Wireless Communication Emerging Technologies

(1)

Bluetooth

Wireless Communication

(2)

Bluetooth

• Bluetooth is a WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network)

communications protocol designed by the Bluetooth SIG (Special Interest Group)

• Replaces cables connecting many different types of devices

• Mobile Phones & Headsets

• Heart Monitors & Medical Equipment

(3)

Bluetooth

A2DP (Advanced Audio Distribution Profile)

• A2DP enables wireless transmission of stereo audio from an A2DP smartphone (or computer) to A2DP headphones (or stereo system)

(4)

Bluetooth

aptX

• Supports wireless real-time streaming of high quality stereo audio over the Bluetooth A2DP

• Includes proprietary audio codec compression algorithms

• Used in various consumer and automotive wireless audio applications

(5)

Bluetooth

Enhanced Data Rate (EDR)

• Introduced in Bluetooth v2.0 to support faster data transfer

• Supports a data rate up to 3 Mbps

• Using reduced duty cycle control, EDR can provide lower power consumption

(6)

Bluetooth

Bluetooth High Speed (HS)

• Bluetooth high speed technology was released in April 2009 (in Bluetooth version 3.0+HS)

• Bluetooth 3.0+HS provides data transfer speeds of up to 24 Mbps, though not over the Bluetooth link itself

• Bluetooth link is used for negotiation and establishment, and the high data rate traffic is carried over a colocated 802.11 link

(7)

Bluetooth

Bluetooth High Speed (HS)

• +HS part of the specification is not mandatory in Bluetooth version 3.0

• Only devices that display the "+HS" logo actually support Bluetooth over 802.11 high-speed data transfer

(8)

Bluetooth

Bluetooth Spec. Evolution

Specifications 1.1 1.2 2.0 + EDR 2.1 + EDR 3.0 +HS 4.0 Adopted 2002 2005 2004 2007 2009 2010 Transmission Rate 723.1 kbps 723.1 kbps 2.1 Mbps 3 Mbps 24 Mbps 25 Mbps Standard PAN Range 10 m 10 m 10 m 10 m 10 m 50 m Improved Pairing

(without a PIN) Yes Yes Yes

Improved

Security Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

NFC Support _Yes _Yes _Yes _Yes

(9)

Bluetooth

Bluetooth Feature Evolution

Specifications 1.1 1.2 2.0 + EDR 2.1 + EDR 3.0 + HS 4.0 Voice Dialing Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Call Mute _Yes _Yes _Yes _Yes _Yes _Yes

Last-Number

Redial Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Fast Transmission

Speeds

Yes Yes Yes Yes

Lower Power

Consumption Yes Yes Yes Yes

Bluetooth

Low Energy Yes

(10)

Bluetooth

Bluetooth 4.0

• Bluetooth Specification 4.0 (called Bluetooth Smart) was adopted in June 2010

• Bluetooth 4.0 includes

• Former Bluetooth standards

• BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy)

(11)

Bluetooth

BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy)

• Defines several profiles (specifications) on how a device can consume very low energy consumption while servicing a particular application

• Provide reduced power consumption and cost while maintaining a similar communication range

(12)

Bluetooth

BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy)

• A manufacturer can implement customize specifications for their product

• A device can have multiple BLE profiles

• Health Care Profiles

• Sports and fitness profiles

• IPSP (Internet Protocol Support Profile)

• ESP (Environmental Sensing Profile)

• etc.

(13)

Bluetooth

Bluetooth Beacons

• Bluetooth beacon devices transmit a unique ID number that can be read by a Bluetooth receiver, which can be used by an Application on ones smartphone

• Bluetooth beacons are now commonly deployed as small devices (many are battery-powered) that broadcasts

signals through BLE technology using a Bluetooth low energy antenna

(14)

Bluetooth

Bluetooth Beacons

• Smartphone Apps identify the location of the Beacon device and activate location specific information on the

smartphone

• Beacons are used in many location based applications

• Advertisement & Coupon distribution

• Home Automation Systems

• Transportation Systems

• Sport Stadiums, Stores, etc.

