Study on Computer Generated Electromagnetic Effects on Computer Users

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Volume-5, Issue-2, April-2015

International Journal of Engineering and Management Research

Page Number: 844-851

Assessing Coastal Vulnerability to Sea-Level Rise between Gopalpur and

Puri, Odisha Coast of India, using Remote Sensing and GIS

Suganya.R1, Vijaya Sarathy.R2, Jose Ravindra Raj.B3, M.Rajamanickam4, Anandaraju.K5

1

Post Graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, PRIST UNIVERSITY, Trichy-Thanjavur Highway,Vallam, Thanjavur, INDIA

2,3

Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, PRIST UNIVERSITY, Trichy-Thanjavur Highway,Vallam, Thanjavur, INDIA

4

Assistant Professor, Center for Disaster Management, PRIST UNIVERSITY, Trichy-Thanjavur Highway,Vallam, Thanjavur, INDIA

5

Assistant Engineer, PWD/WRO, Thanjavur, INDIA

ABSTRACT

The study location is about 128 km coastal stretch between Gopalpur and Puri district of the Odisha state, it is located north east coast stretch of India. The coastline,which includes harbour, hotels, tourist resorts, fishing coastal villages and towns, it has faced threats of various disasters like floods, storms, cyclones, tsunami and erosion. Odisha is vulnerable to multiple disasters.The study are is situated in sub-tropical littoral area, the state is prone to tropical cyclones, storm surges and tsunamis. The coastal districts of Odisha have experienced in the earlier years, severe flooding taking place by not only because of storm surges originating in the Bay of Bengal, but also due to flooding from the rivers as well as from heavy precipitation associated with tropical cyclones and monsoon depressions. The present study aims to develop a Coastal vulnerability assessment using CVI (Coastal Vulnerability Index) between Gopalpur and Puri coast, Odisha using relative risk variables. The use of CVI index is help to recognizehigh and low vulnerable zones and areas of water inundation due to flooding CVI is also facilitate to study sea level rise, and land loss due to coastal erosion. The present study used both conventional and remotely sensed data were for analysis. The coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) index allows the 9 physical variables to be related in quantifiable phenomena that assess the relative vulnerability of the coast to physical changes due to sea-level, Tsunami and flood effect. A variety of spatial dates i.e., coastal geology, geomorphology, coastal slope and coastal morphodynamic variables have been considered as additional important variables. The study is focused on Remote Sensing and GIS analysis of different vulnerable zones are identified and coastal vulnerability assesed. The zones of vulnerability to coastal hazards of different magnitude (very high, high, medium, low and very low) are documented. This study pointed out that 41.25km of the

coastline has very high vulnerability,19.45km has high vulnerability 39.26 km, has medium vulnerability and 13.74km has low vulnerability and 14.35 km is very low vulnerable in the study area. The major findings of this research showing the majority of coastline is prone to erosion, the findings suggest that the Ministry of Environment should declare new areas as protection areas and develop special environmental programs for national level planning.

Keywords— CVI, Remote Sensing, GIS, inundation, littoral

I.

