Name: ___________________________________ Date: ______________
____ 1. After noting that a majority of professional basketball players are African-American, Ervin concluded that African-Americans are better athletes than members of other racial groups. Ervin's conclusion best illustrates the danger of
A) replication.
B) hindsight bias.
C) the placebo effect.
D) generalizing from vivid cases.
E) randomly assigning variables.
____ 2. Professor Shalet contends that parents and children have similar levels of intelligence largely because they share common genes. His idea is best described as a(n)
A) theory.
B) replication.
C) naturalistic observation.
D) illusory correlation.
E) hindsight bias.
____ 3. Random sampling is to ________ as random assignment is to ________.
A) correlational studies; case studies
B) surveys; experiments
C) illusory correlation; false consensus
D) replication; correlation
E) description; prediction
____ 4. In order to learn about the TV viewing habits of all the children attending Oakbridge School, Professor DeVries randomly selected and interviewed 50 of the school's students. In this instance, all the children attending the school are considered to be a(n)
A) population.
B) representative sample.
C) independent variable.
D) control condition.
E) dependent variable.
____ 5. Slender women are considered especially beautiful in one country; in another country, stout women are seen as particularly attractive. In both countries, however, women perceived as very beautiful receive preferential treatment. This best illustrates that ________ often underlie cultural differences.
A) negative correlations
B) common psychological processes
D) unconscious preferences
E) genetic dissimilarities
____ 6. In a test of the effects of sleep deprivation on problem-solving skills, research participants are allowed to sleep either 4 or 8 hours on each of three consecutive nights. This research is an example of
A) naturalistic observation.
B) survey research.
C) a case study.
D) an experiment.
E) a correlational study.
____ 7. Seven members of a girls' club reported the following individual earnings from their sale of raffle tickets: $5, $9, $4, $11, $6, $4, and $3. In this distribution of individual earnings, the
A) median is greater than the mean and greater than the mode.
B) median is less than the mean and less than the mode.
C) median is equal to the mean and equal to the mode.
D) median is greater than the mean and less than the mode.
E) median is less than the mean and greater than the mode.
____ 8. Professor Ambra was skeptical about the accuracy of recently reported research on sleep deprivation. Which process would best enable her to assess the reliability of these findings?
A) naturalistic observation
B) replication
C) random sampling
D) the case study
E) standard deviation
____ 9. The IQ scores of the five members of the Duluth family are 100, 82, 104, 96, and 118. For this distribution of scores, the range is
A) 6.
B) 14.
C) 36.
D) 48.
E) 100.
____ 10. Surveys indicate that people are much less likely to support “welfare” than “aid to the needy.” These somewhat paradoxical survey results best illustrate the importance of
A) random sampling.
C) the placebo effect.
D) naturalistic observation.
E) hindsight bias.
____ 11. To discover the extent to which economic status can be used to predict political preferences, researchers are most likely to use
A) the case study approach.
B) naturalistic observation.
C) correlational measures.
D) experimental research.
E) random assignment.
____ 12. To graphically represent the correlation between two variables, researchers often construct a
A) skewed distribution.
B) scatterplot.
C) standard deviation.
D) bar graph.
E) pie chart.
____ 13. In a drug treatment study, participants given a pill containing no actual drug are receiving a
A) random sample.
B) false consensus.
C) double-blind.
D) replication.
E) placebo.
____ 14. If psychologists discovered that more intelligent parents have smarter children than less intelligent parents, this would demonstrate that
A) intelligence is inherited.
B) more intelligent parents provide their children with greater educational opportunities than do less intelligent parents.
C) the intelligence of parents and children is positively correlated.
D) experiments based on this relationship would indicate causation.
E) intelligence of children and parents are negatively correlated.
____ 15. The belief that weather conditions signal the onset of arthritis pain best illustrates
A) an illusory correlation.
B) an illusion of control.
C) the hindsight bias.
D) the false consensus effect.
____ 16. During the past year, Zara and Ivan each read 2 books, but George read 9, Ali read 12, and Marsha read 25. The median number of books read by these individuals was
A) 2.
B) 50.
C) 10.
D) 12.
E) 9.
____ 17. In order to provide a baseline against which they can evaluate the effects of a specific treatment, experimenters make use of a(n)
A) dependent variable.
B) random sample.
C) independent variable.
D) control condition.
E) experimental condition.
____ 18. A research method in which an investigator manipulates factors that potentially produce a particular behavior is called a(n)
A) survey.
B) experiment.
C) case study.
D) naturalistic observation.
E) correlational method.
____ 19. A correlation coefficient is a measure of the
A) difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.
B) average squared deviation of scores from a sample mean.
C) direction and strength of the relationship between two variables.
D) statistical significance of a difference between two sample means.
E) frequency of scores at each level of some measure.
____ 20. On a 10-item test, three students in Professor Hsin's advanced chemistry seminar received scores of 2, 5, and 8, respectively. For this distribution of test scores, the standard deviation is equal to the square root of
A) 3.