(15)

Bluetooth

Bluetooth 4.1

• Bluetooth Specification 4.1 was adopted in December 2013

• Incremental software update to Bluetooth Specification v4.0 (no hardware updates)

• Increased co-existence support for LTE

• Bulk data exchange rate support

• Device multiple role simultaneous support

(16)

REFERENCES

Bluetooth

(17)

• C. Bisdikian, “An Overview of the Bluetooth Wireless Technology,” IEEE

Communication Magazine, vol. 39, no. 12, pp. 86-94, Dec. 2001.

• E. Ferro and F. Potorti, “Bluetooth and Wi-Fi wireless protocols: a survey and a comparison,” IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 12-26, Feb. 2005.

• Bluetooth SIG, http://www.bluetooth.org

• Wikipedia, http://www.wikipedia.org

Image sources

• Bluetooth Logo, By Bluetooth Special Interest Group. (SVG rendering drawn by me, =Nichalp «Talk»=) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

References

(18)

Wi-Fi Part 1

(19)

Wi-Fi

WLAN

• WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) is a wireless

networking technology that links two or more computing devices using a wireless distribution method within

a limited local area

• Applications Areas: Home, School, Computer Laboratory, Office Building, etc.

(20)

Wi-Fi

• Wi-Fi (or WiFi) is a WLAN technology that allows electronic devices to network mainly using the ISM radio bands

• 2.4 GHz UHF (Ultra High Frequency)

• 5 GHz SHF (Super High Frequency)

(21)

Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi Transmission

• 5 GHz offers higher throughput at shorter distances

• 2.4 GHz provides increased coverage and improved solid object penetration

• Beamforming and other multiple antenna technologies like MIMO are used to increase the date rate and QoS

(22)

Wi-Fi

Wireless AP (Access Point)

• A device that allows Wi-Fi devices to connect to a wired network

• AP usually connects to a router or may have built in router capabilities

(23)

Wi-Fi

Example of an AP network

(24)

Wi-Fi

Infrastructure Mode

• In infrastructure mode, Wi-Fi devices can

• communicate with each other and

• communicate with a wired network

• BSS (Basic Service Set)

• In infrastructure mode, commonly one AP is connected by wire to the Internet, and a set of Wi-Fi devices

connect to the AP

(25)

Wi-Fi

Example of Infrastructure mode

(26)

Wi-Fi

Ad-Hoc Mode

• Wi-Fi devices or stations communicate directly with each other, without help from an AP (Access Point) è Used

where Infrastructure Mode network setup is not needed or not possible

• Also referred to as peer-to-peer mode

• IBSS (Independent Basic Service Set)

• Ad-hoc mode network is referred to as an IBSS

(27)

Wi-Fi

Example of Ad-Hoc mode

(28)

Wi-Fi

BSS & ESS

• BSS (Basic Service Set) is the basic building block of an 802.11 WLAN

• In infrastructure mode, a BSS is formed by a single AP (Access Point) and all associated STAs (stations)

• AP acts as a Master and controls all STAs within the BSS

• ESS (Extended Service Set) is a set of two or more BSSs that form a single network

è Extends the range of Wi-Fi STA mobility

(29)

Wi-Fi

Example of ESS

(30)

REFERENCES

Smartphones

(31)

• M. Gast, 802.11 wireless networks: the definitive guide. O'Reilly Media, 2005.

• B. P. Crow, I. Widjaja, J. G. Kim, and P.T. Sakai, “IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks,” IEEE Communication Magazine, vol. 35, no. 9, pp. 116-126, Sep. 1997.

• Webopedia, Extended Service Set,

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/Extended_Service_Set.html [Accessed June 1, 2015]

• Speedguide, Wi-Fi 5 GHz vs 2.4 GHz, http://www.speedguide.net/faq/is-5ghz-wireless-better-than-24ghz-340 [Accessed June 1, 2015]

• Wi-Fi Alliance, http://www.wi-fi.org

• William Stallings, Data and Computer Communications, 10th Ed. Prentice Hall, 2014.

