7. Practical Manual PP-II

Practical Manual

PLANT PROTECTION - II

AJI C. S.

Vocational Teacher in Agriculture

GVHSS, Pallarimangalam, Ernakulam

PLANT PROTECTION-II

PRACTICAL MANUAL FOR SECOND YEAR PLANT PROTECTION

Prepared by,

AJI C. S.

Vocational Teacher in Agriculture

Govt. VHSS, Pallarimangalam, Ernakulam 9446805972, [email protected]

“ANY SMALL AIM IS A CRIME;

YOU SHOULD IMBUE AN INDOMITABLE

SPIRIT TO CHASE GREAT AMBITIONS”

CONTENTS

Sl.

No Name of the Exercise Page No. Date

1 Classification of important pests affecting crops 1 - 2

2 General characters of insect pests 3

3 Familiarisation with major insect groups and mouthparts 4 - 8

4 Collection and preservation of insects 9 -11

5 Familiarisation with common insecticidal formulations 12 - 13

6 Preparation of labels for pesticides 14

7 Calculation and preparation of insecticide solutions for field application 15 - 16 8 Precautions to be followed while handling pesticides 16 - 18 9 Insecticides of plant origin (Botanicals) 18 - 20 10 Familiarisation with important insect bio-control agents 21 - 23 11 Familiarisation with rearing or mass multiplication of a primary predator 23 - 24 12 Familiarisation with rearing or mass multiplication of an egg parasitoid 24 - 25

13 Insect Pests of Rice 26 - 27

14 Insect Pests of Coconut 28

15 Insect Pests of Banana 29

16 Insect Pests of Pepper 30

17 Insect Pest of Arecanut 30 - 31

18 Insect Pests of Mango 31

19 Insect Pests of Cashew 32

20 Insect Pests of Tuber crops 32 - 33

21 Insect Pests of Vegetables 33 - 36

22 Insect Pests of Spices 37

23 Insect Pests of Ornamental Plants 38

24 Familiarisation with non-insect pests of crops 39 - 40 25 Non-insect pests of major crops of Kerala 41 - 42 26 Familiarisation with rodent control methods 42 - 43

27 Pests of stored products 44

28 Important disease causing organisms and disease symptoms 45 - 46 29 Familiarisation with common fungicides and formulations 47 - 48

31 Preparation and field application of Bordeaux mixture 50 32 Preparation and field application of Bordeaux Paste 51 33 Preparation and field application of Cheshund compound 52 34 Field application of Trichoderma & Psueodomonas 52 - 53

35 Soil Solarization 54 36 Diseases of Rice 55 37 Diseases of Coconut 56 38 Diseases of Banana 57 39 Diseases of Rubber 58 40 Diseases of Cashew 59 41 Diseases of Arecanut 59 42 Diseases of Mango 60 43 Diseases of Pepper 61

44 Diseases of other Spices 62

45 Diseases of Vegetables 63 - 65

46 Disease of Tapioca 65

47 Diseases of Ornamental plants 66

48 Identification and classification of common weeds of Kerala 67 - 68 49 Familiarsation with herbicides and calculations 68 - 69

50 Biological control of weeds 70

51 Familiarisation with Plant Protection equipments and their maintenance 71 - 75

52 Visit to Agricultural Research Stations 76

53 Visit to Krishibhavan 77

Appendix

1. Pest and disease identification chart for vegetables 2. Common botanical Insecticides

Exercise No: 1

CLASSIFICATION OF IMPORTANT PESTS AFFECTING CROPS

Aim - To familiarise with different types of pests and classify them in to different groups Materials required - Specimens, charts, CDs etc

Procedure - collect and observe various pest affecting agricultural crops and classify them in

to different groups.

“Pest has been defined as any organism detrimental to man and his property in causing damages significant of economic importance”.

1. Insect pests

Insect are tracheate arthropods with distinct head, thorax, and abdomen, single pair of antennae, a pair of compound eyes, three pairs of walking legs confined to the thorax and two pair of wings.

• Beetles, weevils

• Caterpillars (Moths & Butterflies) • Bugs, Aphids, Whiteflies, Mealy bugs • flies

• Grass hoppers, Crickets • Stored grain pests etc.

2. Non-insect pests

Considerable losses to the food grains due to the attack of pest takes place every year. Besides the insect pest there are large numbers of non-insect pest attacking crop plants. This includes

• Rats • Mites • Nematodes • Slugs & Snails • Birds

3. Diseases

Diseased plants are distinguished by changes in their morphological structures or physiological processes which are brought about by unfavourable environment or by parasitic agencies. Different types of pathogens are causing diseases in plants.

• Fungal diseases • Bacterial diseases • Viral diseases

• Mycoplasmal / Phytoplasmal diseases • Physiological disorders

4. Flowering parasites

These are parasitic in nature and reduce the yield and vitality of crop plants. • Striga, Orobanchae, Cuscuta, Loranthes

5. Weeds

Weed is a plant grown in a place where it is not required. Weed is an unwanted and uncultivated plant, they reduce crop yield and contaminate the produce and act as alternate host of many pests and diseases.

• Dicot weeds • Monocot weeds • Annuals weeds • Perennial weeds • Aquatic weeds • Upland weeds • Others

Classification of pest based on the extent of damage

1. Major Pest - cause a yield loss of more than 10% (>10%) 2. Minor Pest - 5 - 10% yield loss

Exercise No: 2

GENERAL CHARACTERS OF AN INSECT

Aim - To study general characters of an insect

Materials required - Specimens, chart, reference books, CDs etc

Procedure - Collect and observe insects for its general characters. Prepare neat sketches to

practical record.

Insects are coming under the phylum Arthropoda. Insects belong to the class Insecta or Haxapoda and divided in to many orders. Body divided in to head, thorax and abdomen. Three pairs of legs present. Two pair of wings attach to thorax, one on prothorax and other on metathorax. Chitinous exoskeleton present. Head contains a pair of antennae, pair of compound eyes and mouth parts. Thorax consist three segments ie prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax. A pair of legs attached to each thorax. Abdomen consists of eleven segments. Excretory organ is malphigian tubule and breathing system is tracheae.

Details of the characters of insects are listed here, 1. Body divided in to head, thorax and abdomen 2. Three pairs of legs

3. Two pair of wings attach to thorax, one on pro-thorax and other on meta-thorax 4. Chitinous exoskeleton

5. Head contain a pair of antennae, pair of compound eyes and mouth parts

6. Thorax consist three segments ie prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax. A pair of legs attached to each thorax

7. Excretory organ is malphigian tubule 8. Breathing system is tracheae

Exercise No: 3

FAMILIARISATION WITH MAJOR INSECT GROUPS & MOUTHPARTS

1. Identification of different groups of insects

Aim : To identify different insect groups

Materials required: Specimens, Diagrams, Photographs, Class notes, CDs

Procedure: Collect and observe various insects, analyze the characters, identify the groups

to which they belong and record relevant information.

Insects are grouped in to different groups based on their morphological characters and important groups are listed below,

1. Beetles and Weevils - Beetles belong to the order Coleoptera. Minute or large, hard

bodied insects with forewings modified into elytra which is not used for flight but adapted to support body during flight and protecting the membranous hind wings when at rest. Mouth parts biting (Cutting) and chewing type. Young ones are called grubs. Metamorphosis is complete. eg:- Rhinoceros beetle, Red palm Weevil, Pseudo stem weevil of banana etc.

