Chapter 1- The Scientific Endeavour

(1)

Chapter 1

Chapter 1 The Scientific Endeavour

The Scientific Endeavour

•• What is Science?What is Science?

•• How do we derive scientific knowledgeHow do we derive scientific knowledge from the world around us?

from the world around us?

•• How does Science affect our lives?How does Science affect our lives? •• Does the application of scientificDoes the application of scientific

knowledge always benefit us? knowledge always benefit us?

(2)

1.1 1.1 What

What is

is Science?

Science?

1.2 1.2 How is

How is Scientific

Scientific Knowledge

Knowledge Derived?

Derived?

—

Attitudes in Science

1.3 1.3 How is

How is Scientific

Scientific Knowledge

Knowledge Derived?

Derived?

—

The Scientific Method

1.4 1.4 How does

How does Science and T

Science and Technology

echnology Affect our Lives?

Affect our Lives?

1.5 1.5 Safety Prac

Safety Practices durin

tices during

g Scientific In

Scientific Investigations

vestigations

Chapter 1

Chapter 1 The Scientific Endeavour

(3)

1.1

1.1 What

What

is

Science?

1.2

1.2 How is

How is

Scientific

Knowledge

Derived?

—

Attitudes in Science

1.3

1.3 How is

How is

Scientific

Knowledge

Derived?

—

The Scientific Method

1.4

1.4 How does Science and T

How does Science and T

echnolog

y

Affect our Lives?

1.5

1.5 Safety Pract

Safety Pract

ices

during Sc

ientific

Investigations

Chapter 1

Chapter 1 The Scientific Endeavour

(4)

1.1 What is Science?

At the end of this section, you should be able to

answer the following questions:

Is Science only

observed in the

laboratory?

What are the

branches of

Science?

(5)

1.1 What is Science?

Lesson trigger

•• The study of Science is notThe study of Science is not confined to the laboratory. confined to the laboratory. •• Doing research andDoing research and

conducting experiments out conducting experiments out of a laboratory allow

of a laboratory allow

scientists to collect data scientists to collect data

which cannot be obtained in which cannot be obtained in the

the laboratorylaboratory..

A

A scientist goes on a field trip to studyscientist goes on a field trip to study coral reefs

coral reefs

Go to

Go to Think and ExploreThink and Explore

and

andKey IdeasKey Ideas

(Page 4) (Page 4)

(6)

1.1 What is Science?

Practical Book Link

(Page 4) (Page 4)

•• ScienceScience is the study of the natural and physical world.is the study of the natural and physical world. •• Area of stu Area of study of the dy of the natural wonatural world:rld:

•• OrganismsOrganisms

•• Area of stu Area of study of the dy of the physicaphysical world:l world: •• EnergyEnergy

•• Matter Matter

•• Structure of matter and Structure of matter and its interactionsits interactions

Click

Click herehereto find out about the topto find out about the top ten scientific fields.

ten scientific fields.

What other scientific fields can you What other scientific fields can you name to add on to this list?

(7)

1.1

1.1 What

What

is

Science?

1.2

1.2 How is

How is

Scientific

Knowledge

Derived?

—

Attitudes in Science

1.3

1.3 How is

How is

Scientific

Knowledge

Derived?

—

The Scientific Method

1.4

1.4 How does Science and T

How does Science and T

echnolog

y

Affect our Lives?

1.5

1.5 Safety Pract

Safety Pract

ices

during Sc

ientific

Investigations

Chapter 1

Chapter 1 The Scientific Endeavour

(8)

1.2 How is Scientific Knowledge Derived?

—

Attitudes in Science

At the e

At the end of this nd of this section, ysection, you shoulou should be able td be able too answer the following question:

answer the following question:

What are some positive

attitudes that we should

have when carrying out a

scientific

(9)

Lesson trigger Lesson trigger

•• A A platypus is warm-blooded andplatypus is warm-blooded and feeds its young with milk.

feeds its young with milk.

•• HoweverHowever, it , it lays eggs instead of lays eggs instead of giving birth to its young.

giving birth to its young.

•• So, is a platypus considered to beSo, is a platypus considered to be a mammal? Yes

a mammal? Yes

•• What positive attitude in ScienceWhat positive attitude in Science do you need to come up with a do you need to come up with a conclusion? Be open-minded and conclusion? Be open-minded and willing to consider all the

willing to consider all the information.

information.