References

(32)

Image sources

• Wi-Fi Icon, By Canopus49 (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

• USB, By TEL0000 (Own work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

• PCI, By Evan-Amos (Own work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

• Laptop PC Icon, By Everaldo Coelho (YellowIcon) [LGPL

(http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html)], via Wikimedia Commons

References

(33)

Wi-Fi Part 2

(34)

Wi-Fi

IEEE 802.11 Network PHY Standards (1/2)

802.11 Protocol Release Date Frequency Bandwidth Stream Data Rate

802.11-1997 Jun. 1997 2.4 GHz 22 MHz 1, 2 Mbps 802.11a Sep. 1999 5 GHz 20 MHz 6 ~ 54 Mbps 3.7 GHz 802.11b Sep. 1999 2.4 GHz 22 MHz 1 ~ 11 Mbps 802.11g Jun. 2003 2.4 GHz 20 MHz 6 ~ 54 Mbps 802.11n Oct. 2009 2.4/5 GHz 20 MHz 7.2 ~ 72.2 Mbps 40 MHz 15 ~ 150 Mbps 34

(35)

Wi-Fi

802.11 Protocol Release Date Frequency Bandwidth Stream Data Rate

802.11ac Dec. 2013 5 GHz 20 MHz 7.2 ~ 96.3 Mbps 40 MHz 15 ~ 200 Mbps 80 MHz 32.5 ~ 433.3 Mbps 160 MHz 65 ~ 866.7 Mbps 802.11ad Coming in 2016 60 GHz 2.16 GHz Up to 7 Gbps 35

(36)

Wi-Fi

802.11 protocol Frequency Modulation Approximate Range

Indoor (m) Outdoor (m) 802.11-1997 2.4 GHz DSSS, FHSS 20 100 802.11a 5 GHz OFDM 35 120 3.7 GHz - 5000 802.11b 2.4 GHz DSSS 35 140 802.11g 2.4 GHz OFDM, DSSS 38 140 36

(37)

Wi-Fi

802.11 protocol Frequency Modulation Approximate Range

Indoor (m) Outdoor (m) 802.11n 2.4/5 GHz OFDM (MIMO-4)* 70 250 802.11ac 5 GHz OFDM (MIMO-8)* 35 -802.11ad 60 GHz OFDM (> 10 X 10 MIMO) 10 10

*MIMO-4 and MIMO-8 represent that the allowable MIMO streams are 4 and 8, respectively.

(38)

Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi uses the ISM Band

• ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) bands are radio frequency bands reserved internationally for the use of industrial, scientific, and medical purposes

• Devices using ISM bands will experience interference from other products operating in the same frequency band

(39)

Wi-Fi

ISM Band

Frequency range Bandwidth Center

Frequency Availability 6.765 MHz 6.795 MHz 30 kHz 6.780 MHz Subject to local acceptance 13.553 MHz 13.567 MHz 14 kHz 13.560 MHz Worldwide 26.957 MHz 27.283 MHz 326 kHz 27.120 MHz Worldwide 40.660 MHz 40.700 MHz 40 kHz 40.680 MHz Worldwide 433.050 MHz 434.790 MHz 1.74 MHz 433.920 MHz local acceptance 902.000 MHz 928.000 MHz 26 MHz 915.000 MHz local acceptance 2.400 GHz 2.500 GHz 100 MHz 2.450 GHz Worldwide 39

(40)

Wi-Fi

ISM Band

Frequency range Bandwidth Center

Frequency Availability 5.725 GHz 5.875 GHz 150 MHz 5.800 GHz Worldwide 24.000 GHz 24.250 GHz 250 MHz 24.125 GHz Worldwide 61.000 GHz 61.500 GHz 500 MHz 61.250 GHz Subject to local acceptance 122.000 GHz 123.000 GHz 1 GHz 122.500 GHz Subject to local acceptance 244.000 GHz 246.000 GHz 2 GHz 245.000 GHz Subject to local acceptance 40

(41)

Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi Interference

• Devices operating in the 2.4 GHz range include

• IEEE802.15.4 devices: ZigBee, 6LoWPAN

• Microwave ovens

• Bluetooth

• Baby monitors

• Cordless telephones

• Amateur radio equipment

• etc.