Beetle Weevil

2. Moths & Butterflies - These belong to the order Lepidoptera. Adults with four

membranous wings usually covered by overlapping flat scales forming coloured patterns. Mouth parts modified into a coiled sucking proboscis called siphoning type mouth parts. Larvae called Caterpillars and have chewing mouth parts. Larvae only cause damage to plants. Eg: silkworm, Rice stem borer, rice case worm. Butterflies are diurnal in habit and brightly coloured. Moths are nocturnal in habit.

3. Bugs - Bugs belong to the order Hemiptera. Minute to large sized, phytophagous or

predacious insects with piercing and sucking mouth parts. Forewing modified into hemelytra, hind wings membranous. Metamorphosis incomplete. eg: Rice bug, Cowpea podbug, Aphids, White flies etc.

Bug Aphid

4. Flies - Adults with only two wings, hind wings modified into a knob like halters which help

to balance during flight. Mouth parts sponging and sucking type. Larvae called Maggots. Metamorphosis complete. eg;- House fly, Fruit fly, Melon fly, Galls fly of rice, Mosquitoes.

5. Thrips - These belong to the order Thysanoptera. Minute, mostly phytophagous, mouth

parts rasping and sucking type. Wings when present with long marginal fringes of hairs.

e g. Marginal gall thrips of pepper.

Complete the following table after observing the specimens

Sl.

No Insect group Order Wing Mouth parts Metamorphosis Young ones

Damaging stage

1 Beetles &Weevils Coleoptera Elytra Biting & Chewing Complete Grubs Adults & Grubs 2 Moths & Butterflies Lepidoptera Scaly Siphoning type

C P - Chewing Complete Caterpillars Caterpillars 3 Flies Diptera Halters Sponging /Sucking Complete Maggots Maggots 4 Bugs Hemiptera Hemelytra Piercing & sucking Incomplete Nymphs Nymphs &

Adults 5 Thrips Thysanoptera Fringed Rasping & sucking Incomplete Nymphs Nymphs &

Adults 6 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 7 --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

2. Types of mouthparts of insects and their feeding habits

Aim : To study the different types of mouthparts of insects and their feeding habits Materials required: Live insects, Magnifying glass, photographs

Procedure: Observe the insect mouth part and identify the type of mouth part, classify them

into solid or liquid feeders and neat sketches to be prepared in record. Mouth parts generally consist of five parts,

1. Labrum - is a flap like upper lips

2. Mandible - are pair of chewing jaws, which help to cut food materials

3. Maxillae - are the second pair of jaws, which help to smell, taste, touch and hold the food material

4. Labium - is the lower lip, sensory in nature

5. Hypo-pharynx - is a fleshy lob which acts as a tongue

The above parts are mainly seen in chewing type insects such as beetles, caterpillars, grass hoper, cockroach etc there are so many modifications to suit various needs.

Types of mouth parts

1. Biting and chewing type - This type of mouth parts permits the insects to bite off and chew on into external parts of a plant or tunnel its way into some parts of the plants. eg Beetles , Caterpillars, Grass hopers.

2. Piercing and Sucking Type – The use the mouth part to pierce through the plant parts and suck sap from tissues. eg – Bugs, Aphids, Mealy bugs, Mosquitoes

3. Siphoning or Sucking Type - Mouth part is a long coiled tube which acts as simple sucking or siphoning system which help in sucking honey or sweet exudates. eg: Moths and Butterflies.

4. Sponging type of mouth parts - The mouth parts consist of a hinged fleshy proboscis party concealed in a cavity in the head with a sponge like organ at the end for sucking the liquid. These insects fist let out Saliva for pre-digesting or dissolving the food and then suck the same up. eg: House flies.

5. Rasping and sucking type - Thrips are characterized by this type of mouth parts. Due to the mechanism of action in rasping the tissues, exudation of juice from inside the plant takes place which is sucked up. eg – thrips and maggots of higher flies.

6. Chewing Lapping Type - In this case mandibles retain their original function of chewing but maxillae and labium are modified into slim lapping organ for taking up liquids. eg: Honey bees.

Biting and chewing Piercing and Sucking

Siphoning Sponging

Based on the type of mouth part present insects are classified into,

A. Solid feeders: Solid feeders have Biting and chewing type of mouth parts. eg.

Beetles, Crickets, Grass hoppers. Caterpillars of butterflies also

have chewing type of mouthparts and hence are solid feeders

B. Liquid feeders: Liquid feeders have any of the following mouth parts to suck up food

materials in liquid state

• Siphoning type. eg: moths and Butterflies • Piercing and sucking type. eg: Bugs • Sponging type. eg: House fly

• Rasping and sucking type eg : Thrips • Chewing and lapping type eg: Honey bees

Damage by chewing insects Damage by Sucking insects

Complete the following table after observing the specimens

Sl. No Specimen Crop Attacking stage of pest Type of Damage Type of feeder Mouthpart Pest identified

1 Leaf Brinjal Grub & Adult Defoliation Solid Chewing Epilachna beetle 2 Fruit Bhindi Caterpillar Holes on fruit Solid Chewing Fruit & Shoot

borer 3 Leaf Chilly Nymphs & Adults Curling of leaves Liquid Piercing &

Sucking Thrips 4 Leaf Rice Caterpillar Leaf fold and

defoliation Solid Chewing Rice leaf folder 5 Pods Cow Pea Nymphs & Adults Malformed fruits Liquid Sucking cowpea Aphid 6 ---

7 ---

Exercise No: 4

COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF INSECTS

Aim – To familiarize with the methods of collection of insects, equipments used for

collection and methods of preservation.

Materials required – Hand sweep net, killing bottle, killing agent, setting board, cards, pins,

insect box etc.

Procedure – collect the insects using various methods, kill them and sort them in to

different groups and preserve in insect boxes. Identify and write the use of the equipments and draw diagram. Make a note and diagram of pinning position of different insects.

Insect collection

Insects can be collected in many ways such as hand picking, beating, sweeping, using traps etc. Equipments used for collection are,

1. Hand sweep net – this is used for collecting insects. This can be prepared by connecting cloth through a circular frame with a handle. The net should be 45 – 50 cm deep for collecting big insects. For collecting aquatic insects the net should be shallow and thick. 2. Killing bottles – bottles are made by using thick glass are commonly used. A Cotton

piece dipped in killing agent is placed inside the bottle by using a twine. The insects should be removed from the bottle as soon as they were killed. Cyanide bottles are used for killing insects when large scale collection is required for scientific study.

3. Killing agent – chemicals used for killing the insects are known as killing agents. eg: Chloroform, Acetone, ethyl acetate, sodium cyanide, potassium cyanide etc.

4. Setting board – this used for insects whose wings are to be spread out while preserving such as in the case of moths and butterflies. The board is made up of soft wood. To facilitate easy spreading out of wings there is an adjustment mechanism with which we can keep the insect in position.

5. Insect display box (Insect box) – the collected insects are dried and stored in insect boxes. Bottom of the box will be lined with cork or other soft materials for pinning the insects. The labeled insects should be placed in insect box for storage and display. 6. Cards - Small insects are parted on cards of triangular or rectangular shape. Cards used

must be white in colour.

7. Insect pins - Used for proper handling of insects by pinning. While pinning 1/3 of the pin should be left protruding from the dorsal side of the specimen, 2/3 remaining ventral.