Go to

(Page 5) (Page 5)

1.2 How is Scientific Knowledge Derived?

—

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•• Scientists should have theScientists should have the spirit ofspirit of scientific inquiry

scientific inquiry.. •• Good scientists:Good scientists:

•• question what they see aroundquestion what they see around them;

them;

•• make observations and sense of make observations and sense of the data collected from their

the data collected from their observations;

observations;

•• work well with their peers; andwork well with their peers; and •• consider the views of others.consider the views of others.

What are the What are the attitudes that attitudes that are useful to are useful to scientists in their scientists in their

work? work?

1.2 How is Scientific Knowledge Derived?

—

(11)

This space station allows scientists to live in space while This space station allows scientists to live in space while they collect the data they need for their studies.

they collect the data they need for their studies.

1.2 How is Scientific Knowledge Derived?

—

(12)

•

• MMppeemmbbaa’’s story reflects all thes story reflects all the attitudes that are essential in attitudes that are essential in scientific inquiry.

scientific inquiry.

Curiosity:

Curiosity: MpembaMpemba

wanted to know more

about the unexpected

result he observed.

Go to

Go to Key IdeasKey Ideas andand Workbook Link

Workbook Link

(Page 7) (Page 7)

Click

Click hereherefor a list of twentyfor a list of twenty essential attitudes in Science. essential attitudes in Science.

What are the What are the attitudes that are attitudes that are essential in scientific essential in scientific

inquiry? inquiry? Lessons from Mpemba

Lessons from Mpemba

1.2 How is Scientific Knowledge Derived?

—

(13)

1.1

1.1 What

What

is

Science?

1.2

1.2 How is

How is

Scientific

Knowledge

Derived?

—

Attitudes in Science

1.3

1.3 How is

How is

Scientific

Knowledge

Derived?

—

The Scientific Method

1.4

1.4 How does Science and T

How does Science and T

echnolog

y

Affect our Lives?

1.5

1.5 Safety Pract

Safety Pract

ices

during Sc

ientific

Investigations

Chapter 1

Chapter 1 The Scientific Endeavour

(14)

1.3 The Scientific Method

At the en

At the end of this d of this section, ysection, you shouou should be able tld be able to answeo answer r the following questions:

the following questions:

What are the inquiry What are the inquiry skills we need to carry skills we need to carry

out the scientific out the scientific

method? method?

How has Science How has Science

been a human been a human

endeavour? endeavour?

1.3 How is Scientific Knowledge Derived?

—

(15)

•• The

The

scientific method

is a systematic way

of finding answers based on observing the

things around us.

•• The scientific method requires us to use

The scientific method requires us to use

scientific

inquiry skills

when we explore the

world.

1.3 How is Scientific Knowledge Derived?

—

(16)

Here are some inquiry skills that we need in Here are some inquiry skills that we need in the scientific method.

the scientific method.

1.

1. Engaging with an eventEngaging with an event

•

• We obtain information as weWe obtain information as we

interact with the world around us.

When we encounter a puzzling When we encounter a puzzling

situation that catches our attention, situation that catches our attention, we

we pose questionspose questions to obtain moreto obtain more information and

information and generate ideasgenerate ideas.. •

• We alsoWe also propose a hypothesispropose a hypothesis toto

form a possible explanation for the

observation. This hypothesis needs

to be further tested.

1.3 How is Scientific Knowledge Derived?

—

(17)

2.

2. Collecting and presenting evidenceCollecting and presenting evidence

•

• Decide on what kind of evidenceDecide on what kind of evidence

to collect.

to collect. We make use of our fiveWe make use of our five senses

senses —— sight, smell, hearing,sight, smell, hearing, taste and touch

taste and touch —— toto makemake observations

observations as weas we collectcollect evidence

evidence.. •

• We also use instruments to extendWe also use instruments to extend

our range of senses and gather

more accurate information.

•• The evidence collected may beThe evidence collected may be descriptive information descriptive information (qualitative) or measurable (qualitative) or measurable information (quantitative). information (quantitative).

1.3 How is Scientific Knowledge Derived?

—

(18)

3. Making meaning of information and 3. Making meaning of information and

evidence evidence

•

• We analyse the results of our We analyse the results of our

experiment to identify trends. This

involves

involves comparingcomparing or or classifyingclassifying thethe

data obtained.

