and inventory control techniques.

Applied research is also followed i.e. problem solving research is applied in this project. The already known theories and knowledge of inventory control techniques are studied and applied to practical situation like of Nalco’s inventory and understand the variation in inventory level and finding out alternative methods and models for better inventory control.

6.2 DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES

Various data and information are collected to fulfill the research objectives of the research. The data collected are both primary and secondary data.

Data collection techniques used for collection of primary data is interviews conducted with executives and staff of finance and stores department.

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Data collection techniques used for collection of secondary data are from stores record, annual reports news report, news articles, journals, various web sties and professional books as well as interview conducted with executives and staff of finance and stores department.

CHAPTER 7: ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION OF DATA 7.1 INVENTORY OF MATERIALS

a) STOCK OF RAW MATERIALS (RS IN CRORES)

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C. T. Pitch 47.67 24.15 24.90 C. T. Pitch (liquid) 13.87 7.95 17.10 Aluminium Fluoride (indigenous) 18.76 46.33 35.96 Aluminium Fluoride (imported) 14.28 10.04 Calcined Alumina 0.02 0.03 0.02 Pig Iron 3.04 3.17 3.29 Magnesium Metal 4.67 5.18 8.19 Ferro Silicon 0.08 0.67 3.11 Tiber Rod 3.32 3.17 3.29 Total 252.78 357.54 289.73 INTERPRETATION:

Inventory of raw materials has increased from Rs 252.78 crores in 31.03.06 to Rs 357.54 crores in 31.03.07. Production decreased from 358954 MT in 31.03.06 to 358734 MT in 31.03.07 which caused the raw materials to accumulate.

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Inventory of raw materials decreased from Rs 357.54 crores in 31.03.07 to Rs 289.73 crores. This is due to increase in production from 358734 MT in 31.03.07 to 360457 MT in 31.03.08 which leads to decrease in stock of raw materials. The decrease in stock is also due to proper flow of raw materials from suppliers to stores and stores to production houses. This shows improvement in planning of utilization of raw materials.

b) STOCK OF FUEL (RS IN CRORES)

Materials 31.03.06 31.03.07 31.03.08

H.F.O 17.92 16.27 30.12

L.D.O 2.73 1.73 0.91

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INTERPRETATION:

Fuel is important material used for production process and it is very important to control it otherwise it can lead to variation in inventory. Inventory of fuel decreased from Rs 20.65 crores in 31.03.06 to Rs 18 crores in 31.03.07. But inventory of fuel significantly increased by almost 72.39% in 31.03.08. This increase is due increase in fuel prices and also increase in production. But the increase is large and company should check on utilization and storing of fuel.

c) STOCK OF STORES AND SPARES (RS IN CRORES)

Materials 31.03.06 31.03.07 31.03.08 Mechanical spares 44.15 45.00 48.29 Electrical spares 14.40 14.33 14.83 Instrumentation spares 3.91 4.65 5.6 Bearings 2.53 2.20 2.35 Gen. consumables 13.76 15.08 20.47 Pot lining 6.58 6.05 6.46

Steel and cement 4.14 4.35 3.86

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INTERPRETATION:

The stock of stores and spares has been increasing from Rs 89.46 crores in 31.03.06 to Rs 91.66 crores in 31.03.07 to Rs 101.86 crores in 31.03.08. The increase is mainly due to increase in spares and general consumables. This shows lack of control of spares and stores by the company.

d) STOCK OF FINISHED GOODS AND INTERMEDIATARY GOODS (RS IN CRORES) Materials 31.03.06 31.03.07 31.03.08 Calcined Alumina 46.98 43.93 46.51 Special Grade Alumina 1.02 0.11 1.44 Aluminium Standard and Sow ingots

19.00 8.82 9.92 Aluminium wire rods 2.29 2.33 1.05 Aluminium billets 3.68 1.08 3.23 Aluminium strips 5.80 1.58 1.93 Rolled products 10.20 14.02 10.59 Anodes 55.58 71.03 73.46 Anode butts 2.12 1.46 2.05 Aluminium scraps 6.51 0.84 7.90 WIP 70.33 71.70 81.48 Total 223.51 216.9 239.56

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INTERPRETATION:

Inventory of finished and intermediatary goods has decreased from Rs 223.51 crores in 31.03.06 to Rs 216.90 in 31.03.07.This decrease is due to increase in sales in 2007 .Inventory increased from Rs 216.90 crores in 31.03.07 to Rs 239.56 crores in 31.03.08 because decrease in sales in FY: 07 08. The company should produce goods according to demand and it should also decrease the cost of goods for greater sales.

