1)
1) PrepaPrepare a prre a process floocess flow diagram thw diagram that tracks tat tracks the serviche service flow of a she flow of a ship throip through theugh the canal. It will be necessary to estimate the cycle times at each stage.
canal. It will be necessary to estimate the cycle times at each stage.
Total throughput time = 1.09+0.74+0.15+0.58+1.04+2.71+0.80+0.99 =
Total throughput time = 1.09+0.74+0.15+0.58+1.04+2.71+0.80+0.99 =8.1 hrs8.1 hrs (Assume Speed in rier!"hannel = 7.5 mph# Speed in lo"$s = 1.5 mph%
(Assume Speed in rier!"hannel = 7.5 mph# Speed in lo"$s = 1.5 mph% &'1
&'1 Ships piloted to lo"$s )arineShips piloted to lo"$s )arine *ilots!Tug oats# ,ul- o- *ilots!Tug oats# ,ul- o- *anama 8.2 miles 7.5 *anama 8.2 miles 7.5 mph/
mph/Cycle time = 1.! hrCycle time = 1.! hr
Ship Arrial Ship Arrial *a"i-i" Side *a"i-i" Side
)ira-lores o"$s (2 Stage% )ira-lores o"$s (2 Stage%
1. 1.11 milmiles es 1 1.5 .5 mphmph Cycle "ime = .#$ hr Cycle "ime = .#$ hr &levation ' ($ &levation ' ($ &'2 &'2 )ira-lores a$e )ira-lores a$e 1.1 1.1 mimileles 7s 7.5 m.5 mphph C
C cle cle "i"ime = me = .1.1( hr( hr
Atlanti" Side hannel imon 3a Atlanti" Side hannel imon 3a
7.4 7.4 miles miles 7.5 mph7.5 mph = = Ship eparture Ship eparture Atlanti" Side Atlanti" Side )oe through hannels
)oe through hannels 7.8
7.8 miles miles 7.5 mph7.5 mph
C
C cle cle "i"ime = me = 1.1.$ hr$ hr
hagres 6ier hagres 6ier ,atun la$e ,atun la$e 20. 20. miles miles 7.57.5 mph mph Cycle "ime = Cycle "ime = *.#1 hr *.#1 hr &' &' *edro )iguel o"$s
*edro )iguel o"$s (1 Stage% (1 Stage% 0.87 miles 1.5 mph 0.87 miles 1.5 mph Cycle "ime = .(8 hr Cycle "ime = .(8 hr %&levation ' 8() %&levation ' 8()
,atun o"$s ( Stage% ,atun o"$s ( Stage%
1.
1.22 milmiles es 1 1.5 m.5 mphph
Cycle "ime = .8 hr Cycle "ime = .8 hr %&levation ' +ea level) %&levation ' +ea level)
*) ,ow many ships can pass through the canal in one *$ hour period-Assumptions/
• )ultiple ships "an pass through and!or ait in the "hannels riers • nl one ship "an pass through the lo"$s at an gien time
The ""le time -or the sstem is the ""le time -or the ottlene"$. Sin"e multiple ships "an stand!ait in the "hannels and riers# the ottlene"$ ould e e-ore the lo"$s. :t "an e seen -rom the pro"ess -lo diagram aoe that the ottlene"$ ould e e-ore
)ira-lores lo"$s ith a ""le time o- 0.74 hrs. Thus# in 24 hour period# e ill hae 24!0.74 or 2.4 ships or aout 2 ships pass through.
ppro/imately 0* ships can pass through the canal in one *$ hour period (Assuming a "ontinuous pro"ess; i- e are starting -rom a shut don aout 2 ships "an pass through in the -irst 24 hour period%.
0) escribe briefly2 the mechanism of the locks that allows the ships to be raised or lowered over 8 feet.
1The lo"$ "hamers are 110 -t. ide 1#050 -t. long# ith a usale length o- 1#000 -t.
