Annotated Bibliography
Primary Sources:
“Congressman Dies of Influenza.” Wausau Daily Record-Herald, 2006, http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/ref/collection/tp/id/15504.
This newspaper published during the 1918 influenza pandemic helped me understand how no specific people were immune to it. Even the US congressman died from it, so I thought it would be useful to show the fact that the pandemic killed huge range of people.
“1918 Historical Image Gallery.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2 Mar. 2018, www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1918- commemoration/historical-images.htm.
From this historical image gallery of the 1918 pandemic, I used variety of images on my website as primary sources. I used the photo of advertisement of Chicago Nursing school, photo of pharmacist, and photo of nurses, who are all women.
“Spanish Flu.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 7 Feb. 2020, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_flu#/.
This website helped me understand the most fundamental background of Spanish flu, and I also found some useful research articles from this website. Images in here were useful for supplementing my analysis and quotations. I used images of hospital, H1N1 flu virus, W-shaped mortality age-distributions, and temporary wards.
“94 Year Old William Sardo, Jr. Survived the Spanish Flu Pandemic in 1918.” YouTube, YouTube, 21 July 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=owTz6Icec_U.
This video shows the interview with the 1918 flu survivor, which makes it a primary source. Showing an actual survivor’s saying adds persuasiveness to the points I make, so I included this video. It also helped me understand how the survivors think of the 1918 flu.
Volunteer Nurses from the American Red Cross Tend to Spanish Influenza Patients in the Oakland. 1918. Library of Congress, California.
This photo was used on the homepage since I thought it represents the atmosphere during the 1918 influenza pandemic and shows people that are infected in 1918.
A Demonstration at the Red Cross Emergency Ambulance Station. 1918. Library of Congress, Washington D.C.
This photo was used to show how deadly the pandemic was, and since the photo shows the demonstration at the Red Cross, the viewer can know how the nurses were trained during the pandemic.
A Colorized Image of the 1918 Virus Taken by a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM).
National Archives.
This image helped me know how the 1918 flu virus actually looked like, and I used it for explaining the flu virus.
The Nineteenth Amendment. 1920. Wikipedia. National Archives.
This image was used to show how the Nineteenth Amendment actually looks like, and the texts on the document was used on the website. The Nineteenth Amendment is an official document that shows in the 1920s, women’s social status was elevated, partially due to the 1918 influenza pandemic.
“Insurmountable Chaos: How 2 Soldiers Stopping in Winnipeg Helped Lead to 1,200 Deaths from Spanish Flu | CBC News.” CBCnews, CBC/Radio Canada, 30 Sept. 2018,
www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/winnipeg-spanish-flu-100-years-1.4843940.
From this article, I not only gained information about how the American health organizations dealt with the flu, but also used a photo of a clipping warning the public about dangers of flu.
Davies, Adriana A., and Jeff Keshen. “THE FRONTIER OF PATRIOTISM: Alberta and the First World War.” University of Calgary Press, University of Calgary Press,
prism.ucalgary.ca/bitstream/handle/1880/51593/Frontier_of_Patriotism_2016_Section_4.pdf;
jsessionid=DE7FFA69025256F067CE06484C389595?sequence=6.
From this website, I found some primary source images that could be used to show how people reacted to the 1918 flu pandemic and how the health organizations dealt with it.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Influenza A H1N1.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 8 Apr. 2016, www.britannica.com/science/influenza-A- H1N1.
Photo of H1N1 virus was used from this website.
Renken, Elena, and Marc Silver. “PHOTOS: Scenes From The Epicenter Of The Coronavirus Outbreak.” NPR, NPR, 15 Feb. 2020,
www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/02/15/805377706/photos-scenes-from-the- epicenter-of-the-coronavirus-outbreak.
Photos that show how the corona virus is affecting people in China are used from this website.
Armstrong, Drew. “Coronavirus Microscope Images Published by U.S.
Researchers.” Bloomberg.com, Bloomberg, 14 Feb. 2020,
www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-14/pictures-of-coronavirus-electron- microscope-images.
Photo of the coronavirus under a transmission electron microscope was used from this website.