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7.2

SELECTIVE INVENTORY CONTROL

• To identify items, which bring significant benefit by proper management from among hundreds and thousands of items managed by an organization

• Determine the importance of items and thus allows different levels of control based on the relative importance of items

a) ABC ANALYSIS

This selection is done on the basis of annual consumption value. Nalco’s ABC classification for the year FY: 07 08 is tabulated below:

ABC Class Criteria No. of Materials Cumulative

Consumption Value

A 70%ofconsumptionvalue 219 75.25

B 20%ofconsumptionvalue 937 21.54

C 10%ofconsumptionvalue 9080 10.76

Total 10236 107.56

A class items having criteria 70% consumption value has 219 items with value Rs 75.25 crores. These items are required to be ordered frequently to reduce the capital locked up in inventory. They also should have low safety stocks and follow strict control. These items should be handled by senior officers.

B class items having criteria items with 20% 0f consumption value include 937 items with value Rs 21.54 crores. These items require only periodic follow up and have moderate safety stock. They need moderate control and can be handled by manager men.

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C class items having criteria 10% of consumption value and includes 9080 items with value Rs 10.76 crores. These items require exceptional follow up and high safety stock and require loose control thus can be handled by anyone.

b) XYZ ANALYSIS

XYZ classification is based on value of inventory kept in stores. Nalco’s XYZ classification of inventory is tabulated below: XYZ Class Criteria Total no. of

Materials Closing stock value Cummulative Consumption value X 70% of stock value 1385 71.29 57.32 Y 20% of stock value 3272 20.37 86.95 Z 10% of stock value 38936 101.87 513.62 Total 43593 1018.60 1173.82

X class items having criteria 70% of the stock value consists of 1385 items with closing stock value of Rs 71.29 crores and consumption value Rs 57.32 crores. These items are high value items and should be taken special care.

Y class items having criteria 20% of the stock value consists of 3272 items with closing stock value of Rs 20.37 Crores and consumption value Rs 86.95 crores. These items are moderate value items and require moderate care.

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Z class items having criteria 10% of the stock value consists of 38936 items with closing stock value of Rs 101.87 crores and consumption value Rs 513.62 crores. These items are low value items and require low care.

c) FSN ANALYSIS

Fast moving, Slow moving and Non moving classification takes into account the pattern of issue from stores. The classification is useful in identifying consumption patterns, increased demand and obsolescence of materials. As the classification depends on movement of materials as per consumption pattern, fixation of levels of inventory control can be done in this classification.

Nalco’s FSN classification is tabulated below:

FSN Class No. of Materials Cummulative Consumption value

F 875 49.37

S 25512 89.02

N 11213 0.12

TOTAL 37600 138.51

Fast moving items issued at least once in a year consists of 875 items with consumption value Rs 49.37 crores which includes mainly raw materials, fuel, general consumables and steel and cement.

Slow moving items issued only once or twice in 3 years consist of 25512 items with Rs 89.02 crores which are some spares.

Non moving items are not issued in 5 years consists of 11213 items with consumption value Rs 0.12 crores. These items are mainly mechanical and instrumentation spares.

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When all these selective analysis are taken together helps to take decision about all the items in inventory. A class item that is with high consumption value and which is also X class item that is high value and which is also non moving item is identified. Such items are disposed off or sold as scrap immediately to decrease the inventory value.

7.3 ECONOMIC ORDER QUANTITY OFRAW MATERIALS AND FUEL a) EOQ OF HFO

Annual consumption 29087 KL Cost per unit Rs 20.14 Carrying cost per unit Rs 0.14 Ordering cost per order Rs 3500 Economic order quantity 1205.96 KL

Units ordered(in KL) Carrying cost(in Rs) Ordering cost(in Rs) Total cost(in Rs)

500 35000 203609 586050789 600 42000 169674.1667 586023854.2 700 49000 145435 586006615 A B C X AX BX CX Y AY BY CY Z AZ BZ CZ AX F AXF S AXS N AXN

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800 56000 127255.625 585995435.6 900 63000 113116.1111 585988296.1 1000 70000 101804.5 585983984.5 1100 77000 92549.54545 585981729.5 1200 84000 84837.08333 585981017.1 1300 91000 78311.15385 585981491.2 1400 98000 72717.5 585982897.5 1500 105000 67869.66667 585985049.7 INTERPRETATION:

Economic order quantity of heavy fuel oil is calculated to be 1205.96 KL.