These dimensions determine the ma<imum sie o- ships hi"h "an use the "anal; this sie is $non as *anama<. The total li-t in the three steps o- the ,atun lo"$s is 85 -t.
>a"h lo"$ "hamer re?uires 2@#700#000 S gal to -ill it -rom the loered position to raised position and the same amount o- ater must e drained -rom the "hamer to loer it again. >medded in the side and "enter alls are three large ater "ulerts# hi"h are used to "arr ater -rom the la$e into the "hamers to raise them# and -rom ea"h "hamer don to the ne<t# or to the sea# to loer them. These "ulerts start at a diameter o- 22 -t.# and redu"e 18 -t. in diameter B large enough to a""ommodate a train. ross "ulerts ran"h o-- -rom these main "ulerts# and run underneath the lo"$ "hamers to openings in
the -loors. There are -ourteen "ross "ulerts in ea"h "hamer# ea"h ith -ie openings; seen "ross "ulerts -rom the sideall main "ulerts alternate ith seen -rom the "enter all "ulert. The ater is moed grait# and is "ontrolled huge ales in the "ulerts; ea"h "ross "ulert is independentl "ontrolled. A lo"$ "hamer "an e -illed in
as little as eight minutes; there is signi-i"ant turulen"e in the lo"$ "hamer during this pro"ess.
$) If the average Panama/ container ship is charged appro/imately 302 to pass through the canal2 how can the shipping companies 4ustify this large toll-:- the *anama< ta$es the longer route around the horn o- A-ri"a# it adds aout 8#000 e<tra miles or aout 12 das# hi"h add 12 das to the trip and in"rease the total "osts
tremendousl. This option is a de-inite no'go.
Alternatiel# the ships "an ta$e the Sue anal# hi"h ta$es aout 22 das (Ag. time -rom hina to S >ast "oast through *anama anal ta$es aout 21. das% and roughl "osts slightl less amount o- mone than *anama anal tolls. 2 This option does not
proide an signi-i"ant "ost saings as an alternate to using *anama anal.
Aout 70D o- produ"t ound -or >ast "oast o- S -rom hina "omes to the Eest "oast on ships (Ag. time o- 12.5 das% and then traels through train or tru"$s to the >ast "oast (Ag. time o- 5 das%. 18.5 das is -ar the -astest trael time -or produ"ts -rom hina to >ast oast ut it "omes at a "onsiderale in"rease in "ost due to high "osts -or train and tru"$ transportation.
Thus# the shipping "ompanies Fusti- the large toll e"ause the alternatie to the *anama anal either has similar "osts ith no time saings or er high "ost o- transportation ith signi-i"ant time saing.
() Identify the alternatives for a shipping company to send product from China to the east coast of the 5+ without using the canal.
The shipping "ompan has -olloing alternaties to send produ"t -rom hina to the east
"oast o- the S ithout using the "anal/
• Ship the produ"t to Eest "oast o- the S and then ship to >ast "oast using Train or
Tru"$s
• Ship the produ"t to the >ast "oast using the Sue "anal
• Ship the produ"t to the >ast "oast ta$ing the longer route around the horn
o-South A-ri"a
6) 7hat factors affect the costs of these alternative routes described in uestion
(-• Ship the produ"t to Eest "oast o- the S and then ship to >ast "oast using Train or
Tru"$s/ Aerage distan"e to Eest "oast is 7#000 miles and G0.25!mile!T> "ost# e?uals to aout G7 million -or 4000 T>Hs. The aerage "ost -or 1 T> -or tru"$ is aout G2!mile# and -or 4000 T>Hs (*anama< "apa"it ith 80D utiliation% going 1500 miles# "omes to around G12 million. Thus# the total "ost "omes to around G19 million. omparing the alternatie route ith *anama anal route# e hae 12000 miles < G0.25!mile!T> < 4000 T>Hs +G00$ toll "omes to around G12. million.