Secondary Sources:
“The 1918 Spanish Flu Pandemic Quotes by Charles River Editors.” Goodreads, Goodreads, www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/42915181-the-1918-spanish-flu-pandemic-the-history- and-legacy-of-the-world-s-dea.
This website had a list of useful quotations I can use to support my analysis. I used one quotation from it to show how devastating the 1918 flu pandemic was.
“Public Health Matters Blog.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 14 May 2018,
blogs.cdc.gov/publichealthmatters/2018/05/1918-flu/.
The blog article from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) helped me understand the rough background of the 1918 influenza pandemic. Through the article, I gained information of the rough symptoms of the patients, approximate number of people died, effects of flu on the health care system, major advancements in flu prevention since 1918, and how the CDC is trying to prevent future pandemics.
I also used some quotations from the article to give general information about the flu.
Kolata, Gina Bari. Flu: the Story of the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 and the Search for the Virus That Caused It. Simon & Schuster, 2005.
The book not only helped me understand the details of the 1918 pandemic, but also provided me some useful quotations I could use. It had a number of quotations of the researchers, survivors, and experts. The last part of the book was especially useful for me to understand the progress of researches regarding the 1918 flu and what could possibly be done in the future.
Kettle, Martin. “A Century on, Why Are We Forgetting the Deaths of 100 Million? | Martin Kettle.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 25 May 2018,
www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/may/25/spanish-flu-pandemic-1918-forgetting- 100-million-deaths.
The article’s main idea is that people are forgetting the 1918 influenza pandemic, whch resulted in deaths of 100 million. It was helpful for me to understand how the 1918 flu was buried by the strong impacts of World War I, and I put that idea on my
thesis. Furthermore, I used the writer’s quotation when I talked about people forgetting the 1918 flu.
Blackburn, Christine Crudo, et al. “How the Devastating 1918 Flu Pandemic Helped Advance US Women's Rights.” The Conversation, 1 Mar. 2018, theconversation.com/how- the-devastating-1918-flu-pandemic-helped-advance-us-womens-rights-91045.
The article was extremely helpful for me to understand the unprecedented impact of the 1918 pandemic on the social status of women. This article also gave men an idea to include the Nineteenth Amendment when talking about women. Through this article, I realized there had been some positive impacts the 1918 flu had on the world.
I also used some of the writer’s quotations about elevation of women’s social status in the U.S. society.
Lindley, Robin. “The Forgotten American Pandemic: Historian Dr. Nancy K. Bristow on the Influenza Epidemic of 1918.” History News Network, hnn.us/article/146655.
This website shows the interview of an author of American Pandemic: The lost worlds of the 1918 influenza pandemic. As an expert in the 1918 pandemic, the website was useful for background information, but it also had the author’s opinion about the more active involvement of women in society. The author said that the number of women attending colleges increased in the 1980s, and thereby many of them became nurses. The quotation of the author was useful in explaining increased number of nurses especially in 1918.
Garrett, Thomas A. “Economic Effects of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic.” Economic Effects of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic, Nov. 2007, pp. 20–21.,
https://www.stlouisfed.org/~/media/files/pdfs/community-development/research- reports/pandemic_flu_report.pdf?la=en.
This report on economic effects of the 1918 influenza pandemic provided me information about how the pandemic both positively and negatively impacted the American society. The article only is a summary of other research articles, so from this, I learned rough knowledge about economic effects, and searched for other research articles on economic effects of the 1918 flu.
Brainerd, Elizabeth, and Mark V. Siegler. “The Economic Effects of the 1918 Influenza Epidemic.” The Economic Effects of the 1918 Influenza Epidemic, June 2002,
http://www.birdflubook.org/resources/brainerd1.pdf.
This research article not only has some information about death rates and life
expectancies, but also investigated on the average annual growth in personal income.
From this research article, I used the U.S. average life expectancy graph, which shows a sudden decrease in 1918 and W-shaped death rates graph, and average annual growth in personal income table. All these graphs and tables helped me understand the negative impacts the 1918 flu had on people who were exposed to the pandemic.