•• We derive conclusion(s) based on theWe derive conclusion(s) based on the trends identified. We also

trends identified. We also

evaluate the accuracy of the results of

the experiment. If our results are

inconsistent with our hypothesis, we

refine our hypothesis and test it

refine our hypothesis and test it again.again.

Go to

Go to Practical Book LinkPractical Book Link

(Page 9) (Page 9)

Click

Click hereherefor an interactive laboratory thatfor an interactive laboratory that teaches you what the scientific method is. teaches you what the scientific method is.

How did you apply the scientific method to solve How did you apply the scientific method to solve the mystery?

the mystery?

1.3 How is Scientific Knowledge Derived?

—

(19)

•• A A scientific bscientific breakthrougreakthrough is not usuh is not usually achieally achievedved by one scientist alone.

by one scientist alone. •

• It takes the combined efforts of many scientistsIt takes the combined efforts of many scientists

over many years to build the scientific knowledge

we have today.

•• Scientific knowledge is thus subject to changes asScientific knowledge is thus subject to changes as new observations are made and new evidence is new observations are made and new evidence is found.

found.

Thousands of years ago, it

was not well-known that the

earth revolves around the sun,

nor that other planets existed.

Science

Science —— The human endeavourThe human endeavour

1.3 How is Scientific Knowledge Derived?

—

(20)

Aristotle

•• A A famous scifamous scientist from entist from ancient Greeceancient Greece.. •• He believed that the sun revolved aroundHe believed that the sun revolved around

the earth. the earth. Ptolemy

Ptolemy

•

• An astrono An astronomer from ancmer from ancient Egypt.ient Egypt.

•

• He believed that the earth was the centreHe believed that the earth was the centre

of the universe.

For many years, people shared the beliefs of For many years, people shared the beliefs of Ptolemy and Aristotle.

Ptolemy and Aristotle.

Go to

Go to Science BitesScience Bites

(Page 10) (Page 10)

1.3 How is Scientific Knowledge Derived?

—

(21)

Nicolaus Copernicus

•• A A European wEuropean who studieho studiedd astronomy as a hobby. astronomy as a hobby. •

• He believed that the sun was atHe believed that the sun was at

the centre of the universe.

•• He decided that the earthHe decided that the earth

revolved around the sun, based revolved around the sun, based on his observations.

on his observations. •

• However, his ideas remainedHowever, his ideas remained

unpopular during his time as he

could not prove

could not prove his ideahis idea..

About 65 years after

Copernicus’

Copernicus’ time, the inventiontime, the invention

of the telescope led to more

breakthrough in astronomy.

1.3 How is Scientific Knowledge Derived?

—

(22)

Galileo

•

• Created a more powerfulCreated a more powerful

telescope and was able to

observe the moon better than

previous astronomers.

•• His observations supportedHis observations supported Copernicus’

Copernicus’ idea.idea. •

• People then were still notPeople then were still not

ready to accept that the sun

did not revolve around the

earth.

How did the works of Aristotle, How did the works of Aristotle,

Ptolemy

Ptolemy, Copernicus , Copernicus and and Galileo contribute to our Galileo contribute to our knowledge of astronomy knowledge of astronomy

today? today?

1.3 How is Scientific Knowledge Derived?

—

(23)

•• The scientific method helps to ensure thatThe scientific method helps to ensure that astronomy is based on accurate ideas. astronomy is based on accurate ideas.

•• TTodayoday, using , using a recora record of d of past observpast observationsations and new discoveries, astronomers and

and new discoveries, astronomers and

scientists are able to predict accurately when scientists are able to predict accurately when an eclipse will occur.

an eclipse will occur.

When scientists build on When scientists build on one

one another’ another’ _{s ideas and}_{s ideas and} expertise, this may lead to expertise, this may lead to

even greater scientific even greater scientific

discoveries. discoveries.

Go to

Go to Workbook LinkWorkbook Link

and

(Page 13) (Page 13)

1.3 How is Scientific Knowledge Derived?

—

(24)

1.1

1.1 What

What

is

Science?

1.2

1.2 How is

How is

Scientific

Knowledge

Derived?

—

Attitudes in Science

1.3

1.3 How is

How is

Scientific

Knowledge

Derived?

—

The Scientific Method

1.4

1.4 How does

How does

Science and T

echnology

Affect our

Lives?