Insect setting board Insect display box Insect Pins

Preservation of insects

Preservation of insects can be classified in to two,

1. Dry preservation – Big insects with tough exoskeleton are usually dry preserved. The

following methods are used for dry preservation of insects.

i. Pinning – insects are pinned in specified pinning positions with the help of entomological pins and dried for preservation. The insect's body should be perpendicular to the pin. Generally practiced for medium to large sized insects. Labels are to be attached containing details such as date of collection, place of collection etc.

Standard pinning positions of insects

Order Group of insect Pinning Position

Coleoptera Beetles and weevils Right elytra

Lepidoptera Moths& Butterflies Middle portion of mesothorax

Hemiptera Bugs Right side of scutellum

Hymenoptera Bees &Wasps Middle portion of mesothorax Orthoptera Grass hoppers, Crickets Right side of prothorax

Diptera Flies Middle portion of mesothorax

ii. Carding – generally used for small insects those are not able to pin. The insects are pasted to small rectangular or triangular cards and the cards are pinned. Labeling has to be done.

iii. Slides – Microscopic insects are preserved by preparing permanent slides.

B. Wet preservation – soft bodied insects, eggs, caterpillars, pupae etc are preserved by this

method. 70% alcohol or 2-5% formalin is used as media. The insects are preserved in glass jars filled with formalin or alcohol.

Storage: Properly dried insects are stored in a storage box. Napthalene balls can be used to

repel pscocids. Occasional drying will reduce the mould development. LIGHT TRAP FOR COLLECTING MOTHS AND OTHER PHOTOTROPIC INSECTS

A simple light trap can be made from a funnel, a round gallon can and a light source. Take a large funnel, place the funnel on the can as shown in the illustration and suspend the light slightly above the funnel. Insects that fly into the light bulb fall down the funnel and are trapped in the can. The mouth of the funnel should be large enough to let the insects drop through it easily, but not so large as to let the insects fly out again. A few strips of one inch wide newspaper in the can will give insects a place to hide so they are less likely to try to escape. When getting the insects out of the trap, put the can and funnel together into your collection net before removing the funnel. This will prevent active insects from escaping.

Exercise No: 5

FAMILIARIZATION WITH COMMON INSECTICIDAL FORMULATIONS

Aim - To familiarise with common insecticide formulations available in market

Materials required : Different insecticide formulations like Dust, Wettable Powder,

Emulsifiable Concentrate, Granules, Water Soluble Concentrates, Aqua Flowable etc.

Procedure – Identify and tabulate different formulations of insecticides available in the

laboratory. Conduct a survey among insecticide traders near by the school and visit whole sale shops to collect information regarding the chemicals available in the market and tabulate the information.

Insecticide Formulations

Toxic chemicals used for pest control generally can not be marketed in their pure form but must be mixed or diluted with other materials to make them safe and easy to apply. Formulation is the processing of a pesticide compound by any method which will improve the properties of storage, handling and safety of the pesticide. The mixture of pest control chemicals and other materials, which are commercially marketed are known as formulations. A pesticide may be available in one or several formulations.

Common formulations: There are solid and liquid formulations. Solid formulations include

Dust (D), Wettable powder (WP), Granules (G), Water Soluble Concentrate (WSC) (powder form). Liquid formulations include Emulsifiable concentrate (EC), Water Soluble Concentrate (WSC) (liquid form). The formulations are indicated by alphabets along with their Trade name eg Furadan G means it is an insecticide in granular form.

a) Dust/Dustable Powder (D/DP) These are finely grounded pesticidal chemicals mixed with inert powdered carriers at prescribed concentrations with small amounts of anticaking agents. Drift problem is the drawback of this formulation. eg. Sevin 5%DP. b) Granules (G):- This formulation consists of free - flowing grains or inert materials

either mixed or impregnated with an insecticide. They do not need any further mixing or dilution. eg : Furadan 3% G, Thimet 10 % G.

c) Wettable Powder/ Water Dispersible Powder (WP/WDP) :- These are water insoluble pesticides in powder form contain an inert diluent and wetting agent which allows them to be wetted and dispersed as suspensions in water for spraying. eg: Bavistin 50 % WP.

d) Water Soluble Concentrates WSC (Soluble Powder or Soluble Liquid) :- These are pesticidal powders or liquids that will go into solution or mix with water or dilution before spraying. eg: Agrodone concentrate 48 (34% WSC)

e) Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC):- These are solutions of a toxicant and an emulsifying agent in an organic solvent such as xylene. They generally form a milky emulsion when diluted with water for spraying purposes. Agitation is necessary to produce the emulsion. eg: Thiodan 35% EC, Metacid 50% EC.

List of commonly used insecticides and their formulations Sl.

No Generic Name Trade Name Type of Formulation Chemical group

1 Carbaryl Servin 5% DP Dustable Powder Carbamate Carbaryl 50% WP Wettable powder

2 Carbofuran Furadan 3G Granules Carbamate

3 Fenitrothion Sumithion 50% EC Emulsifiable concentrate Organophosphorus

4 DDVP Vapona 76% EC Fumigant/EC Organophosphorus

5 Quinalphos Ekalux 25EC Emulsifiable concentrate Organophosphorus 6 Dimethoate Rogor 30% EC Emulsifiable concentrate Organophosphorus 7 Monocrotophos Nuvacron 40% EC Emulsifiable concentrate Organophosphorus 8 Phosphamidon Dimecron 86% EC Emulsifiable concentrate Organophosphorus

9 Phorate Thimet 10%G Granules Organophosphorus

10 Chorpyrifos Dursban 20% EC Emulsifiable concentrate Organophosphorus 11 Acephate Asataf 75%SP Soluble powder Organophosphorus 12 Imidacloprid Confidor200SL Soluble Powder Chloronicotinyl

Classification of insecticides based on toxicity

Sl No Classification of insecticide Oral LD50 Mg/Kg Dermal LD50 Mg/Kg Colour band on label Symbol/

Signal word Warning

1 Extremely toxic 1-50 1-200 Bright Red Skull &cross bones

POISON in red 1,2

2 Highly Toxic 51-500 201-2000 Bright Yellow POISON in red 1,2 3 Moderately Toxic 501-5000 2001-20000 Bright blue DANGER 1 4 Slightly toxic >5000 >20000 Bright green CAUTION 1

Understand the colour codes of pesticides samples and record information

Symbol and Signal word Specified Colour

Complete the following table

Sl.

No Generic name Trade name

Formulation & strength Physical State Colour code Toxicity Chemical group Manufacturer 1 --- 2 ---

Warnings should appear in an appropriate place outside the triangle.

1. KEEP OUT OF THE REACH OF CHILDREN

Exercise No: 6

PREPARATION OF LABELS FOR PESTICIDES

Aim - To familiarize with the designing and preparation of labels for pesticides Materials required – Pesticide samples, Class note, CDs etc.

Procedure - Observe the pesticide samples to get an idea about the details to be

incorporated to a label, and then prepare your own labels with following details,

1. Name of insecticide (both generic/chemical name and trade name) 2. Name of manufacturer

3. Toxicity label

4. Kind and name of active ingredient, formulation and its percentage contents 5. Net content/Volume

6. Required graphics 7. Precautions

8. Antidote statement etc.

Exercise No: 7

CALCULATION AND PREPARATION OF INSECTICIDE SOLUTIONS

FOR FIELD APPLICATION

Aim – to develop the ability to find out the quantity of commercial insecticide formulations

required for field application through calculation.