(42)

Wi-Fi

Dual Band

• Unlike ordinary Wi-Fi equipment that only supports one signal band, dual band is the capability to transmit on the 5 GHz band of 802.11a, 802.11n, and 802.11ac and also the 2.4 GHz band used by 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n

(43)

Wi-Fi

Example of Dual Band

(44)

Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi Direct

• Wi-Fi Direct devices can connect directly to one another without access to a traditional network

• Devices can make a one-to-one connection, or a group of several devices can connect simultaneously

(45)

Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi Direct

• With optional services, users can send files, print

documents, play media, and display screens between and among devices

(46)

Wi-Fi

Tethering (Hotspot)

• Tethering refers to connecting one device to another

• In the context of mobile phones or Internet tablets,

tethering allows sharing the Internet connection of the phone or tablet with other devices such as laptops

(47)

Wi-Fi

Tethering (Hotspot)

• A Wi-Fi STA can make connection to the Internet by connecting to a smartphone using Wi-Fi

(48)

REFERENCES

Smartphones

(49)

• M. Gast, 802.11 wireless networks: the definitive guide. O'Reilly Media, 2005.

• B. P. Crow, I. Widjaja, J. G. Kim, and P.T. Sakai, “IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks,” IEEE Communication Magazine, vol. 35, no. 9, pp. 116-126, Sep. 1997.

• Webopedia, Extended Service Set,

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/Extended_Service_Set.html [Accessed June 1, 2015]

• Speedguide, Wi-Fi 5 GHz vs 2.4 GHz, http://www.speedguide.net/faq/is-5ghz-wireless-better-than-24ghz-340 [Accessed June 1, 2015]

• Wi-Fi Alliance, http://www.wi-fi.org

• William Stallings, Data and Computer Communications, 10th Ed. Prentice Hall, 2014.

References

(50)

Image sources

• Wi-Fi Icon, By Canopus49 (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

• USB, By TEL0000 (Own work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

• PCI, By Evan-Amos (Own work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

• Laptop PC Icon, By Everaldo Coelho (YellowIcon) [LGPL

(http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html)], via Wikimedia Commons

References

(51)

Mobile

Communications

Handover

Mobile Communication

(52)

Mobile Communications

Mobile Phone Evolution

• 1st _{Generation (1G)}

• AMPS

• 2nd _{Generation (2G)}

• GSM, IS-95 (cdmaOne)

• 3rd _{Generation (3G)}

• UMTS (WCDMA), CDMA2000

• 4th _{Generation (4G)}

• LTE-A

(53)

Mobile Communications

Downlink & Uplink

(54)

Mobile Communications

Handover

(55)

Mobile Communications

Handover

(56)

Mobile Communications

Handover

(57)

Mobile Communications

Handover

(58)

Mobile Communications

Handover

(59)

Mobile Communications

Handover

(60)

REFERENCES

Mobile Communications

(61)

• H. Holma and A. Toskala, HSDPA/HSUPA for UMTS: High Speed Radio Access for

Mobile Communications. John Wiley & Sons, 2007.

• A. R. Mishra, Advanced Cellular Network Planning and Optimisation:

2G/2.5G/3G...Evolution to 4G. John Wiley & Sons, 2006.

• A. R. Mishra, Fundamentals of Cellular Network Planning and Optimisation:

• R. Steele, P. Gould, and C. Lee, GSM, cdmaOne and 3G Systems. John Wiley & Sons, 2000.

• J. Korhonen, Introduction to 3G Mobile Communications. Artech House, 2003.

• H. Holma and A. Toskala, WCDMA for UMTS: Radio Access for Third Generation

• “HSPA Evolution brings Mobile Broadband to Consumer Mass Markets,” Nokia, White Paper, 2008.

References

(62)

Mobile

Communications

Evolution

(63)

AMPS

Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)

• 1st _Generation₍_1G_{) mobile cellular phone}

• Analog standard using FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)

• Developed by Bell Labs

• Introduced in North America in Oct. 1983

(64)

GSM

Global System for Mobile Communications

(GSM)

• 2nd _Generation₍_2G_{) mobile cellular phone:} Digital system

• Introduced in Finland in 1991

• Dominant global standard

• Over 90% market share

• Operated in over 219 countries & territories

(65)

GSM

Global System for Mobile Communications

(GSM)

• GSM uses TDMA & FDMA combined

• TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

• FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)

(66)

GSM

Global System for Mobile Communications

(GSM)

• GSM supports voice calls and data transfer speeds up to 9.6 kbps, and SMS (Short

Message Service)

(67)

GSM

SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)

• SIM is a detachable smart card

• SIM contains user subscription information and phone book

(68)

GSM

SIM Advantages

• SIM enables a user to maintain user information even after switching cellular phones

• Or, by changing ones SIM a user can change cellular

phone operators while using the same the mobile phone

(69)

IS-95: cdmaOne

IS-95

• IS-95 (Interim Standard 95) is the first CDMA based 2G digital cellular standard

• Why CDMA?