1.5

1.5 Safety Pract

Safety Pract

ices

during Sc

ientific

Investigations

Chapter 1

Chapter 1 The Scientific Endeavour

(25)

1.4 How does Science and Technology

Affect our Lives?

At the en

At the end of this d of this section, ysection, you shoulou should be able tod be able to answer the following questions:

answer the following questions:

How is science and How is science and technology beneficial or technology beneficial or

harmful to our society? harmful to our society?

Why is there a need to be

responsible towards our

environment and society in

the use of science and

technology?

Can science and Can science and

technology solve all our technology solve all our

problems? problems?

(26)

Lesson trigger Lesson trigger

‘Super carrots’ contain ‘Super carrots’ contain high levels of calcium. high levels of calcium.

•

• ‘S‘Supeuper r carcarrotrots’s’ were created bywere created by

scientists to contain high levels of

calcium.

•• Scientists first had to understandScientists first had to understand the Science involved in controlling the Science involved in controlling the characteristics in carrots.

the characteristics in carrots. •

• The scientists then applied their The scientists then applied their

knowledge to increase the

calcium levels in carrots.

Go to

Go to _{Think and Explore}_{Think and Explore} and

and _Link_Link _{(Page 14)}_{(Page 14)}

1.4 How does Science and Technology

Affect our Lives?

(27)

•

• Technology

Technology

is the application of scientific

knowledge for practical purposes.

•• For example, studies in Science explain why ironFor example, studies in Science explain why iron sinks in water.

sinks in water.

•• HoweverHowever, through , through technologytechnology, we , we can build can build aa submarine made of iron that can float as well as submarine made of iron that can float as well as sink in water. sink in water. Go to Go toLinkLink (Page 14) (Page 14)

1.4 How does Science and Technology

Affect our Lives?

(28)

•• Advance Advancements in tecments in technology hahnology haveve improved our lives but it has some improved our lives but it has some disadvantages too.

disadvantages too. •

• When abused, technology can causeWhen abused, technology can cause

harm to society and the environment.

•• Hence, it is important that we applyHence, it is important that we apply scientific knowledge responsibly. scientific knowledge responsibly.

Go to

Go to LinkLink (Page 15) (Page 15)

Click

Click herehereto watch a video onto watch a video on advancements in technology. advancements in technology. From the video, link how From the video, link how

attitudes in Science have led to attitudes in Science have led to these discoveries.

these discoveries. Advantages and disadvantages of technology

Advantages and disadvantages of technology

1.4 How does Science and Technology

Affect our Lives?

(29)

Medicines Medicines

••

Advantage:

Medicines such as

antibiotics help cure diseases.

••

Disadvantage:

May increase the risk of

antibiotic-resistant

antibiotic-resistant ‘superbugs’.

‘superbugs’.

1.4 How does Science and Technology

Affect our Lives?

(30)

•• Advantage:Advantage: Resistant to attacks byResistant to attacks by pests and disease-causing

pests and disease-causing organisms.

organisms. •

• Disadvantage:Disadvantage: Genes may beGenes may be

transferred to other wild plants during

breeding.

•

• This may upset the balance in theThis may upset the balance in the

ecosystem when they compete with

other plants for light and space.

Pest- and disease-resistant food crops Pest- and disease-resistant food crops

1.4 How does Science and Technology

Affect our Lives?

(31)

Automobiles Automobiles

•• Advantage:Advantage: Allows for quicker transport of Allows for quicker transport of people and things.

people and things. •

• Disadvantage:Disadvantage: Emissions from automobilesEmissions from automobiles

cause air pollution.

1.4 How does Science and Technology

Affect our Lives?

(32)

Styrofoam Styrofoam

•• Advantage:Advantage: Used to make many usefulUsed to make many useful objects such as cups and food containers objects such as cups and food containers due to its light weight and high heat

due to its light weight and high heat capacity.

capacity. •

• Disadvantages:Disadvantages:

•

• Contributes to global warming duringContributes to global warming during

its manufacture.

•

• Non-biodegradable and pollutes theNon-biodegradable and pollutes the

environment.

•

• Harms and kills animals thatHarms and kills animals that

accidentally consume it.

1.4 How does Science and Technology

Affect our Lives?

(33)

•• Despite the many benefits of Despite the many benefits of technology

technology, it , it cannot solve all cannot solve all our our problems.

problems. •

• For example, technology cannotFor example, technology cannot

prevent natural disasters such as

earthquakes and hurricanes.