Materials required: insecticidal formulation, container, measuring jar, water and sprayers. Procedure – write down the formulae for the calculation of quantity of pesticides and

calculate the required quantity of commercial formulation for field application.

Calculation of quantity of commercial formulation required for given area

a) For all formulations except granules

Quantity of commercial formulation

= Quantity of spray fluid x Concentration of spray fluid Concentration of commercial formulation

1. Calculate the Quantity of Ekalux 25EC required to spray rice cultivated in an area of 2Ha at a concentration of 0.025%?

Volume of spray fluid for 2Ha of rice = 2x500=1000 L, Concentration of spray fluid = 0.025% Concentration of commercial formulation =25%.

Ans;

Quantity of commercial formulation = Quantity of SF x Concentration of SF

Concentration of comm. Formulation

= 1000 x 0.025 = 1 litre 25

b) For granular formulation

Quantity of commercial Formulation

= Rate of Application per Ha x Area in Ha x 100 Concentration of Comm. Formulation

2. Calculate the quantity of Thimet 10G required for 1Ha rice when applied at the rate of 1.25 Kg ai per Ha? Ans: Quantity of Thimet 10G = 1.25 x 1 x 100 = 12.5 kg 10 CONVERSION FACTORS 1cent = 40m2 1 m2 = 0.0001 ha 1ha = 10000 m2 100 cents = 1acre 2.5 acres = 1 ha 1 acre = 0.4 ha 1 litre = 1000ml

1. Calculate the quantity of Ekalux 25EC required to spray rice cultivated in an area of 2 hectare at a concentration of 0.025%. 500 litres of spray fluid required per ha.

2. Determine the quantity of Malathion 50 EC to prepare100 litres of 0.05% spray fluid. 3. Calculate the quantity of Malathion 50EC required to spraying vegetable cultivated in

an area of 1 ha at a concentration of 0.025. 500 litres of spray fluid per ha.

4. Prepare 5 litres of Ekalux 25EC at a concentration of 0.025% and demonstrate its application?

5. Calculate the quantity of Thimet 10G required for 1 acre rice when applied at the rate of 1.25 Kg a.i. per Ha.

6. Determine the quantity of Furadan 3G required for banana crop cultivated in an area of 2Ha when applied at the rate of 1.5 kg a.i. per ha.

7. Calculate the quantity of Ekalux 25 EC required spraying rice cultivated in an area of 75 cents at 0.025%, the quantity of spray solution being 500 l/ha.

8. Calculate the quantity of Thimet 10 G required for 50 cents rice at 1.25 kg ai/ha. Observe the label and help the farmer to buy the insecticide for 0.5 ha of vegetables. Calculate the amount for purchasing the insecticide. Spray solution @ 500liters/ha. 9. Observe the label and help the farmer to buy the insecticide for 0.5 ha of vegetables.

Calculate the amount for purchasing the insecticide. Spray solution @ 500liters/ha.

Exercise No: 8

PRECAUTIONS TO BE FOLLOWED WHILE HANDLING PESTICIDES

Aim – to understand the precautions to be followed while handling pesticides during mixing

and spraying

Materials required: Leaflets available with pesticides, class notes etc.

Procedure – understand and list out major aspects to be taken care while handling

hazardous pesticides during field application.

Points to be taken care while handling pesticides

1. Keep the insecticide in closed and properly labeled container in a dry and cool place, away from food, fodder etc. and in a place where children and animals cannot reach. 2. Use insecticide according to the instructions given on the container or leaflet attached. 3. Children or domestic pets should not be allowed near the mixing place and do not mix

the chemicals near open wells used for drinking purposes.

4. Persons handling insecticide should avoid contact of the insecticide with their skin and inhalation of dust, vapours or mist. The minimum precaution of wearing rubber gloves and covering the eyes and nose should be taken.

Expiry date: 12/5/2010

ROGOR

ROGOR

ROGOR

ROGOR

(Dimethoate 30EC) MRP: Rs 48 Qty: 100ml Dosage: 0.025%

5. The operators must not smoke, eat or drink anything while applying the chemical. 6. Bags and containers of pesticides should be cut open with separate knife intended for

such purposes.

7. Empty bottles should be destroyed immediately after use by burying in soil

8. Particles or drops of pesticide which may accidentally get into your eyes should be flushed out immediately with large volumes of clean water.

9. After finishing the work they should take a bath or wash their hands and face with soap and water thoroughly and change their cloths.

10. The cloths worn by them during spraying operations should be washed properly and separately.

11. Spraying or dusting must not be done when the wind is high.

12. Don’t wash the Plant Protection Equipment and containers after use in or near wells, or streams.

13. Clogged nozzles or hoses must not be blown out with mouth for clearing.

14. Workers regularly engaged in spraying operations must under go frequent medical checkups.

15. If any symptoms of poisoning is noticed immediately contact doctor. 16. Give first aid to the endangered person immediately.

First Aid Precautions: In case of pesticide poisoning call a physician immediately. Awaiting

the Physicians arrival, apply first aid.

1. Swallowed Poisons: Remove the poison from patient's stomach immediately by

inducing vomiting. Give common salt 15g in a glass of warm water as an emetic and repeat until vomit fluid is clear. Gently stroking or touching the throat with finger or blunt end of a spoon will aid in inducing vomiting when the stomach is full of fluid. If the patient is already vomiting don’t give the emetic but give large amounts of warm water and then follow the specific direction suggested.

2. Inhaled Poisons:

• Carry the patient (don’t let him walk) to fresh air. • Open all doors and windows

• Loosen all tight clothing

• Apply artificial respiration if breathing has stopped or irregular • Avoid vigorous application of pressure on his chest

• Prevent chilling

• Wrap the patient in a blanket • Keep the patient quite as possible

• If the patient is convulsing, keep him in bed in some dark room. • Avoid jarring noise

3. Skin Contamination:

• Drench the skin with water, Apply stream of water while removing clothing and cleanse the skin thoroughly with water

4. Eye Contamination:

• Hold the eye lids open

• Wash the eyes gently in the stream of water immediately • Continue washing till the physician arrives

General Antidotes

• The universal antidote: A mixture of 7g of activated charcoal, 3.5g of magnesium oxide and 3.5g of tannic acid in half a glass of warm water may be used to absorb or neutralize poisons. The mixture is useful in poisoning by acids, liquid glycosides and heavy metals.

Exercise No: 9

INSECTICIDES OF PLANT ORIGIN (BOTANICALS)

Aim - To familiarize with the preparation of common botanical insecticides used for pest

control

1. Preparation of Tobacco decoction:

Tobacco decoction is very effective for controlling aphids and other soft bodied insects infesting vegetables. The alkaloid Nicotine, present in tobacco act as stomach and nerve poison.

Materials required: Tobacco waste, Ordinary bar soap, Water, Containers Procedure

a) Keep 500g tobacco waste in 4.5L water for 24 hrs. b) Dissolve 120 g ordinary bar soap in another vessel

c) Add soap solution into the tobacco solution under violent agitation. d) Dilute the prepared solution to 6-7 times before spraying.

Complete the following table

Sl.

No Quantity of Tobacco Quantity of barsoap Quantity of Water

1 500 g 120 g 4.5 litres

2 250 g --- ---

3 100 g --- ---

2. Preparation of kerosene soap emulsion:

Kerosene emulsion is a contact insecticide useful against many sucking insects.