• CDMA performs well against (narrow band)

interference and (multipath) signal fading

• cdmaOne is the brand name for IS-95 that was developed by Qualcomm

(70)

IS-95: cdmaOne

IS-95

• Hutchison launched the first commercial cdmaOne network in Hong Kong in September 1995

• IS-95 traffic channels support voice or data at bit rates of up to 14.4 kbps

(71)

UMTS

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

(UMTS)

• 3rd _Generation_{(3G) mobile cellular system}

• Evolution of GSM

• UTRA (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access) supports several different terrestrial air interfaces

(72)

UMTS

• Multiuser Access in UTRA can be

supported by UTRA-FDD or UTRA-TDD

• FDD (Frequency Division Duplex)

• TDD (Time Division Duplex)

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

(UMTS)

(73)

UMTS: WCDMA

WCDMA

(Wideband Code Division Multiple Access)

• 3rd _Generation_{(3G) mobile cellular system} that uses the UTRA-FDD mode

• 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) Release 99

• Up to 2 Mbps data rate

(74)

UMTS: WCDMA

WCDMA

• First commercial network opened in Japan is 2001

• Seamless mobility for voice and packet data applications

• QoS (Quality of Service) differentiation for high efficiency of service delivery

• Simultaneous voice and data support

• Interworks with existing GSM networks

(75)

CDMA2000

• 3G mobile cellular system

• Standardized by 3GPP2

• Evolution of IS-95 cdmaOne standards

• Uses CDMA & TDMA

• CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

• TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

(76)

CDMA2000

• Initially used in North America and South Korea (Republic of Korea)

(77)

CDMA2000

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO

• CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized) enables 2.4 Mbps data rate

• CDMA2000 1xEV-DO network launched in South Korea on January 2002

(78)

CDMA2000

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO

• Regarded as the first 3G system based on ITU standards

• ITU (International Telecommunication Union) is the specialized agency for information and

communication technology of the UN (United Nations)

(79)

HSDPA

High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

• Enhanced 3G mobile communications protocol

• Evolution of UMTS for higher data speeds and capacity

• Belongs to the HSPA (High-Speed Packet Access) family of protocols

(80)

HSDPA

High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

• HSDPA commercial networks became available in 2005

• Peak Data Rate

• Downlink: 14 Mbps (Release 5)

(81)

EV-DO Rev. A

EV-DO

Rev. A (

Revision A)

• Downlink: 3.1 Mbps

• Uplink: 1.8 Mbps

• Launched in the USA on October 2006

• VoIP support based on low latency and low bit rate communications

(82)

EV-DO Rev. A

• Enhanced Access Channel MAC

• Decreased connection establishment time

• Multi-User Packet technology enables the ability for more than one user to share the same timeslot

• QoS (Quality of Service) flags included for QoS control

(83)

HSPA+

Evolved High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA+)

• HSPA+ all IP network first launched in Hong Kong in 2009

• WCDMA (UMTS) based 3G

enhancement

• HSPA+ is a HSPA evolution

(84)

HSPA+

Evolved High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA+)

• Downlink: 168 Mbps

• Uplink: 22 Mbps

• MIMO (Multiple-Input & Multiple-Output) multiple-antenna technique applied

• Why MIMO? MIMO uses uncorrelated multiple antennas both

at the transmitter and receiver to increase the data rate while using the same signal bandwidth as a single antenna system.

