MentalDisorders - Collins.ppt

Psychological

Disorders

An Introduction

• What are 2 major classifications of disorders? • What makes a psychological disorder?

• What is the DSM-IV?

• What are culture-bound syndromes? • What are anxiety disorders?

• What are mood disorders?

• What are somatoform disorders? • What are dissociative disorders? • What are schizophrenic disorders? • What are sleep disorders?

• What are eating disorders?

• What are personality disorders? • What is trephening?

What is a Psychological Disorder?

• A “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be atypical, disturbing,

maladaptive and unjustifiable. All this depends on:

•Culture

•Environmental Conditions •Individual Person

•Time Period

Early Theories

• Afflicted people

were

Early Theories

• Music or singing was often used to chase away spirits.

•In some cases trephening was used:

Early Theories

History of Mental Disorders

• In the 1800’s,

disturbed people

were no longer

thought of as

madmen, but as

mentally ill.

Early Mental Hospitals

• They were nothing more than barbaric prisons.

•The patients were chained and locked away.

Philippe Pinel

• French doctor who

was the first to take

the chains off and

declare that these

people are sick and

“a cure must be

Somatogenic

• At this time- it was believed that mental illness had a bodily cause- Somatogenic.

• Remember that soma = body

But Somatogenic could not explain disorders such as hysteria (now

called conversion disorder).

Current Perspectives

Current Perspectives

• _{Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective:}

assumes biological, psychological and sociocultural factors combine to interact causing psychological disorders.

Used to be called Diathesis-Stress Model:

Classifying Psychological Disorders

•

What is the

DSM-IV?

Diagnostic

Statistical Manual of

Mental Disorders:

the book to classify

mental disorders

Psychotic Disorders

Neurotic Disorders

• Distressing but one can still function in society and act rationally

• _{Spongebob may be hyperactive and manic,}

Personality Disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns

Personality Disorders

• Paranoid • Antisocial • Borderline • Histrionic • Narscisstic • Schizoid

Paranoid Personality Disorder

disorder is

characterized by a distrust of others and a constant

suspicion that people around you have

sinister motives.

Paranoid Personality Disorder

everything and read hostile intentions into the actions of others.

•They are quick to challenge the loyalties of friends and loved ones and often appear cold and distant to others. They usually shift

Antisocial Personality Disorder

characterized by a lack of conscience

•People with this disorder are prone to criminal behavior, believing that their victims are weak and deserving of being taken advantage of.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

action without thinking about consequences

They are often aggressive and are much more concerned with their own needs

Borderline Personality Disorder

• characterized by mood instability and poor self-image

Borderline Personality

Disorder

• they will take their anger out on

themselves, causing themselves injury

Suicidal threats and actions are not uncommon

Histrionic Personality Disorder

• constant attention seekers

They need to be the center of attention all the time, often

Histrionic Personality

Disorder

• They may dress

provocatively or

exaggerate

illnesses in order

to gain attention.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

•

characterized

by

self-centeredness

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

They tend to be choosy about

picking friends,

since they believe that not just

anyone is worthy of being their friend.

They are generally uninterested in the

Schizoid Personality Disorder

• People with schizoid personality disorder

avoid relationships

and do not show much emotion

Schizoid Personality Disorder

• They tend to seek jobs that require little social contact

Their social skills are often weak and they do not show a need for attention or

acceptance

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

• characterized by a need for social

isolation, odd behavior and thinking, and often unconventional beliefs such as

being convinced of having extra sensory abilities.

Avoidant personality disorder

• characterized by a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative

evaluation.

• consider themselves to be socially inept or personally unappealing, and avoid

Dependent personality disorder

• characterized by a pervasive

psychological dependence on other people.

Obsessive Compulsive Personality

Disorder

• characterized by a general psychological inflexibility, rigid conformity to rules

and procedures, perfectionism, and excessive orderliness.

• people with OCPD tend to stress

Mood Disorders

• Psychological Disorders characterized by

emotional extremes.

• Major Depressive Disorder

•Bipolar Disorder

•Seasonal Affective Disorder

Major Depressive Disorder

• A person, for no apparent reason,

experiences two or more weeks of

depressive moods.

Includes feelings of

Dysthymic Disorder

Bipolar Disorder

• Person alternates between the

hopelessness and lethargy of

depression

Norepinephrine

Eating disorders

• Anorexia – starving yourself

• Bulimia – binging and purging

Anxiety Disorders

a group of conditions where the

primary symptoms are anxiety or

defenses against anxiety.

the patient fears something

awful

will

happen to them.