Materials required: Kerosene, Ordinary bar soap, Water, Containers Procedure

a. Slice 500g of ordinary bar soap and dissolve in 4.5L of water by boiling. b. Cool and add 9 Litres of kerosene under violent agitation till the oil is fully

emulsified.

Complete the following table Sl.

No Quantity of Kerosene Quantity of barsoap Quantity of Water

1 9 Lts 500 g 4.5 litres

2 --- 250 g ---

3 4 Lts --- ---

3. Preparation of neem oil garlic emulsion ( 2% )

: This can be effectively used for the control of coconut mites

Materials required – Neem oil, bar soap, garlic, water, vessels etc Procedure:

a. Slice bar soap & dissolve in 500ml lukewarm water b. Grind 200g garlic & take extract in 300ml water

c. Pour 500 ml soap solution in 200 ml neem oil and stir well d. Mix the garlic extract in the neem oil & soap emulsion e. Dilute it with 9 litres of water

Complete the following table Sl.

No Quantity of Neemoil Quantity of Barsoap Quantity of Garlic Quantity of Water

1 200 ml 50g 200g 10L

2 --- --- --- 5 L

3 600 ml --- ---

4. Preparation of neem kernel suspension ( NKS )

: This is very effective as a repellent or deterrent against locusts, grasshoppers and other chewing insects, particularly Lepidopteran larvae. The effective concentration of NKS 0.1 - 0.3 %.

Materials required – neem kernel powder, muslin cloth bag, water, vessels etc Procedure:

1. Take 1g of powdered neem seed in a small muslin cloth bag and dip it in 1 litre water for about 12 hours.

2. Squeeze the cloth bag repeatedly till the out flowing fluid turns light brownish and mix with water.

3. Spray NKS as such on crops

Complete the following table Sl.

No Quantity of Neem seed Quantity of water % of NKS

1 1 g 1 L 0.1

2 --- --- 0.2

3 --- --- 0.3

5. Preparation of Kandhari nulaku (Hot Chilli) – Cow’s Urine mixture:

The preparation is used for the control of soft bodied insects especially caterpillars

Materials required – Kandharimulaku - 30gm, Cow’s Urine - 1 L, Water - 10 L, vessels etc. Procedure:

1. Add one litre cow’s urine in 10 lit of water.

2. Add extract of Hot Chilli taken from 30 g of Hot Chilli. 3. Mix well and spray

Complete the following table

Quantity of hot chilly Quantity of cow’s urine Quantity of water

30 gms 1 L 10 L

--- --- 5 L

6. Preparation of Nattapoochedi (Hyptis Suaveolens) Soap Solution:

Effective for controlling aphids

Materials required: Nattapoochedi extract-1L, Soap solution - 60g ordinary soap in 500ml

of water

Procedure:

1. Take one litre Nattapoochedi extract by crushing leaves and tender items. 2. Add 500ml soap solution (60g ordinary soap in 500ml of water) to the extract

under violent agitation.

3. Dilute in 15 litres of water to get 16.5 litres of spray solution.

7. Preparation of Kiriyathu - Garlic solution:

Effective against sucking pests, especially for the management of Thrips, Aphids, White flies and Chilli virus.

Materials required:- Kiriyathu extract-1 litre, Soap - 60gm, Water - 500ml, Garlic - 330 gm Procedure:

1. Crush Kiriyathu leaves and tender items to get one litre of extract. 2. Dissolve 60 g ordinary soap (Bar soap) in 500 ml of water.

3. Add soap solution to Kiriyath extract under violent agitation. 4. Dilute in 15 lit of water and add garlic.

5. Filter and spray on the lower and upper surface of leaves

8. Preparation of Turmeric powder Baking soda Solution:

Turmeric is a

traditionally used botanical pesticide. Turmeric powder Baking soda Solution is effectively used against amaranthus leaf blight.

Materials required: Turmeric Powder - 32g, Baking Soda - 8g, Water - 1 L Procedure:

1. Prepare solution of Turmeric powder – Baking soda mixture in 10 litres of water under violent agitations.

Exercise No: 10

FAMILIARIZATION WITH IMPORTANT INSECT BIOCONTROL AGENTS

Aim - To familiarize with the important insect bio-control agents Materials required – specimens, photographs, CDs etc.

Procedure:- identify the bio-control agents from the field collected samples and

photographs. Record important bio-control agents used for the insect pest control in rice.

Biological control - When a particular species of insect is controlled by a living organism (Natural enemy), which is introduced, encouraged and disseminated by man it is termed as biological control.

Principles of biological control

1. Collection of a natural enemy from an area where it is available in plenty (Introduction). 2. Multiply the natural enemy under lab conditions (Augmentation).

3. Disseminate the natural enemy when and where it is needed (Inundation). 1. Predatory insects

a) Coccinella septumpunctata (Coleoptera) – it is a lady bird beetle predaceous on soft bodied insects like mealy bugs, aphids etc. Adult as well as grubs are active predators. Beetle can be identified by the bright colouration and seven black spots on the elytra.

b) Rodolia cardinalis ( Coleoptera) – known as vadalia beetle which was successfully used for the biological control of cottony cushion scale of citrus . Predaceous on Cottony cushion scale of citrus and other soft bodied insects.

Coccinella septumpunctata Rodolia cardinalis

c) Coccinella arcuata - Predaceous on Brown Plant hopper of Rice. d) Cyrtorhinus lividipennis (Hemiptera)– Predaceous on BPH

e) Platimeris laevicolis (Hemiptera) - Predaceous on Rhinoceros beetle f) Chelisoches moris (earwig) - Predaceous on eggs of Red palm weevil

g) Chrysoperla carnea – predaceous on soft bodied insects and insect eggs

2. Parasitic insects –- Living organisms remaining in close association with their hosts and gradually derive their food from the host. They live and feed internally or externally on the host. e.g. Trichogramma chilonis , Epiricania melanoleuca

Trchogramma Trchogramma egg card

Common natural enemies of insect pests found in rice ecosystem

Description of bio-control agents

Name Characters Pest attacked

A. Predators

1 Spiders : Wolf spider , Lynx spider, Jumping spider

Both nymphs and adults are voracious feeders. It consumes 5-15 insect pests in a day depending up on the size.

Leaf and plant hoppers, leaf feeding caterpillars and adult stem borers.

2. Damsel and dragon flies

Multi-coloured with transparent narrow wings. Nymphs are aquatic and can climb up rice stems to search food. Adults fly normally below the rice canopy in search of flying insects.

Stem borers, hoppers and other flying insects.

3.Mirid bugs

Adults are green and black at the shoulder. Nymphs are greenish. They can consume 7-10 eggs or 1-5 hoppers a day.

Leaf hoppers and plant hoppers.

4. Water bugs

Each female lays 20-30 eggs in rice stumps above the water level. Life span 1-2 months. Winged adults disburse when rice plants dry up.

Plant hopper and other small soft-bodied insects.

5. Water treaders They are solitary feeders Stem borer larvae and hoppers that

fall on water surface.

6. Water striders Each strider takes 5-10 prey daily. They live for 1-1.5 _{months, lay 10-30 eggs.} Rice hoppers, moth and larvae that

drop on the water surface.