(85)

HSPA+

Evolved High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA+)

• Higher Date Rate Accomplished by

• MIMO multiple-antenna technique

• Higher order modulation (64QAM)

• Dual-Cell HSDPA is used to combine multiple cells into one

(86)

EV-DO Rev B

EV-DO Rev. B (Revision B)

• EV-DO Rev. B was first deployed in Indonesia on January 2010

• Multi-Carrier evolution of Rev. A

• Higher data rates per carrier

• Downlink Peak

• 4.9 Mbps per carrier

• Uplink Peak

• 1.8 Mbps per carrier

(87)

EV-DO Rev B

EV-DO Rev. B

• Reduced latency from statistical multiplexing across channels

è Reduced delay è Improved QoS

• Longer talk-time & standby time

• Hybrid frequency re-use & Reduced interference at Cell Edges and Adjacent Sectors è Improved QoS at the Cell Edge

(88)

EV-DO Rev B

EV-DO Rev. B

• More Efficient Asymmetric Data Rate Support

• Downlink ≠ Uplink Data Rates

• Asymmetric Service Examples

• File transfer

• Web browsing

• Multimedia content delivery

• etc.

(89)

LTE

Long-Term Evolution (LTE)

• LTE launched in North American on September 2010 with the Samsung SCH-R900

• Deployed on both GSM and the CDMA mobile operators

(90)

LTE

Long-Term Evolution (LTE)

• Peak Data Rate (Release 8)

• Downlink: 300 Mbps

• Uplink: 75 Mbps

(91)

LTE-A

LTE-A (LTE-Advanced)

• Considered as a 4G technology based on the ITU-R IMT-Advanced process

• Peak Data Rate (Release 10)

• Downlink: 3 Gbps

• Uplink: 1.5 Gbps

(92)

LTE-A

LTE-A (LTE-Advanced)

• LTE-A incorporates higher order MIMO (4×4 and beyond) and allows multiple

carriers to be bonded into a single stream

(93)

REFERENCES

(94)

• H. Holma and A. Toskala, HSDPA/HSUPA for UMTS: High Speed Radio Access for

• A. R. Mishra, Advanced Cellular Network Planning and Optimisation:

• A. R. Mishra, Fundamentals of Cellular Network Planning and Optimisation:

• R. Steele, P. Gould, and C. Lee, GSM, cdmaOne and 3G Systems. John Wiley & Sons, 2000.

• J. Korhonen, Introduction to 3G Mobile Communications. Artech House, 2003.

• H. Holma and A. Toskala, WCDMA for UMTS: Radio Access for Third Generation

• “HSPA Evolution brings Mobile Broadband to Consumer Mass Markets,” Nokia, White Paper, 2008.

References

(95)

LTE Introduction

LTE (Long Term Evolution)

(96)

LTE Introduction

LTE Requirements

• High data rates:

Downlink ≥ 100 Mbps Uplink ≥ 50 Mbps

• Low latency:

Less than 5 ms

• High spectral efficiency

• Spectrum flexibility

(98)

LTE Introduction

LTE-Advanced Requirements

• Higher data rates

Downlink ≥ 3 Gbps Uplink ≥ 1.5 Gbps

• Higher spectral efficiency 16 bps/Hz in Release 8 30 bps/Hz in Release 10

• Increased number of simultaneously active subscribers

• Improved performance at cell edges

è At least 2.40 bps/Hz/cell

(99)

LTE Introduction

3GPP Specifications

LTE (Rel-8)

LTE-Advanced (Rel-10 and beyond)

Downlink Data Rate 300 Mbps 3 Gbps

Uplink Data Rate 75 Mbps 1.5 Gbps

Downlink Spectral Efficiency 16 bps/Hz 30 bps/Hz Uplink Spectral Efficiency 4.32 bps/Hz 15 bps/Hz Bandwidth 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz Continuous Spectrum 99

(100)

LTE Introduction

LTE Architecture

• EPS network is comprised of the EPC and the E-UTRAN

EPC: Evolved Packet Core EPS: Evolved Packet System

E-UTRAN: Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network

• EPC takes the overall control of the

UE (User Equipment)

• E-UTRAN controls radio functions

User Data Flow Control Data Flow

(101)

LTE Introduction

EPC Elements

• P-GW (Packet Data Network Gateway) - IP address allocation for the UE

- Mobility anchor for non-3GPP handover - Policy enforcement and QoS enforcement - Packet filtering

• S-GW (Serving Gateway)

- Packet routing and forwarding

- Mobility anchor for inter-eNB handover

- Collect information for charging evolved Node B = eNodeB = eNB

(102)

LTE Introduction

EPC Elements

• MME (Mobility Management Entity) - User authentication

- Roaming

- Control and Process the signaling between the UE and the EPC

• HSS (Home Subscriber Server)

- Database containing the user’s subscription

• PCRF (Policy Control & Charging Rules Function) - QoS and charging policy control

(103)

REFERENCES

LTE

(104)

• 3GPP TS 36.300 v12.5.0, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall description; Stage 2,” Mar. 2015.