Anxiety disorders?

• GAD – generalized anxiety disorder • Panic disorder –

• Phobias

What is anxiety?

•

is a state of

intense

apprehension,

uneasiness,

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

• An anxiety disorder in which a person

is continuously tense, apprehensive and

in a state of autonomic nervous system

arousal.

The patient is constantly tense and worried, feels inadequate, is oversensitive, can’t

Panic Disorder

• An anxiety disorder marked by a

minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking and other frightening sensations.

Phobias

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

• An anxiety disorder characterized

by unwanted repetitive thoughts

(obsessions) and/or actions

Common Examples of OCD

Common Obsessions: _Compulsions:Common

Contamination fears of germs,

dirt, etc. Washing

Imagining having harmed self or

others Repeating

Imagining losing control of

aggressive urges Checking Intrusive sexual thoughts or

urges Touching

Excessive religious or moral

doubt Counting

Explanations for Anxiety

Disorders

• You Learn them through conditioning.

•Evolution

•Genes

What are dissociative

disorders?

• DID – dissociative identity disorder • Dissociative amnesia

What are dissociative disorders?

• Dissociative fuge

• Dissociative amnesia

Dissociative Disorders

• Disorders in which

conscious

awareness becomes

separated

(dissociated) from

previous memories,

thoughts and

Dissociative Amnesia

characterized by a blocking out of

critical personal

information, usually of a traumatic or

Dissociative Amnesia

Dissociative Amnesia

• Localized amnesia is present in an individual who has no memory of specific events that took place, usually

traumatic. The loss of memory is localized with a specific window of time. For example, a survivor of a car wreck

who has no memory of the experience until two days later is experiencing localized amnesia.

• _{Selective amnesia happens when a person can recall} only small parts of events that took place in a defined period of time. For example, an abuse victim may recall only some parts of the series of events around the abuse. • Generalized amnesia is diagnosed when a person's

amnesia encompasses his or her entire life.

• _{Systematized amnesia is characterized by a loss of} memory for a specific category of information. A person with this disorder might, for example, be missing all

Dissociative Fugue

• An individual with dissociative fugue suddenly and unexpectedly takes

physical leave of his or her surroundings and sets off on a journey of some kind.

Dissociative Fugue

• Individuals experiencing a dissociative fugue have traveled over thousands of miles.

An individual in a fugue state is unaware of or confused about his identity, and in some

Dissociative Identity Disorder

• A rare dissociative disorder in which a

person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities.

Somatoform disorders

• Soma = body

• Physical illnesses caused by the mind

• ex: conversion disorder – significant loss of bodily function with no physical cause

• Ex: hysterical blindness – blindness after traumatic event (no physical cause)

• Hysterical pregnancy – body acts pregnant but no baby! • Hypochondriasis – excessive worry about getting sick.

How Prevalent?

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

•Disorganized thinking

Disorganized

Thinki

n

g

• The thinking of a person with

Schizophrenia is fragmented and

bizarre and distorted with false beliefs.

•Disorganized thinking comes from a breakdown in selective attention.-

they cannot filter out information.

Delusions (false beliefs)

•

Delusions of

Disturbed Perceptions

Inappropriate Emotions

and Actions

•Laugh at

inappropriate times.

•Flat Effect (no

Positive v. Negative Symptoms

Positive Symptoms

• Presence of inappropriate symptoms

Negative Symptoms

• Absence of

Types of

Paranoid Schizophrenia

• preoccupation

with delusions

or

hallucinations.

Disorganized Schizophrenia

Catatonic Schizophrenia

Undifferentiated Schizophrenia

• 1 A person who seeks therapy form a clinical psychologist because she is tense, has difficulty sitting still, and is continually worried about the future is suffering from a/an

____________________ disorder.

• A) anxiety • _{B) panic}

• _{C) obsessive-compulsive} • D) somatoform

• 2 A college student seeks help from the counseling center because he is

experiencing frequent episodes during which he becomes very fearful, or even terrified, often for no apparent reason. A

likely diagnosis for this student's problem is ___________.

• A) phobic

• B) dysthymic • C) panic

• 3 A person who has developed such an intense fear of insects that she rarely

leaves her apartment has developed a _______________ disorder.