B) 4.
C) 5.
D) 6.
E) 9.
____ 21. In a distribution of test scores, which measure of central tendency would likely be the most affected by a couple of extremely high scores?
B) range
C) mode
D) standard deviation
E) mean
____ 22. Seven members of a 4H club reported the following individual earnings from their sale of cakes: $7, $13, $3, $5, $2, $9, and $3. In this distribution of individual earnings, the
A) mean is equal to the mode and equal to the median.
B) mean is greater than the mode and greater than the median.
C) mean is equal to the mode and less than the median.
D) mean is greater than the mode and equal to the median.
E) mean is less than the mode and less than the median.
____ 23. Because she had a serious traffic accident on Friday the 13th of last month, Felicia is convinced that all Friday the 13ths will bring bad luck. Felicia's belief best illustrates
A) the illusion of control.
B) illusory correlation.
C) the hindsight bias.
D) the false consensus effect.
E) random sampling.
____ 24. A specification of how a researcher measures a research variable is known as a(n)
A) standard deviation.
B) control condition.
C) replication.
D) operational definition.
E) observation.
____ 25. To accurately infer cause and effect, experimenters should use
A) random assignment.
B) naturalistic observation.
C) standard deviations.
D) correlation coefficients.
E) scatterplots.
____ 26. Seven members of a boys' club reported the following individual earnings from their sale of cookies: $2, $9, $8, $10, $4, $9, and $7. In this distribution of individual earnings
A) the median is greater than the mean and greater than the mode.
B) the median is less than the mean and less than the mode.
C) the median is greater than the mean and less than the mode.
D) the median is less than the mean and greater than the mode.
____ 27. Which of the following correlations between self-esteem and body weight would enable you to most accurately predict body weight from knowledge of level of self-esteem?
A) +0.60
B) +0.01
C) –0.10
D) –0.06
E) 0.00
____ 28. Political officials who have no doubt that their own economic and military predictions will come true most clearly demonstrate
A) illusory correlation.
B) random sampling.
C) overconfidence.
D) the placebo effect.
E) operational definition.
____ 29. The process of replication is most likely to be facilitated by
A) the hindsight bias.
B) the false consensus effect.
C) illusory correlation.
D) operational definitions.
E) the placebo effect.
____ 30. Megan was certain that she would never live far away from her family. However, in order to further her career, she decided to move. Megan's experience best illustrates
A) the hindsight bias.
B) illusory correlation.
C) random assignment.
D) the false consensus effect.
E) overconfidence.
____ 31. Abdul has volunteered to participate in an experiment evaluating the effectiveness of aspirin. Neither he nor the experimenters know whether the pills he takes during the experiment contain aspirin or are merely placebos. The investigators are apparently making use of
A) naturalistic observation.
B) illusory correlation.
C) the double-blind procedure.
D) random sampling.
E) the false consensus effect.
are applying
A) overconfidence.
B) the placebo effect.
C) the hindsight bias.
D) random assignment.
E) critical thinking.
____ 33. When you read a bar graph, it is most important for you to
A) understand the concept of the false consensus effect.
B) mentally transform the data into a scatterplot.
C) identify the value of the standard deviation.
D) note the range and size of the scale values.
E) remember that correlation facilitates prediction.
____ 34. According to Emily's grandfather, Adolf Hitler's obvious emotional instability made it clear from the beginning days of his international conflicts that Germany would inevitably lose World War II. The grandfather's claim best illustrates
A) the hindsight bias.
B) illusory correlation.
C) the false consensus effect.
D) an illusion of control.
E) random sampling.
____ 35. The most foolproof way of testing the true effectiveness of a newly introduced method of psychological therapy is by means of
A) survey research.
B) case study research.
C) naturalistic observation.
D) correlational research.
E) experimental research.
____ 36. In order to study the effects of noise on worker productivity, researchers have one group of subjects work in a noisy room and a second group work in a quiet room. To ensure that any differences in the productivity of the two groups actually result from the different noise levels to which the groups are exposed, the researchers would use
A) the case study.
B) correlational measurement.
C) naturalistic observation.
D) replication.
E) random assignment.
____ 37. In an experiment designed to study the effectiveness of a new drug, research participants who receive a placebo are participating in the ________ condition.
A) dependent variable
B) correlational
C) experimental
D) replication
E) control
____ 38. Seven members of a Girl Scout troop report the following individual earnings from their sale of candy: $4, $1, $7, $6, $8, $2, and $7. In this distribution of individual earnings
A) the mean is equal to the mode and equal to the median.
B) the mean is less than the mode and equal to the median.
C) the mean is equal to the mode and greater than the median.
D) the mean is greater than the mode and greater than the median.
E) the mean is less than the mode and less than the median.
____ 39. Evelyn wants to know how consistent her bowling scores have been during the past season. Which of the following measures would be most relevant to this specific concern?