INTRODUCTION

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eastern coast of India too. Studies based on the analysis of long-term tide-gauge data from various stations along the Indian coastal regions, corrections for vertical land movements included, indicated that sea levels are rising at a rate of about 1.0–1.75 mm per year due to global warming[2],[3],[4] used coastal slope, geomorphology, mean tidal change, sea level rise mean shoreline change rate, and mean wave height for assessment of coastal vulnerability of the US Atlantic coast.[5]have assessed the coastal vulnerability of Golden Gate National Recreation area to sea-level rise by calculating a coastal vulnerability index (CVI) using both geologic (shoreline-change rate, coastal geomorphology, coastal slope) and physical process variables (sea-level change rate, mean significant wave height, mean tidal range).The various physical variables like sea-level rise, coastal erosion, storm water inundation, potential vulnerability implications of sea-level rise for the coastal zone of Cochin, SW coast of India has been studied [6] to provide climatic change and sea level rise. [7] assessed the CVI for Odisha, a state on East Indian coast, using shoreline change rate, sea-level change rate, coastal slope, significant wave height, tidal range, coastal regional elevation, and coastal geomorphology and tsunami run-up.Similarly,[8]has assessed coastal vulnerability for Chennai, east coast of India using geospatial techniques by incorporating shoreline change rate, sea-level change rate, coastal slope, tidal range, coastal regional elevation, storm surge, etc. Scientific study of the natural hazards and coastal processes of the Indian coast has acquired greater significance after the December 2004 tsunami as the country understood the impact of natural hazards in terms of high damage potential for life, property and the environment. The rapidly growing population of coastal residents and their demand for reliable information regarding the vulnerability of coastal regions have a necessitate need for classifying coastal lands and evaluating the hazard vulnerability. The hazard Zonation mapping is a very popular means of assessing vulnerability to natural hazards In this paper main objectives of the geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing-based study are to develop a coastal vulnerability index map for coastal erosion and then use it to assess the impact along the Odisha coast, with a view to identify and quantify the spatial extent of the inundation caused by composite hazards along the coastal areas of Puri.In this study, carried out in a small sector of the Gopalpur and Puri,zones associated with climate-induced hazards were identified based on the amount of coastal change associated with sediment budget, climate-induced factors (like SLR, storm surge),extreme water level events and erosion hotspots.

II.

STUDY

AREA

The coastline is one of the longest (120 km long) stretch

between Gopalpur and Puri, east coast of Onitsha. The entire coastal strip varies in width from 40 to 50 km comprising the districts of Khurda,Puri and Ganjam. The coastline has most diverse of any coastline in the world. The coastline consists of numerous islands, reefs, beaches, rocky cliffs and muddy shores(Short and Woodroffe 2009).The study area falls under the tropical monsoon climate type with mean annual temperature of 27ºC which varies between 37ºC to 13ºC.The mean monthly rainfall is 120 mm, maximum rainfall occurs during the monsoon period(June–October) and the average wind speed is 16.5 km/h(Indian Meteorological Department).The study area enjoys international significance and is one of the sites of world heritage attracting tourists and pilgrims. It is gifted with Asia's largest brackish water lagoon, the Chilika lake covers 672 km2

A. Data Used

widespread mangrove forest

and wetland, the Bhitarkanika wildlife sanctuary; and the world's largest known nesting beaches of olive Ridley sea turtles, the Gahirmatha and the Rushikulya. Odisha, on the eastern sea board of India,enjoys a tropical monsoon type of climate like most other parts of the country. Its annual average rainfall is about 200cm.Odisha,on the eastern coast of India, is not only attains rains from the southwest monsoon branch from the Bay of Bengal like the west coast, but also from the annual cyclones from the Bay of Bengal which influence it and bring copious rain with two seasonal peaks, July-August and October-November.Nearly 2/3 of total population lives in coastal regions and major towns are located in this zone only.Figure.1.map showing location of the study area.

To understand and study the sea level rise and coastal vulnerability assessment the different data sets are used for Coastal vulnerability indexing (CVI).The detailed description of the data source is shown in Table.1 and 2 Landsat data is collected from NASA's website and the Data set title is Geo-Cover Orthorectified Landsat Thematic Mapper is data used. In additionally, the SRTM digital elevation data used for slope calculation, produced by NASA. The geoeye satellite images on 11Sep2012 & 25th august 2004 are used for shoreline configuration and shoreline change mapping for selected area.

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analysis

Figure.1.Study Area

III.