7. Ground beetle Hard bodied insects. Active predators, which pupate in _{the soil. Consume 3-5 larvae/day.} Plant hoppers

8. Rove beetle

7 mm long with short elytra and blue tip of abdomen. Found on rice plant, water, ground surface and active during night.

Leaf hoppers, plant hoppers and larvae of leaf folder and hairy caterpillar.

9. Lady bird beetles

Active during daytime. Found in the upper half of rice canopy. Feed on small and slow moving prey as well as on exposed eggs. Grubs are more voracious than adults and consume 5-10 prey. Produce 150-200 offspring in 6-10 weeks.

B. Parasites

1. Egg parasites

Trichogramma sp. Telenomus sp. Tetrastychus sp.

Dark coloured tiny insects. Female wasp lays 20-40 eggs in the host egg. Development from egg to adult stage takes 10-40 days.

Stem borers and leaf folders

Gonatocerus sp. Anagris sp.

Brown to dark yellowish brown tiny wasp. Females can reproduce without mating. Adults live 6-7 days and parasitise on an average 8 eggs/day.

Plant hoppers and leaf hoppers

2. Larval parasites

Stenobracon sp.

Xanthopimpla sp. Dark coloured wasp. Lives for 4-7 days

Larvae feeding on stem, leaf and other parts of rice plant

Exercise No: 11

FAMILIARISATION WITH REARING OR MASS MULTIPLICATION OF A

PRIMARY PREDATOR

Aim: To familiarize with mass multiplication of Chrysoperla. Materials required: Honey, fructose, yeast, protein, Corcyra eggs

Predator is an animal which feeds upon other animals. Predators are usually bigger than the host and it requires more number of preys to complete its life cycle. Chrysoperla

carneae (green lace wing bug), is an important predator in vegetable field.

Biology of Chrysoperla carnea

Egg period 3 Days

Larval period 10 Days

Pupal period 9-10 Days

Procedure:

1. Adults are collected from field

2. Keep the adults in tray with honey + fructose + yeast + Protein

4. Keep water in sponge inside the tray, Pre-oviposition period is 4 days. 5. After hatching, feed the larvae with Corcyra egg @ 5 CC/500 larvae. 6. Keep paper bits inside the tray to avoid cannibalism

7. Change the food in alternate days.

8. Release the larvae@50,000/. Has 3-5 releases at 10 days interval 9. Mixing of larvae with saw dust is good

Observation:

• Observe the chrysoperla adults daily

• Count the number of insects on treated and untreated plots at weekly interval.

Exercise No: 12

FAMILIARISATION WITH REARING OR MASS MULTIPLICATION OF

AN EGG PARASITOID

Aim: To familiarize with mass multiplication of Trichogramma spp: Materials required: Corcyra eggs, trichocards.

Two species of Trichogramma ie T.cheilonis & T. Japonicum are reared on corcyra eggs. T. cheilonis is used against rice stem borer and T. japonicum against rice leaf roller. Trichogramma is an egg parasite and prepared as trichocards.

Biology of Trichogramma

Egg period 1 Days

Larval period 3-4 Days

Procedure:

1. Corcyra eggs are pasted on cards with diluted gum Arabic @ 6 CC/Card. 2. It should be spread uniformly

3. Inoculate the eggs with nucleus card.

4. 1 CC nucleus card is used for inoculating 6 CC raw card

5. Corcyra eggs will become black on sixth day. This is because of parasitisation by

Trichogramma.

6. Before inoculation, eggs should be sterilized using U.V. light.

7. The egg cards are stored at a temperature of 10-11°C & at relative humidity 55 – 60% if not released.

8. Place Egg cards @ 5 cc/ha when the plants are 50 days old. 9. 6-8 release at weekly intervals preferred.

10. Should release during late evening or early morning hours & should be above the crop canopy.

Trichogramma egg cards (Trichocards)

Field application of Trichogramma Egg cards in rice field

There are approximately 100,000 Trichogramma parasitized eggs per card. Each card can be broken into 30 squares with 4,000 parasites per square inch, this permits even distribution in rice field. Fix the piece of egg card with in a small paper cup and fix it uniformly in the field with help of small sticks. Trichogramma wasps emerge from cards in two to five days, depending on temperature. Emerging wasps are usually seen in the morning. They parasitize the egg masses of stem borer and pest population will be reduced considerably over a period of time. To maximize pest fighting time, don't delay release after adult wasps emerge. Keep Trichogramma cards in the shade, out of the hot sun.

Observation

• Count the insects on the selected plots a day before release. • Post treatment counts at weekly intervals.

Exercise No: 13

INSECT PESTS OF RICE

Aim - To familiarize with the major pests of rice, its nature of damage and application of

control measures.

Materials required - Preserved specimens, damaged specimens, Diagrams, CDs etc.

Procedure - Collect, observe, identify and preserve the pest and its symptoms. Record

relevant information. The major pests of rice are,

1. Rice stem borer (Lepidoptera) - Pest is the caterpillar of a yellowish female moth has orange yellow forewings with a prominent black spot on it. Male is smaller than female and has brownish forewing with black spot.

Symptoms - Yellow or dry central shoots (dead heart), chaffy white ear heads. When pulled

at both come out easily and tips show injury by larva.

Management – Collect egg masses from nursery, cultivate tolerant varieties like IR 20, use of

Pheromone traps, use of Tricho egg cards, use insecticide like Quinalphos, Carbaryl, Monocrotophos etc.

2. Gall midge (Diptera) - Adult is a small midge with a brown body 4mm length and semi transparent wings. Maggots are damaging stage

Symptoms - An elongated tubular structure in place of central shoot (silver shoot )-stunted

plants

Management – Use tolerant varieties like Pavithra / Panchami / uma, avoid late

transplanting, use optimum seed rate, destruction of collateral hosts, dipping germinated seeds in 0.02% Chlorpyriphos for three hours, seedling root dip in .02% chlorpyriphos for 12 hours before transplanting etc.

3. Rice bug (Hemiptera) - Adult bug is elongated with long legs, adult is an active flier and has a characteristic buggy order. Nymphs and adults cause damage.

Symptoms - Some grain on ear heads appear chaffy . Bugs seen lying when disturbed. Control - Keep the field and bunds free of grassy weeds, use Malathion, Carbaryl.

4. Brown plant hopper (BPH) (Hemiptera) - Adults are brown in colour dorsally and deep brown ventrally

Symptom - Circular patches of dried plants, the symptom is termed as hopper burn.

Management - 1. Resistant varieties such as Jyothi, Bharathi. 2. Insecticides Carbryl,

Quinalphos 3. Draining water from field.

5. Rice leaf roller: (Lepidoptera) - Small moth with yellow wings. Presence of brown patches on the wings. Caterpillar is the damaging stage.

Symptom - Folded/ Rolled leaves with white patches indicating the areas fed by caterpillar.

Management - 1. Open up the leaf folds using a thorny twig,

6. Rice case worm (Lepidoptera): Small moth with white wings. Presence of Brown markings on the wings. Damaging stage - Caterpillar

Symptom - Caterpillars feed within cylindrical cases hanging on the leaves. Cases may be

seen floating on water.

Management - Drag a kerosenated rope through the field, Drain away water from the fields,

Apply Carbaryl if infestation is severe.

7. Rice Swarming Caterpillar (Lepidoptera): Greyish brown coloured moth. Sporadic pest.

Damaging stage – Caterpillar.