A) mean
B) median
C) scatterplot
D) standard deviation
E) correlation coefficient
____ 40. The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution is the
A) mean.
B) range.
C) median.
D) standard deviation.
E) correlation coefficient.
____ 41. Which perspective is most directly concerned with assessing the relative contributions of heredity and experience to personality development?
A) cognitive
B) behavioral
C) psychodynamic
D) neuroscience
E) behavior genetics
____ 42. Who was the American philosopher who authored a textbook in 1890 for the emerging discipline of psychology?
A) Wundt
C) Freud
D) James
E) Calkins
____ 43. Dr. Ochoa develops tests to accurately identify the most qualified job applicants in a large manufacturing firm. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Ochoa's work best represent?
A) developmental psychology
B) industrial/organizational psychology
C) biological psychology
D) clinical psychology
E) psychiatry
____ 44. A clinical psychologist who explains behavior in terms of unconscious drives and conflicts is employing a(n) ________ perspective.
A) evolutionary
B) psychodynamic
C) behavioral
D) social-cultural
E) cognitive
____ 45. Natassia believes that boys learn to be more aggressive than girls primarily because boys are more frequently exposed to external pressures to fight. Natassia's belief most directly exemplifies the ________ perspective.
A) behavioral
B) evolutionary
C) cognitive
D) psychodynamic
E) neuroscience
____ 46. Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association?
A) Jean Piaget
B) Francis Bacon
C) Rosalie Rayner
D) Mary Calkins
E) Margaret Washburn
____ 47. Dr. Santaniello conducts basic research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a(n) ________ psychologist.
A) social
B) clinical
D) industrial/organizational
E) biological
____ 48. A theoretical perspective in psychology can be like a two-dimensional view of a three-dimensional object because each perspective is
A) limited in its scope.
B) likely to contradict other perspectives.
C) based on assumptions shared by other perspectives.
D) of little value for applied research.
E) impossible to test scientifically.
____ 49. Which psychological perspective highlights the manner in which people encode, process, store, and retrieve information?
A) cognitive
B) psychodynamic
C) behavioral
D) behavior genetics
E) evolutionary
____ 50. The biopsychosocial approach provides an understanding of social-cultural influences integrated within the larger framework of
A) SQ3R.
B) introspection.
C) humanistic psychology.
D) multiple levels of analysis.
E) structuralism.
____ 51. In answering multiple-choice test items, smart test-takers are best advised to
A) check off as correct the first answer they read that seems to be right.
B) avoid guessing the answer on any items that do not appear to have a correct answer.
C) carefully imagine how each of the alternative answers might be correct.
D) recall the correct answer to each question before reading the alternative answers.
E) choose either the longest or the shortest possible answer.
____ 52. Who highlighted the reproductive advantages of environmentally adaptive traits?
A) Plato
B) Aristotle
C) John Locke
D) Charles Darwin
E) William James
____ 53. Mark believes that people are genetically predisposed to dislike bitter-tasting foods because this has enhanced human survival. His belief best illustrates the ________
perspective.
A) psychodynamic
B) social-cultural
C) evolutionary
D) behavioral
E) cognitive
____ 54. Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory work involved experimental studies of
A) animal intelligence.
B) personality development.
C) learning and memory.
D) reactions to sensory stimulation.
E) association and generalization.
____ 55. Which perspective is most relevant to understanding the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory?
A) evolutionary
B) behavioral
C) psychodynamic
D) neuroscience
E) behavior genetics
____ 56. Dr. Karima conducts basic research on the relative effectiveness of massed practice and spaced practice on a person's ability to remember information. Dr. Karima is most likely a ________ psychologist.
A) social
B) developmental
C) personality
D) biological
E) cognitive
____ 57. The survival of organisms best suited to a particular environment is known as
A) functionalism.
B) natural selection.
C) behavior genetics.
D) structuralism.
E) introspection.
____ 58. Behaviorists dismissed the value of
A) science.
B) introspection.
C) spaced practice.
E) reinforcement.
____ 59. The personality theorist, Sigmund Freud, was an Austrian
A) chemist.
B) physician.
C) theologian.
D) politician.
E) philanthropist.
____ 60. In the early 1960s, the cognitive revolution in psychology involved a renewal of interest in the scientific study of
A) mental processes.
B) hereditary influences.
C) unconscious motives.
D) learned behaviors.
Answer Key - c1 Practice Test 1. D
2. A 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. D 7. E 8. B 9. C 10. B 11. C 12. B 13. E 14. C 15. A 16. E 17. D 18. B 19. C 20. D 21. E 22. B 23. B 24. D 25. A 26. D 27. A 28. C 29. D 30. E 31. C 32. E 33. D 34. A 35. E 36. E 37. E 38. E 39. D 40. B 41. E
42. D 43. B 44. B 45. A 46. D 47. C 48. A 49. A 50. D 51. D 52. D 53. C 54. D 55. D 56. E 57. B 58. B 59. B 60. A