• 3GPP TS 36.331 v12.5.0, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Radio Resource Control (RRC); Protocol specification,” Mar. 2015.

• 3GPP TR 36.814 v9.0.0, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Further advancements for E-UTRA physical layer aspects,” Mar. 2010.

• 3GPP TR 36.913 v12.0.0, “Requirements for further advancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) (LTE-Advanced),” Sep. 2014.

References

(105)

LTE Components

LTE (Long Term Evolution)

(106)

LTE Components

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)

• Carry data using closely spaced orthogonal subcarrier signals

• OFDM is strong against severe channel conditions such as narrowband interference and frequency selective fading

Frequency

• High spectral efficiency and simple channel equalization

(108)

LTE Components

OFDMA

(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)

• Assign subsets of subcarriers to multiple users

• OFDMA enables adaptive carrier

allocation, high spectral efficiency, and little interference between subcarriers

User 1

User 2

(109)

LTE Components

MIMO & Precoding

• MIMO enables reliable operation, large spectral efficiency, and

increased data rate by utilizing multipath signal propagation based on multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver

• Precoding is used to map the modulation symbols to different antennas

(110)

LTE Components

Handover & Packet Forwarding

• Source eNB decides handover by sending a

Handover Command message when the signal of the neighboring eNB is stronger than the current signal

• During handover, data loss is prevented by the packet forwarding process that buffers and transfers undelivered data

Handover Command Forward packets to target eNodeB Transfer buffered packets after handover evolved Node B = eNodeB = eNB

(111)

LTE Components

MBMS (Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service)

• MBMS utilizes the efficient point-to-multipoint distribution feature of LTE for broadcast

Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service

(112)

REFERENCES

(113)

• 3GPP TS 36.211 v12.5.0, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical channels and modulation,” Mar. 2015.

• 3GPP TS 36.212 v12.4.0, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Multiplexing and channel coding,” Mar. 2015.

• 3GPP TS 36.321 v 12.5.0, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol specification,” Mar. 2015.

(114)

LTE-Advanced Part 1

(115)

LTE-Advanced

ICIC

(Inter-Cell Interference Coordination)

& FFR

(Fractional Frequency Reuse)

• ICIC alleviates data rate degradation at cell edges due to inter-cell interference by FFR

• FFR separates the frequency bands and allocates the band efficiently to

prevent signal interference from

(117)

LTE-Advanced

DSA (Dynamic Subcarrier Assignment)

• DSA is an improved resource allocation scheme upon static allocation that dynamically allocate subcarriers considering channel state conditions

• Due to frequency selective fading,

subcarriers have different effect on users, thus DSA can improve QoS (Quality of

Service)

Frequency Channel Gain of User 1

Channel Gain of User 2

Assign subcarriers for User 1

Assign subcarriers for User 2

(118)

LTE-Advanced

CoMP (Coordinated Multi Point)

• CoMP improves the coverage of high data rate, cell-edge

throughput, and system throughput

• CoMP coordinates multiple eNBs to communicate with an UE

• Increases throughput by reducing inter-cell interference

• CoMP Technologies

• CS (Coordinated Scheduling)

• CB (Coordinated Beamforming)

• JT (Joint Transmission)

• DPS (Dynamic Point Selection) evolved Node B = eNodeB = eNB

(119)

LTE-Advanced

CoMP (Coordinated Multi Point)

• CS allocates different subcarriers to UEs at cell edge to avoid inter-cell interference

Frequency 3 Frequency 1 Frequency 2

CS (Coordinated Scheduling)

• CB allocates different beam patterns to UEs at cell edge to avoid interference and improves reception performance

Beam pattern 1 Beam pattern 2 Nulling X CB (Coordinated Beamforming) Coordinated Multi-Point = Coordinated Multi Point

(120)