Symptom - Appear in the field sporadically in large swarms and attack nursery and early

stages of the crop leaving mere stumps.

Management - Apply Carbaryl/ quinalphos as soon as the caterpillars are noticed.

Stem borer Gall fly Rice bug

Leaf roller B P H Case worm Swarming Caterpillar

Exercise No: 14

INSECT PESTS OF COCONUT

Aim - To familiarize with the major pests of coconut, its nature of damage and application of

control measures.

Materials required: specimens of pests, chart, CDs, damage symptoms etc.

Procedure - Visit nearby coconut garden. Collect and observe pest and symptoms of damage

and record relevant information to practical record. Major pests of coconut are,

1. Rhinoceros beetle (Coleoptera) - Adult is a large, stout built, brownish black beetle, male

is larger than female, adult bears an upward curved blunt horn on its head.

Symptoms - central spindle cut or toppled, holes with chewed up fibre sticking out at the

base of central spindle.

Control - field sanitation, hooking out of beetles, leaf axil filling with Sevidol 25 g + fine sand

200 g, treat manure pits with Carbaryl with occasional raking.

2. Red palm weevil (Coleoptera) - Adult is a large sized brown weevil, male is distinguished

from female by a tuft of hairs on dorsal side of snout.

Symptoms - holes on trunk with brownish ooze, yellowing of inner leaves, longitudinal

splitting of leaf base, wilting of central shoot.

Control - field sanitation, avoid making injury on tree trunk, pheromone trap @ one trap per

two hectare, coconut log traps, crown cleaning and pour Carbaryl.

3. Coconut black headed caterpillar (Lepidoptera) - A moth with head and thorax light

greyish, forewings pale greyish with finely scattered black scales, abdomen is stout and pointed at tip. Male is smaller than female.

Symptom - dried patches on lower leaflets, galleries of silk and frass along under side of

leaflets.

Control - field sanitation, cut and burn severely affected lower fronts, apply Dichlorvos,

Quinalphos, Malathion

Rhinoceros beetle

Red palm weevil

Exercise No: 15

INSECT PESTS OF BANANA

Aim - To familiarize with the major pests of banana, its nature of damage and application of

control measures.

Materials required: specimens of pest, chart, CDs, damage symptoms etc.

Procedure: Visit nearby banana field. Collect and observe pest and symptoms of damage

and record relevant information. Important pests of banana are,

1. Banana psuedostem weevil (Coleoptera) - Weevil is reddish brown to black, eggs are laid

in air chambers of leaf sheaths and grubs make extensive tunnels

Symptoms - yellowing and withering of leaves, under sized leaves, black patches and holes

on sheath surface with exudation of sap, plants taper to tip and topple down.

Control - field sanitation, drenching leaf axil, rhizome and surrounding soil with Quinalphos,

Carbaryl

2. Banana rhizome weevil (Coleoptera) - Weevil is stout and dark brown in color

Symptoms - death of unopened leaves, withering of outer leaves, young suckers, reduced

number of leaves and under sized bunches.

Control - field sanitation, smearing rhizome with cow dung and ash before planting, select

healthy planting material and set traps using psuedostem.

3. Banana aphid (Hemiptera) - Female are reddish to dark brown in colour, hind wings are

small. Lace like pattern on wings

Symptoms - no direct symptoms of attack, vector of bunchy top disease

Control - apply 25 g Phorate or 20 g Carbofuran 20 days after planting around rhizome, 12.5

g Phorate or 10 g Carbofuran 75 days and 165 days after planting

Exercise No: 16

INSECT PESTS OF PEPPER

Aim - To familiarize with the major pests of pepper, its nature of damage and application of

control measures.

Materials required: specimens of pest, chart, CDs, damage symptoms etc.

Procedure: Visit nearby pepper plantation. Collect and observe pest and symptoms of

damage and record relevant information. Important pests of pepper are,

1. Pollu beetle (Coleoptera) - Adult is small shining yellow and blue flee beetle with stout

hind legs.

Symptoms - leaves and shoots of new flushes appear damaged with holes and black patches,

berries are partially or wholly hollow and dark colored, dropping of dry spikes, berries on the panicle appear dry.

Control - application of Dimethoate or Quinalphos at the time of spike emergence, berry

formation and berry maturing stage, raking of soil around the plants to kill pupae, shade management.

2. Marginal gall thrips (Thysanoptera) - Black thrip making galls on the sides of leaves. Live

in colonies.

Symptoms - margins of leaves folded, formation of galls Control – spray Monocrotophos

3. Pepper scale (Hemiptera) - The mature scale is elongated and oval and dark grey in

colour. It infest in large numbers on stems, leaves and petioles of pepper plant. The infested vines fade wither and dry up. Spray Quinalphos, Rogor for control.

Pollu beetle Damage by thrip

Exercise No: 17

INSECT PEST OF ARECANUT

Aim - To familiarize with the major pests of arecanut, its nature of damage and application

of control measures.

Materials required: specimens of pest, chart, CDs, damage symptoms etc.

Procedure: Visit nearby field, collect, observe pests and symptoms of damage and record

relevant information.

1. Spindle bug - adult is a red and black bug lives in colonies within the leaf axil. Central

Arecanut Spindle bug

Exercise No: 18

INSECT PESTS OF MANGO

Aim - To familiarize with the major pests of mango, its nature of damage and application of

control measures.

Materials required: specimens of pest, chart, CDs, damage symptoms etc.

Procedure - Visit nearby orchard. Collect and observe pest and symptoms of damage and

record relevant information. Major pests of mango are,

1. Mango hoppers (Hemiptera) - Adult is wedge shaped with broad head and tapering body,

light greenish with black and yellow marking. Symptoms include large scale dropping of flowers and buds, sooty mould on leaves, leaves undersized and crinkled. Application of Carbaryl, Phosphomidon 2-3 times at time of panicle emergence and later at fortnightly intervals will control the pest.

2. Stem borer - adult is a large longicorn beetle, eggs are laid on slits in bark of tree. Zig-zag

burrows under the bark, stem and branches dry and leaves shed, bore holes with sap and frass coming out through them can be seen. Apply paste made of crude carbolic acid and inject aluminium phosphide tablets in to the burrows for control

3. Mango fruit fly (Diptera) - adult is a fly, brown color with hyaline wings, eggs are laid in

clusters under the skin of ripening fruits. Brown rotten patches appear on the attacked fruits and they drops. Control measures include collection and destruction of attacked fruits, Malathion spray, thulsi trap and other traps.

Exercise No: 19

INSECT PESTS OF CASHEW

Aim - To familiarize with the major pests of cashew, its nature of damage and application of

control measures.

Materials required: specimens of pest, chart, CDs, damage symptoms etc.

Procedure - Visit nearby orchard. Collect and observe pest and symptoms of damage and

record relevant information

1. Tea mosquito bug or cashew mired (Hemiptera) - The adult bug is reddish brown with

black head, red thorax and black and white abdomen. Drying of the inflorescence and dieback symptom of the shoot is the result of attack. For control Spraying with Monocrotophos 0.05% Quinalphos 0.05% and Carbaryl 0.1% during flushing (Oct-Nov), Flowering (Dec - Jan) and nut initiation (Jan - Feb) respectively.

2. Cashew Stem borer (Coleoptera) - The adult is a brown longicon beetle, size 2.5 to 4 cm.

Symptoms of attack include presence of bore holes with gum and frass emerging out of them at the collar region, yellowing and shedding of leaves, and drying up of twigs.