• _{A) panic}

• B) post-traumatic stress • _{C) bipolar}

• 4. A student visits the student health service several times each week

complaining of severe stomach pain, but no physical cause of his symptoms can be found. The student is experiencing a

__________ disorder. • _{A) panic}

• _{B) bipolar}

• 5. A young man found wandering the streets of his hometown claimed that he did not know his name or where he lived. He was taken to a

hospital for examination, but no physical injuries were found. After several days in the hospital, he awoke and remembered that he had had an

argument with his parents that included threats of physical violence on both sides. In order to escape this stressful situation, the young man developed ____________________.

• A) dissociative amnesia • B) learned helplessness • _{C) agoraphobia}

• 6 A middle-aged woman did not return

from a shopping trip one day and was not found until the police located her in another city three months later. Formerly a

restaurant owner, she was working as a server in a restaurant and had just been promoted to a supervisory role. She had rented an apartment and was engaged to be married. This behavior is an example of ____________________.

• A) paranoid schizophrenia

• B) post-traumatic stress disorder • C) dissociative fugue

• _{7. A psychologist who spends most of his} time treating people suffering from

depression and bipolar disorders focuses on ____________________.

• _{A) phobic disorders}

• _{8 A college student seen by a counseling} psychologist stated that he had cut almost all his classes during the past two weeks, had experienced difficulty sleeping, and felt like his academic situation was

hopeless. The psychologist's diagnosis would be _____________________.

• _{A) dissociative disorder}

• B) major depressive disorder

• 9. After being depressed for two years following her divorce, a middle-aged woman makes an

appointment with a clinical psychologist. She tells the psychologist that in addition to her

mood, she lost weight and has never felt happy for more than a week during this time. The

psychologist's diagnosis would be ____________________,

• A) bipolar disorder

• 10. For the past two weeks, a realtor has been so depressed that she can barely make the effort to show houses to prospective buyers. However, this period of depression was preceded by a

similar period when her energy and enthusiasm enabled her to sell several houses. She is

consulting a clinical psychologist because this is a recurring behavior pattern. The psychologist's diagnosis will be ______________________. • A) major depressive disorder

• 11. Because of his age, a man in late middle age has been unable to find a permanent job since being laid off by his employer three years ago. During this time, he has had to sell many of his possessions and has been unable to provide the medical care his wife requires. He is referred to a clinical psychologist because he is apathetic and tells people that he can do nothing about his situation. This behavior is an example of

____________________. • A) learned helplessness

• B) post-traumatic stress disorder • C) catatonic schizophrenia

• _{12. A psychologist who bases his}

diagnosis of a man's mental disorder

primarily on the presence of hallucinations and delusions is making a diagnosis of

____________________. • A) phobic disorder

• _{B) mood disorder} • C) dysthymia

• 13. A man believes that his escape from a house destroyed by a tornado was a message that he has a special mission in life to advise the

president about religious matters. He has been referred to a clinical psychologist because he believes that people opposed to his views are attempting to kill him in order to keep him from expressing them. The psychologist diagnosis would be ________________ schizophrenia. • A) catatonic

• B) disorganized • C) paranoid

• 14. A clinical psychologist is treating a man whose behavior includes hallucinations,

delusions, and incoherent speech and

mannerisms. However, the man's behavior does not clearly fit a particular type of

schizophrenia. The man's behavior is an example of _______________

schizophrenia. • A) catatonic

• B) disorganized • C) paranoid

• 15. A clinical psychologist explains his diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia to a client's family by stating that the client had a genetic predisposition to develop the

disorder and that the stress of losing her job was probably the precipitating event.

The psychologist's explanation is based on _______________.

• A) the diathesis-stress view • B) learned helplessness

• History and Approaches (2-4%) (no)

• Research and Methods (6-8%) (no)

• Biological Bases of Behavior (8-10%) (50%)

• Sensation and Perception (7-9%) (yes)

• States of Consciousness (2-4%) (maybe next week)

• Learning (7-9%) (totally)

• Cognition (8-10%) (no)

• Motivation and Emotion (7-9%) (a little from sex film)

• Developmental Psychology (7-9%) (80%)

• Personality (6-8%) (all the hard stuff 80%)

• Testing and Individual Differences (5-7%) (intelligence 70%)

• Abnormal Psychology (7-9%) (yes!!)

• Treatment of Psychological Disorders (5-7%) (yes)