•

• However, technology can predictHowever, technology can predict

the occurrence of natural

disasters, even though such

predictions are not always

accurate.

Go to

Go to Practical Book LinkPractical Book Link

and

(Page 16) (Page 16)

Click

Click herehereto watch a video on the role of to watch a video on the role of technology in society.

technology in society.

From the video, state how technology can From the video, state how technology can affect society negatively.

affect society negatively.

1.4 How does Science and Technology

Affect our Lives?

(34)

1.1

1.1 What

What

is

Science?

1.2

1.2 How is

How is

Scientific

Knowledge

Derived?

—

Attitudes in Science

1.3

1.3 How is

How is

Scientific

Knowledge

Derived?

—

The Scientific Method

1.4

1.4 How does Science and T

How does Science and T

echnolog

y

Affect our Lives?

1.5

1.5 Safety Prac

Safety Prac

tices durin

g

Scientific In

vestigations

Chapter 1

Chapter 1 The Scientific Endeavour

(35)

1.5 Safety Practices during Scientific Investigations

At the end of this section, you should be able to answer At the end of this section, you should be able to answer

the following questions: the following questions:

What safety procedures should What safety procedures should we exercise when carrying out we exercise when carrying out

experiments? experiments?

What types of What types of apparatus do we use apparatus do we use

when we carry out when we carry out

experiments? experiments?

(36)

Go to

(Page 17) (Page 17) Lesson trigger

Lesson trigger

How could this How could this accident have been accident have been

prevented? prevented?

1.5 Safety Practices during Scientific Investigations

(37)

•• Choosing a site (e.g. laboratory) for Choosing a site (e.g. laboratory) for investigation depends on factors such investigation depends on factors such as the nature of the investigation, as as the nature of the investigation, as well as the materials involved.

well as the materials involved. •

• You need to be familiar with differentYou need to be familiar with different

scientific apparatus so that you can use

the right apparatus safely.

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Go to Science BitesScience Bites

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1.5 Safety Practices during Scientific Investigations

(38)

Throughout the lesson

•• Be serious at all times in theBe serious at all times in the

Science laboratory. Do not play or Science laboratory. Do not play or tamper with the equipment.

tamper with the equipment.

•• Keep your desk clean and tidy.Keep your desk clean and tidy.

Before you begin the experiment

•• Prepare all apparatus and arrangePrepare all apparatus and arrange them such that you will not knock them such that you will not knock them over while doing the

them over while doing the experiment.

experiment. Laboratory rules Laboratory rules

1.5 Safety Practices during Scientific Investigations

(39)

During the experiment

•

• NeverNever smell or taste chemicals unless your smell or taste chemicals unless your

teacher grants permission.

•• Wear goggles when heating or mixingWear goggles when heating or mixing reactive chemicals.

reactive chemicals. •

• NeverNever handle broken glass apparatus withhandle broken glass apparatus with

your bare hands. Inform your teacher and

use a broom and dustpan to remove t

use a broom and dustpan to remove thehe

broken glass.

1.5 Safety Practices during Scientific Investigations

(40)

After the experiment

•

• Dispose of waste materials inDispose of waste materials in

proper waste bins.

•• Never throw solids or Never throw solids or corrosivecorrosive liquids in the sink.

liquids in the sink. •

• Wash your hands thoroughly whenWash your hands thoroughly when

the experiment is completed.

1.5 Safety Practices during Scientific Investigations

(41)

What should you do if a chemical

What should you do if a chemical spillage occurs?spillage occurs?

If any chemicals spilled onto

other parts of your body or

clothing, wash it with plenty of

water.

Report the spill to your teacher.

If any chemical accidentally gets

in your mouth, spit it out into a

basin immediately. Rinse your

mouth with plenty of water and

report it to

report it to your teacher.your teacher.

Report all accidents, Report all accidents, breakage and spillage breakage and spillage to your teacher

to your teacher immediately. immediately.

1.5 Safety Practices during Scientific Investigations

(42)

Hazard symbols are used to label harmful chemicals. Hazard symbols are used to label harmful chemicals. Here are some common hazard symbols to look out Here are some common hazard symbols to look out for:for:

Explosive Explosive

Substance will react violently Substance will react violently when heated or struck.

when heated or struck. E.g. flash powder

E.g. flash powder

Corrosive Corrosive

Substance will eat away other substances. Substance will eat away other substances. E.g. sulfuric acid, potassium hydroxide, E.g. sulfuric acid, potassium hydroxide, calcium oxide

calcium oxide

Hazard symbols Hazard symbols

(43)

Radioactive Radioactive

Substance emits radiation. Substance emits radiation.