Control Measures - swab the tree trunk and exposed root with Carbaryl, remove the dried

twigs and dead trees and burn them, injection of contact insecticide emulsion into the boreholes may also be done.

Tea mosquito bug Cashew stem borer

Exercise No: 20

INSECT PESTS OF TUBER CROPS

Aim - To familiarize with the major pests of tuber crops, its nature of damage and

application of control measures.

Materials required: specimens of pest, chart, CDs, damage symptoms etc.

Procedure - Visit nearby field, collect, observe pests and symptoms of damage and record

relevant information.

a) Pests of Tapioca

1. Tapioca scale - this is a hard scale, oval and mussel like, male is winged. Plant stunted

and dry, leaves turn yellow. Burn the infested stem, use pest free sets, spry Dimethoate.

b) Pests of sweet potato

1. Sweet potato weevil - adult is a small ant like weevil, black in color with reddish

brown prothorax and head. Infestation results in Withering of wines and tubers with dirty patches on surface. Control: remove and destroy crop residues of previous crop, trap weevil with tubers placed in the field.

Tapioca Scale Sweet potato weevil

Exercise No: 21

INSECT PESTS OF VEGETABLES

Aim - To familiarize with the major pests of vegetable crops, its nature of damage and

application of control measures.

Materials required: specimens of pest, chart, CDS, damage symptoms etc.

Procedure - Visit nearby vegetable field and vegetable garden in the school, collect, observe

pests and symptoms of damage and record relevant information.

a) Pests of cucurbits

1. Fruit fly - adult is a reddish brown fly with lemon yellow curved markings on thorax and

shadings on the outer margins of the wings. Eggs are laid in cavities on fruits. Maggot is legless, dirty white and thicker at one end and tapering to a point at other end. Pupate in soil.

Symptoms - larvae bore in to fruits and feed on internal contents, damage is caused by

larvae tunneling and feeding within fruits and such fruits rot and droop.

Management - cover fruits with polythene cover, use banana fruit trap, apply Carbaryl in

pits before sowing

2. Epilachna beetle - adult is a reddish brown coccinellid beetle with yellow spots on it.

Symptoms - adult and larvae feed on leaves and young plants, leaves with dried up

patches are seen.

Control - remove and destroy egg mass, grubs and adults, spray Carbaryl

3. Pumkin beetle – medium sized beetles with red colored beetle. Adult eats the leaves

make holes on foliage and cause damage on fruits and roots. For control incorporate Carbaryl in pits before sowing seeds.

4. Snake gourd Caterpillar - The adult is a dark brown moth with dark patches on forewings.

The caterpillar is a green semilooper with black warts on body.

Symptoms -Damage is caused by caterpillar feeding on leaves. Flowers and young fruits

also may be eaten up.

Management -

1. Collection and destruction of caterpillars.

2. Application of malathion 0.1%

Fruit fly Epilachna Beetle Pumpkin beetle Snake gourd CP

b) Pests of Cowpea

1. Cowpea aphid - greenish black aphid, adult and nymph suck sap from under surface of

the leaf, infested leaves develop a pronounced yellowish hue, retarded growth, malformed pods. Management – Application of Malathion 0.05% or Quinalphos 0.03%, Application of

Nattappoochedi soap mixture.

2. Serpentine leaf minor - small pale yellow fly, maggot mine the leaves making serpentine

mines on leaves, drying and drooping of leaves. Spraying 5% neem oil emulsion or Dimethoate will reduce infestation

3. Flower and Pod Borer -The larvae bore into flower buds, flowers, pods and seeds, feeding

on their internal contents. Several flowers may be webbed together. Spray Carbaryl 0.2%.

Cow pea Aphid Leaf miner Pod borer

c) Pests of Bhindi

1. Shoot and fruit borer - moth has a forewing pale green with a wedge shaped white band.

Symptoms include drooping shoots and fruits with holes on them and deformed, controls include collect and destruction of affected parts, application of Carbaryl etc.

2. Leaf hopper - adult is greenish leaf hopper, nymph is yellow colored. Injury caused by

saliva, infested leaves crinkled, turn yellow and brick red in color and leads to hopper burn symptoms. Spray any systemic insecticide.

Fruit and Shoot borer

d) Pests of Brinjal

1. Shoot and fruit borer - adult is a grey brown delicate moth, wings are white and hyaline

with brown markings on forewings. Symptoms include withered terminal shoots, fruits with holes and excreta. Collection and destruction of attacked fruits and spraying of Carbaryl will reduce pest population.

2. Epilachna beetle - adult is a reddish brown coccinellid with yellow spots on it. Adult and

larvae feed on leaves and young plants. Leaves with dried up patches are seen. For control remove and destroy egg mass, grubs and adults and spray Carbaryl.

Fruit & Shoot borer Epilachna beetle

e) Pests of Chilly

1. Chilly thrips - wings are yellowish brown in color with long hairs. Adults and nymph suck

sap from leaves, stunting of leaves and plants. Apply contact insecticide

2. Aphid - greenish brown small insects. Suck sap from under surface of plants, stunting of

leaves and plants. Apply systemic insecticide like Dimethoate

Aphid

f) Pests of Amaranthus

1. Amaranth leaf webber - adult is a black moth with wavy white markings on wings.

Caterpillar webs together leaves of amaranth, skeletonizing the leaves. Collect and destroy larvae, spray Malathion.

2. Amaranthus weevil - adult is medium sized ashy grey weevil. Grub bores in to tissues

making tunnels within, stunting and twisting of plants, swelling of branches and stem, reduction in shoot production. Control measures include destruction of wild amaranth, use any systemic insecticides

Amaranthus Leaf webber

Complete the following table after observing the specimens

Sl. No

Specimen type

Nature of

damage Crop Pest identified Order

Type of mouthparts

Control measures

1 Fruit Holes on fruit Bhindi Fruit & shoot

borer Lepidoptera Chewing Chemical control 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Exercise No: 22

INSECT PESTS OF SPICES

Aim - To familiarize with the major pests of spices, its nature of damage and application of

control measures.

Materials required: specimens of pest, chart, CDs, damage symptoms etc.

Procedure: Visit nearby field, collect, observe pests and symptoms of damage and record

relevant information.

a) Pests of Ginger

1. Shoot borer - small moth with yellow colour and black spots. Caterpillar feed from inside resulting indead heart symptom. control: spray Quinalphos or Dimethoate

2. Rhizome maggot - maggot bore in to the rhizome and feed on internal contents of rhizome and pseudostem, rhizome completely exhausted and pseudostem dry up. Treat with Quinalphos.

3. Rhizome scale - circular hard scale infests the rhizome and the infested rhizome get desiccated and dry when stored. Control - dip the rhizomes in Quinalphos before storage.

Shoot Borer b) Pests of cardamom

1. Rhizome weevil - this is a serious pest in the secondary nursery, grubs feed on the rhizome and basal portion of the stem, results in drying of leaves and breaking of stem. control: drench the nursery beds with Chlorpyriphos.

2. Shoot borer - moth is a yellow with small black spots all over the wings. Dead heart in nursery plants, holes on capsules plugged with excreta. control: Quinalphos, Carbaryl.

3. Cardamom thrips - adult is a greyish brown thrip. Pods become undersized and malformed and show scabbed skin. Control: Quinalphos, Monocrotophos, Carbaryl.