Almond, Douglas. “Is the 1918 Influenza Pandemic Over? Long‐Term Effects of In Utero Influenza Exposure in the Post‐1940 U.S. Population.” Journal of Political Economy, vol.
114, no. 4, 2006, pp. 672–712., doi:10.1086/507154.
This research article helped me understand the negative effects of pandemic on the people whose mother was exposed to the pandemic. The researcher found out that the group of people in utero during the 1918 influenza had reduced educational
attainment, higher rates of physical disability and lower income. From the article, I also used the graphs and tables that show the apparent increase and decrease
Spinney, Laura. “The Flu That Transformed the 20th Century.” BBC Future, BBC, 17 Oct.
2018, www.bbc.com/future/article/20181016-the-flu-that-transformed-the-20th-century.
This article provided me basic information about how the 1918 influenza pandemic helped transformation of public health to happen. I was especially impressed by the quotation, “The pandemic transformed public health…” by the author, because before reading this article, I have never known this devastating flu pandemic had a positive impact on the future generation. I used quotation about transformation of public health from this article.
Rosner, David. “‘Spanish Flu, or Whatever It Is...": The Paradox of Public Health in a Time of Crisis.” Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974), Association of Schools of Public Health, Apr. 2010, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2862333/.
This article helped me understand specifically how public health in the global society was transformed because of the devastating effects of 1918 flu. I also used a quotation from this research article to explain the details of transformation of public health.
Barry, John M. “The Site of Origin of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic and Its Public Health Implications.” Journal of Translational Medicine, BioMed Central, 20 Jan. 2004,
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC340389/.
This research article helped me understand the hypothesis about the origin of flu strain that killed hundreds of millions of people in 1918. It helped me write about hypothesis that the flu originated from Army camp in France.
@HelenBranswell, Helen Branswell, et al. “Unraveling the Spanish Flu's Secret: A Cold Email Leads to Century-Old Clues.” STAT, 5 Dec. 2018,
www.statnews.com/2018/12/05/1918-spanish-flu-unraveling-mystery/.
This article is the main source I used for understanding many different hypotheses about the mysteries of flu. It provided information about the hypothesis that the flu virus emerged in Haskell after having jumped into humans from another host. From the article, I also used a quotation from the scientist that the mysteries regarding the flu are still unsolved.
Paules, Catharine I. “100 Years after the Lethal 1918 Flu Pandemic, We Are Still Vulnerable.” Scientific American Blog Network, Scientific American, 15 Sept. 2017,
blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/100-years-after-the-lethal-1918-flu-pandemic-we- are-still-vulnerable/.
From this article, the author’s quotation about why the 1918 flu was so deadly was used to explain some of the mysteries regarding the flu. It helped me understand some of the scientific reasons why this flu was so deadly unlike the other ones.
“Public Health Matters Blog.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, blogs.cdc.gov/publichealthmatters/2018/05/1918-flu/.
From this official blog of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), I was able to get to know a rough background about the progress of the 1918 flu pandemic, major advancements in flu prevention, and the ongoing researches about the flu. I also used some quotations from this article because this website is an official health
organization website in the U.S.
“America during the 1918 Influenza Pandemic.” Impact of the Flu | DPLA, dp.la/exhibitions/1918-influenza/impact/economy?item=903.
From this article, I gained background information about how the U.S. economy was adversely affected by the outbreak of 1918 flu pandemic. I used a quotation of the author talking about the details of the adverse effects.
Rabin, Roni Caryn. “Coronavirus: Symptoms, Treatments and Science.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 21 Jan. 2020, www.nytimes.com/article/what-is-
coronavirus.html.
A quotation from a chairwoman of the public health committee of the Infectious Diseases Society of America was used from this article to show how the researchers are still in progress of breaking the barrier to the conservation of public health.
Sources that are both Primary and Secondary:
“How the 1918 Flu Pandemic Helped Advance Women's Rights.” Smithsonian.com, Smithsonian Institution, 2 Mar. 2018, www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-1918-flu- pandemic-helped-advance-womens-rights-180968311/.
This article about relation of women’s rights to the outbreak of the 1918 pandemic helped me understand the positive effects of the pandemic on the elevation of
women’s social status. Photos showing women working are used as primary sources.
