Diachronic syntax based on constituency and dependency annotated corpora: theoretical and methodological issues

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Universität Stuttgart ⓒ_{Achim Stein 2013}

Diachronic syntax based on

constituency and dependency annotated corpora:

theoretical and methodological issues

Achim Stein (ILR, Universität Stuttgart)

This talk based on collaborative research with Sophie Prévost

(CNRS LaTTiCE) and the members of the ANR/DFG project

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Universität Stuttgart ⓒ Achim Stein, Institut für Linguistik/Romanistik

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Principal investigators: Sophie Prévost, Achim Stein

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Funding: 2009 – 2012

Agence Nationale de la Recherche ANR (France)

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG (Germany)

Special Session on Romance Parsed Corpora

43rd Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages

Syntactic Reference Corpus of Medieval French

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Institutions and staff:

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Paris

: UMR 8094-LaTTiCe (CNRS/ENS Paris):

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Sophie Prévost, Julie Glikman

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Lyon

: ENS de Lyon

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Céline Guillot, Serge Heiden, Alexei Lavrentiev, Tom Rainsford

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Stuttgart

: Institut für Linguistik/Romanistik (ILR)

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Achim Stein, Beatrice Bischof, Nicolas Mazziotta

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CoNLL based query tools

The annotation workflow

3 Corpora: Base de français médiéval (BFM); Nouveau Corpus d'Amsterdam (NCA) manual annotation with the Notabene tool

(Mazziotta 2010) syntactic structures (RDF graphs) dependency model annotation principles Forum: discussion of grammar and annotation principles correction 1: compare parallel annotations correction 2: review of compared versions queries with TigerSearch (local) or TXM (web) training of dependency parsers XML CoNLL

preparation

work

use

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Special Session on Romance Parsed Corpora

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Universität Stuttgart 5 ⓒ Achim Stein 2013

Penn style constituent structure

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Tresqu'en la mer cunquist la tere altaigne. (Chanson de Roland)

Until the sea he conquered the high land.

The noun

phrase (NP)

consists of

"la" and "mer"

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Universität Stuttgart ⓒ Achim Stein 2013

Special Session on Romance Parsed Corpora

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Dependency structure

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Tresqu'en la mer cunquist la tere altaigne.

Until the sea he conquered the high land.

(SRCMF, Prévost/Stein 2013)

"Tresqu", "en",

and "la"

depend

on

"mer"

depends

on

"cunquist"

(compare with

constituency)

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Universität Stuttgart 8 ⓒ Achim Stein 2013 classe unité syntaxique fonction structure noeud groupe satellite parenthese modifieur relateur structure maximale structure non-maximale noeud verbal noeud non-verbal [nV] coordonné [Coo] coordination [GpCoo] phrase [Snt]

non-phrase [nSnt] noeud verbal personnel [VFin] noeud verbal infinitif [VInf] noeud verbal participial [VPar]

actant circonstant [Circ] négation [Ng] forclusif [NgPrt] auxilié [Aux] sujet attribut régime [Regim] auxilié actif [AuxA] auxilié passif [AuxP] apostrophe [Apst]

interjection [Int] insertion [Insrt]

sujet personnel [SjPer] sujet impersonnel [SjImp]

modifieur attaché [ModA] modifieur détaché [ModD]

attribut de sujet [AtSj] attribut d'objet [AtObj] attribut du réfléchi [AtRfc]

objet [Obj] complément [Cmpl]

réfléchi [Rfc] réfléxif renforcé [Rfx]

relateur coordonnant [RelC] relateur non-coordonnant [RelNC]

The class hierarchy of

SRCMF categories

syntactic entities

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SRCMF grammar: heads and "functional categories"

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(TUT, Bosco 2004)

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Turin University Treebank

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Functional categories = heads

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e.g. prepositional phrase:

in > quei > giorni

(

in > these > days)

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SRCMF

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Lexical categories = heads

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e.g. prepositional phrase

mer > outre

(sea > over)

preposition

noun

preposition

verb

conjunction

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A duplicate is a double reference to a node (not two forms).

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Duplicates allow for the assignment of a second relation to the node.