E.g. radioactive carbon, uranium E.g. radioactive carbon, uranium

Flammable Flammable

Substance catches

Substance catches fire easily.fire easily. E.g. petrol, kerosene, alcohol,

E.g. petrol, kerosene, alcohol, hydrogenhydrogen

Biohazardous Biohazardous

Poisonous substance of a biological nature. Poisonous substance of a biological nature. E.g. medical waste such as blood and urine E.g. medical waste such as blood and urine samples, micro-organism, virus or toxin

samples, micro-organism, virus or toxin

1.5 Safety Practices during Scientific Investigations

(44)

Irritant Irritant

Substance produces vapours or fumes Substance produces vapours or fumes which irritate the eyes, nose and throat. which irritate the eyes, nose and throat. E.g. phenol, chloroform

E.g. phenol, chloroform

Toxic Toxic

Substance is harmful in small doses. Substance is harmful in small doses. E.g. methanol,

E.g. methanol, cyanide, mercurycyanide, mercury, carbon, carbon monoxide, chlorine

monoxide, chlorine

Click

Click herehere to try a quizto try a quiz on laboratory safety on laboratory safety practices.

practices.

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(Page 19) (Page 19)

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and

and Workbook LinkWorkbook Link

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1.5 Safety Practices during Scientific Investigations

(45)

Science

is applied for practical is applied for practical purposes in purposes in Technology Technology Carrying out Carrying out investigations investigations involves involves has

has _Limitations_Limitations

and and Disadvantages Disadvantages Study of the Study of the natural and physical natural and physical

world world

is the is the

•• Laboratory rulesLaboratory rules •• Hazard symbolsHazard symbols •• Apparatus and Apparatus and

equipment equipment requires requires knowledge of knowledge of involves involves attitudes such attitudes such as as (continued on next (continued on next slide) slide) Scientific Scientific Method Method

which can be carried out which can be carried out using the using the includes skills includes skills such as such as (continued on next (continued on next slide) slide) Advantages to Advantages to society society Abused by Abused by people people provides provides may be may be

Map It

(46)

2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd involves attitudes such as Curiosity Open-mindedness Responsibility Objectivity Perseverance Integrity Creativity includes skills sets such as Engaging with an event through posing questions, formulating hypothesis, defining the problem, generating ideas and predicting Collecting and

presenting evidence Making meaning of

information and evidence Communication

(47)

Go to

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(Page 23) (Page 23)

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Click herehere for a mini quiz on thefor a mini quiz on the scientific method

scientific method

Chapter 1

Chapter 1 The Scientific Endeavour

(48)

•• Science is constantly evolving andScience is constantly evolving and scientific theories are often

scientific theories are often debunked when new research debunked when new research proves them to be wrong.

proves them to be wrong.

•• They are replaced by new theoriesThey are replaced by new theories that are more complete and reliable. that are more complete and reliable. •• Take, for example, the cold fusionTake, for example, the cold fusion

theory which postulates that a theory which postulates that a

nuclear reaction can occur at room nuclear reaction can occur at room temperature instead of extremely temperature instead of extremely high temperatures.

high temperatures.

Find Out More!

(49)

•• It was hoped that cold It was hoped that cold fusion can providefusion can provide energy that will be cheap, clean and

energy that will be cheap, clean and abundant, without any of the dangerous abundant, without any of the dangerous radioactive wastes from nuclear power radioactive wastes from nuclear power plants.

plants.

•• However, repeated experiments byHowever, repeated experiments by scientists never really did yield

scientists never really did yield positivepositive results that could have

results that could have supported thesupported the cold fusion theory.

cold fusion theory.

•• Today, scientists are still trying to achieveToday, scientists are still trying to achieve a so-called

a so-called ‘table‘table-top nuclear -top nuclear reaction’,reaction’, with some claiming to have successfully with some claiming to have successfully done so.

done so.

Click

Click hereherefor more info onfor more info on cold fusion.

cold fusion.

What are the controversies What are the controversies regarding cold fusion? regarding cold fusion?