LTE-Advanced

CoMP (Coordinated Multi-Point)

Dynamic Point Selection Joint Transmission

• JT improves the reception performance by receiving data concurrently

JT (Joint Transmission)

• DPS selects the TP (Transmission Point) with better channel quality to improve the reception performance

DPS (Dynamic Point Selection)

Coordinated Multi-Point = Coordinated Multi Point

TP (Transmission Point) = TX-point (Transmit Point)

(121)

LTE-Advanced

CoMP (Coordinated Multi Point)

CS CB JT DPS

Resources Frequency Frequency, Spatial Frequency, Spatial Frequency, Time, Spatial Number of

TPs Single Single Multiple Multiple

Decreases

Interference O O X X

Reception

Performance X O O O

(122)

REFERENCES

(123)

• 3GPP TR 36.815 v9.1.0, “Further Advancements for E-UTRA; LTE-Advanced feasibility studies in RAN WG4,” Jun. 2010.

• 3GPP TR 36.819 v11.2.0, “Coordinated multi-point operation for LTE physical layer aspects,” Sep. 2013.

• 3GPP TR 36.912 v12.0.0, “Feasibility study for Further Advancements for E-UTRA (LTE-Advanced),” Sep. 2014.

• 3GPP TR 36.808 v10.1.0, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Carrier Aggregation; Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception,” Jul. 2013.

• 3GPP TR 36.823 v11.0.1, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Carrier Aggregation Enhancements; UE and BS radio transmission and reception,” Nov. 2013.

• 3GPP TR 36.902 v9.3.1, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Self-Configuring and Self-Optimizing Network (SON) Use Cases and Solutions,” Apr. 2011.

(124)

LTE-Advanced Part 2

(125)

LTE-Advanced

CA (Carrier Aggregation)

• CA combines individual component carriers to increase data rate

and capacity of the networks

• 3 modes of CA in LTE-A Intra-band non-contiguous CA and inter-band CA requires an UE to use separate transceivers for each carrier

(127)

LTE-Advanced

HetNet (Heterogeneous Network) & Small Cells

• Solution to increasing traffic demands

• Expands network capacity

• Small Cell technology is effective

• Small Cell technology can use a small cellular BS (Base Station), which can be installed inside buildings for CRE (Cell Range Extension) and capacity

improvement

Increase Capacity

Coverage Extension

(128)

LTE-Advanced

• Macro Cell provides a few miles of wide area coverage, and Small Cells can be categorized by their coverage, into Microcell, Picocell,

Femtocell, etc.

• Various techniques to manage

heterogeneous networks with the different sizes of cells are required (ICIC, CA, CoMP, SON, etc.)

Macro Cell

Small Cell (Femtocell, Picocell, etc.)

(129)

LTE-Advanced

SON (Self-Organizing Network)

• Manages complex and diverse cellular technology (e.g., Small Cells and HetNet)

• Automated network set up and maintenance

• SON aims to configure and optimize the network automatically

by providing support for:

• Expanding number of BSs (base stations)

• Diverse network parameter optimization

(130)

LTE-Advanced

SON Functionality

• Self Configuration

Newly deployed BSs are automatically installed and configured

• Self Optimization

Network entities adapt to network conditions and optimize the network parameters for resource management, interference control, etc.

• Self Healing

Network entities automatically detect system failures and apply solutions for the problems

(131)

REFERENCES

(132)

• 3GPP TR 36.815 v9.1.0, “Further Advancements for E-UTRA; LTE-Advanced feasibility studies in RAN WG4,” Jun. 2010.

• 3GPP TR 36.819 v11.2.0, “Coordinated multi-point operation for LTE physical layer aspects,” Sep. 2013.

• 3GPP TR 36.912 v12.0.0, “Feasibility study for Further Advancements for E-UTRA (LTE-Advanced),” Sep. 2014.

• 3GPP TR 36.808 v10.1.0, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Carrier Aggregation; Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception,” Jul. 2013.

• 3GPP TR 36.823 v11.0.1, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Carrier Aggregation Enhancements; UE and BS radio transmission and reception,” Nov. 2013.

• 3GPP TR 36.902 v9.3.1, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Self-Configuring and Self-Optimizing Network (SON) Use Cases and Solutions,” Apr. 2011.