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Duplicates are used in relative clauses and contracted forms.

Special Session on Romance Parsed Corpora

SRCMF grammar: duplicates

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Examples:

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In (1) the relative pronoun

qui

is a non-coordinating relator (RelNC).

Its duplicate is a subject (SjPer).

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In (2) the contracted form

nes

(=

ne

+

les)

is a negation (Ng).

Its duplicate is an object (Obj).

(1) Souffrance si est semblable a esmeraude

qui

toz jorz est vert.

Sufferance such is like an emerald

which

all day is green.

(2) sovent dit / Qu'or veut morir s'il

nes

ocit.

often says / that now wants die if he

not+them

kills

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Universität Stuttgart ⓒ Achim Stein (Institut für Linguistik/Romanistik)

Special Session on Romance Parsed Corpora

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Special Session on Romance Parsed Corpora

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Universität Stuttgart ₁₅ ⓒ_{Achim Stein 2013}

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Special Session on Romance Parsed Corpora

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Parser: mate tools (Bohnet 2010; Björkelund, Bohnet et al. 2010)

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training on three different texts (90% of 6508 sentences)

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evaluation on 10% (650 sentences)

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Encouraging results, considering that

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the SRCMF grammar designed is motivated linguistically

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no compromise was made to facilitate automatic parsing

SRCMF: a first parsing experiment

Difficulties to guess the right

label: the price for a very

explicit annotation model?

Main error:

Cmpl-Circ

Too few exact matches:

a small number of

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Special Session on Romance Parsed Corpora

Results

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See the SRCMF homepage:

http://srcmf.org

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Publication is on-going:

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15 Old French texts, > 250.000 words, > 23.000 sentences.

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online access (via TXM web, ENS Lyon)

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download formats for local queries

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documentation

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Re-usable tools

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Notabene annotation tool

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http://sourceforge.net/projects/notabene/

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Bechhofer, Sean; van Harmelen, Frank; Hendler, Jim; Horrocks, Ian; McGuinness, Deborah L.; F.,

Patel-Schneider Peter; Andrea Stein, Lynn (2004): OWL Web Ontology Language Reference. W3C Recommendation 10 February 2004.

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Björkelund, Anders; Bohnet, Bernd; Hafdell, Love; Nugues, Pierre (2010): A high-performance syntactic and semantic dependency parser. Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations, Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 33--36.

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Bohnet, Bernd (2010): Top Accuracy and Fast Dependency Parsing is not a Contradiction. Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2010), Beijing, China: Coling 2010

Organizing Committee, 89--97.

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Bosco, Cristina (2004): A Grammatical Relation System for Treebank Annotation. : PhD Thesis, Università degli Studi di Turino.

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Guillot, Céline; Marchello-Nizia, Christiane; Lavrentiev, Alexeij (2007): La Base de Français Médiéval (BFM) : états et perspectives. – Kunstmann, Pierre; Stein, Achim (ed.): Le Nouveau Corpus d'Amsterdam. Actes de l'atelier de Lauterbad, 23-26 février 2006, Stuttgart: Steiner.

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Martineau, France (2009): Le corpus MCVF. Modéliser le changement: les voies du français. Ottawa: Université d'Ottawa.

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Mazziotta, Nicolas (2010): Logiciel NotaBene pour l'annotation linguistique. Annotations et conceptualisations multiples. Recherches qualitatives. Hors-série 'Les actes', 9, 83-94.

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Achim Stein et al. (2006): Nouveau Corpus d'Amsterdam. Corpus informatique de textes littéraires d'ancien français (ca 1150-1350), établi par Anthonij Dees (Amsterdam 1987), remanié par Achim Stein, Pierre

Kunstmann et Martin-D. Gleßgen. Stuttgart: Institut für Linguistik/Romanistik.

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Stein, Achim; Prévost, Sophie (2013): Syntactic annotation of medieval texts: the Syntactic Reference Corpus of Medieval French (SRCMF). – Bennett, Paul; Durrell, Martin; Scheible, Silke; Whitt, Richard (ed.): New

Methods in Historical Corpus Linguistics, Tübingen: Narr.