• Ship the produ"t to the >ast "oast using the Sue anal/ The trael through the
Sue anal ta$es aout 22 das (Ag. time -rom hina to S >ast "oast through *anama anal ta$es aout 21. das% and roughl "osts slightl less amount o-mone than *anama anal tolls. This option does not proide an signi-i"ant
"ost saings as an alternate to using *anama anal.
• Ship the produ"t to the >ast "oast ta$ing the longer route around the horn
o-South A-ri"a/ :- the *anama< ta$es the longer route around the horn o- A-ri"a# it adds aout 8#000 e<tra miles or aout 12 das# hi"h ill add up to e<tra 12 das and aout G7.7 million (G0.25 < 4000 < 8000 ' G00$% in additional -uel "osts. This option is a de-inite no'go.
#) It is estimated that Panama is making about 3*930 billion per year from the canal revenues. 7hy do you think that the 5+ lost money each year while it controlled the canal %and hence wanted to get rid of
it)-43e-ore the Se"ond Eorld Ear# the ast maForit o- the "argo transiting the *anama anal
"onsisted o- oil and lumer -rom the Eest oast headed to eastern ports# ith a smaller -lo o- manu-a"tured goods and agri"ultural produ"ts headed the other a. The *anama anal proided S ith massie "ost saings to inter"ostal "ommer"e. The "anal
super"harged the groth o- the Eest oast and generated e"onomi" ene-its seeral times greater than its "ost. 3 $eeping the *anama anal in Ameri"an hands# the nited States ensured that transit rates ould remain lo. An independent *anama or priate "anal operator ould hae "harged pro-it'ma<imiing rates and "aptured mu"h o- that surplus o- itsel-. nder S puli" onership# hoeer# lo tolls ensured that most o- the surplus ould -lo to Ameri"an produ"ers and "onsumers.
:n the post EE:: era three ig "hanges in te"hnolog greatl redu"ed the "analIs e"onomi" alue to the nited States/ the dieseliation o- the railroads# the :nterstate
Jigha Sstem# and the rise o- ali-ornia as a mar$et -or its on natural resour"es. The -irst to meant that the 1970s# a )idestern -armer -a"ed an almost een "ost
eteen transporting Asia'ound e<ports don to the ,ul- and through the "anal and shipping them out to Seattle land. onersel# eastern'ound "argoes no longer
"onsisted o- strategi" ra materials -rom ali-ornia ut ine<pensie manu-a"tured goods -rom Asia. A rise in *anama anal tolls# there-ore# ould no longer hurt Ameri"an
interestsBits in"iden"e ould -all on Kapanese# Lorean# and Taianese manu-a"turers tring to sell into the highl "ompetitie Ameri"an mar$et. The S interest in the anal de"lined sin"e it no longer had an need to "ontrol *anama anal tolls. There as no longer an reason to preent a *anamanian "anal operator -rom tring to "harge as mu"h as the mar$et ould ear. Additionall# the *anama anal had e"ome a -is"al drain 1970. n one end# the "anal as s?ueeed rising "osts due to Ameri"an
mismanagement. *anama anal emploees in essen"e "aptured "anal management and ran it -or their on ene-it/ salaries es"alated# along ith "osts and a""ident rates# and the 4http/!!hs$.h[email protected]
administration didnIt een other to do simple things su"h as deepen shallos or install lights. :n this# "anal emploees ere greatl aided the pe"uliar pla"e the "anal held in Ameri"aIs national mtholog. onseraties ho ould hae een horri-ied at
emploee "apture o- other puli" enterprises su"h as# sa# the Tennessee Malle Authorit or National Aeronauti"s and Spa"e Administration not onl tolerated ut applauded the phenomenon in the anal Oone. The result as that Ameri"an aid trans-ers to *anama
soon egan to oershado the reenues -rom the "anal. Ameri"an end users no longer needed to ensure that Eashington $ept tolls lo and Ameri"an ta<paers no longer gained -rom the "analIs pro-its.