If we vary the quantity to be ordered the total cost of inventory is greater than total cost of inventory if economic order quantity is ordered i.e. Rs 585981017.1

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b) EOQ OF C.P.COKE

Annual consumption 140968 MT Cost per unit Rs 14.47 Carrying cost per unit Rs 0.43 Ordering cost per order Rs 3500 Economic order quantity 1514.87 MT

Units ordered(in MT) Carrying cost(in Rs) Ordering cost(in Rs) Total cost(in Rs)

1100 236500 448534.5455 2040491995 1200 258000 411156.6667 2040476117 1300 279500 379529.2308 2040465989 1400 301000 352420 2040460380 1500 322500 328925.3333 2040458385 1600 344000 308367.5 2040459328 1700 365500 290228.2353 2040462688 1800 387000 274104.4444 2040468064 1900 408500 259677.8947 2040475138 INTERPRETATION:

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The total cost of inventory at economic order quantity is calculated to be Rs. 2040458385 which is much less compared to total cost calculated at different order quantity.

c)EOQ OF C.T.PITCH (HARD)

Annual consumption 4258.436 MT Cost per unit Rs 17.53 Carrying cost per unit Rs 1.42 Ordering cost per order Rs 3500 Economic order quantity 144.89 MT

Units ordered(in MT) Carrying cost(in Rs) Ordering cost(in Rs) Total cost(in Rs)

100 71000 149045.26 74870428.34 110 78100 135495.6909 74863978.77 120 85200 124204.3833 74859787.46 130 92300 114650.2 74857333.28 140 99400 106460.9 74856243.98 150 106500 99363.50667 74856246.59 160 113600 93153.2875 74857136.37 170 120700 87673.68235 74858756.76 180 127800 82802.92222 74860986 190 134900 78444.87368 74863727.95 200 142000 74522.63 74866905.71 INTERPRETATION:

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The total cost of inventory at economic order quantity is calculated to be Rs. 74856243.98 which is much less compared to total cost calculated at different order quantity.

d)EOQ OF C.T.PITCH (LIQUID)

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Cost per unit Rs 21.11 Carrying cost per unit Rs 0.06 Ordering cost per order Rs 3500 Economic order quantity 1909.026 KL

Units ordered(in KL) Carrying cost(in Rs) Ordering cost(in Rs) Total cost(in Rs)

1500 45000 72887.64933 659542863.7 1600 48000 68332.17125 659541308.2 1700 51000 64312.63176 659540288.7 1800 54000 60739.70778 659539715.7 1900 57000 57542.88105 659539518.9 2000 60000 54665.737 659539641.8 2100 63000 52062.60667 659540038.6 2200 66000 49696.12455 659540672.2 2300 69000 47535.42348 659541511.5 2400 72000 45554.78083 659542530.8 2500 75000 43732.5896 659543708.6 INTERPRETATION:

The economic order quantity of C.T.Pitch (liquid) is calculated to be 1909.026 KL.

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e)EOQ OF ALUMINIUM FLUORIDE (INDIGENOUS)

140 135800 149452.5 367519935.5

141 136770 148392.5532 367519845.6

142 137740 147347.5352 367519770.5

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144 139680 145301.0417 367519664 145 140650 144298.9655 367519632 146 141620 143310.6164 367519613.6 147 142590 142335.7143 367519608.7 148 143560 141373.9865 367519617 149 144530 140425.1678 367519638.2 150 145500 139489 367519672 INTERPRETATION:

The economic order quantity of Aluminium fluoride (indigenous) is calculated to be 146.87 MT.

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f) EOQ OF ALUMINIUM FLUORIDE (IMPORTED)

115 75900 82067.3913 136789622.4 116 76560 81359.91379 136789574.9 117 77220 80664.52991 136789539.5 118 77880 79980.9322 136789515.9 119 78540 79308.82353 136789503.8 120 79200 78647.91667 136789502.9 121 79860 77997.93388 136789512.9 122 80520 77358.60656 136789533.6 123 81180 76729.6748 136789564.7 124 81840 76110.8871 136789605.9 125 82500 75502 136789657

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INTERPRETATION:

The economic order quantity of aluminium fluoride (imported) is calculated to be 119.58 MT.

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g)EOQ OF LDO

Annual consumption 155.686 KL Cost per unit Rs 30.34 Carrying cost per unit Rs 2.78 Ordering cost per order Rs 3500 Economic order quantity 19.80 KL

Units ordered(in KL) Carrying cost(in Rs) Ordering cost(in Rs) Total cost(in Rs)

15 20850 36326.73333 4780689.973 16 22240 34056.3125 4779809.553 17 23630 32053 4779196.24 18 25020 30272.27778 4778805.518 19 26410 28679 4778602.24 20 27800 27245.05 4778558.29 21 29190 25947.66667 4778650.907 22 30580 24768.22727 4778861.467 23 31970 23691.34783 4779174.588 24 33360 22704.20833 4779577.448 25 34750 21796.04 4780059.28 INTERPRETATION:

The economic order quantity of light diesel oil is calculated to be 19.80 KL.

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g)EOQ OF PIG IRON