M

The quantification of coastal vulnerability in the form of an index is a technique used widely in coastal zone management and conservation studies Numerous studies have looked specifically at coastal vulnerability in coastal environments, producing Coastal vulnerability indexes(CVIs) for parts of Brazil and India [11],[12],[13] and [14].The coastal vulnerability index (CVI) allows the six variables to be related

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A. Geomorphology

The Geomorphology of the coast plays an significant role in determining the impact of sea-level rise Srinivasa Kumar (2010).Landforms and the material that compose them reflect their relative responses to sea-level rise since every landform offers certain degree of resistance to erosion. The study area may be divided into two distinct geomorphic divisions-the littoral track and the alluvial track. Inland dunes and barriers are found along the sea coast, which stretches into the districts of Ganja and Puri. The coastal track between Gopalpur and Puri the geomorphic features like flood plain, deltaic plain, salt flat, water bodies, sand dunes, beach sands, sand beaches, and mud flats are observed. One such sandy spit divides the Lake Chilka from Bay of Bengal. These sandy ridges and dunes are by the strong monsoon. In areas around Bajrakot,Satpada, there exists a flat terrain along with beach ridges and coastal sand dunes. This plain is developed by marine deposition being exposed during the last marine regression. There are a number of islands in between Chilika and sea water which might have been deposited by fluvio-marine processes. This mud flat is observed around the confluence of Daya,Bhargavi and Nuna rivers with Chilika. Existence of this mud flat indicates that in the geological past, the expansion of Chilika water spread was up to its northern limit, and distributaries of Mahanadi River were debouching into it at the limit which is situated at about 30km. northeast of present location.Total area of this mud flat is 480 sq.km.which was included in the past in the water spread of Chilika.[18] Figure.2.portrays the coastline in terms of the geomorphology variable showing 26 cells mapped as sandy shore backed by dunes or low plains (46.42 %), 6 cells mapped as bedrock or artificial structures(10.71%),5 cells mapped as coastal re-entrants (8.92%),17 cells mapped as medium hard rock exposure (30.40%) and 2 cells mapped as hard rock protected coast (3.57%).

B. Coastal Slope

The coastal slope is indicator of vulnerability of a coastal region toss inundation is the topographic slope(increase in altitude for a given distance perpendiculator to the coast).The Coastal slope (steepness or flatness of the coastal region) is linked to the

susceptibility of a coast to inundation by flooding [19].The run-up of waves on a coast is the most important stage of a tsunami from the viewpoint of evaluation of the level of tsunami hazard for the coast. The slope are generally smaller on east coast, making it more vulnerable to inundation. Thus coastal areas having gentle slope were considered as highly vulnerable areas and areas of steep slope as areas of low vulnerability. The SRTM data DEM extraction carried out and slope map is prepared. From the point of view of shoreline retreat, the stretch of Gopalpur and aryapalli villages the low-lying area the range between 00 to 60 which is most suitable inundation during flooding and storm condition

C. Barrier Type

The barrier type is an important variable which was considered for inclusion as one of the variables used to determine the CSI because barriers record the pattern of Holocene sand accumulation with such distinctively different barrier types as prograding, stable and receded barriers implying contrasting modes of shoreline development. The variable is intended to discriminate different shoreline behaviors at millennial time scales based on the assumption that past trends are preserved in the morphologic and stratigraphic record, and that they provide insight into present-day and future coastal changes. The classification of barriers adopted for the Gopalpur and Puri coast recognizes five types namely:(1)receded barriers 2)stationary barriers 3)mainland beach barriers(5)protruded barriers. The Barriers are elongated, shore-parallel sand bodies that extend above sea-level and several different types of barrier have been described along these wave dominated coasts, several of which are represented in the Puri (Chittibabu,(2004).Figure.4 shows the coastline in terms of the barrier type variable showing 19 grid represented as receded barriers(33.92%),10 grid represented as stationary barriers (17.85%),19 grids mapped as mainland beach barriers (33.92%),8 grids mapped as prograded barriers (14.30%).

D. Shoreline exposures

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of the same rock type Shoreline exposure was measured in positive degrees from 0 to 359.9 clockwise from the north (e.g. a southeast-facing beach has a direction of 135°).The fully exposed shore is noticed in Gopalpur, Aryapalli, Chatrapur, Alipada villages, the totally 19 (33.92%)grid is covered under very high vulnerability category. In additionally, exposed shoreline is observed in Malud,Satapada and Puri mapped 13 grids(23.21%).Similarly semi exposed covers 9 grids (16.37%) noticed Brahmanagiri, Sipakuda villages. The sheltered beach is cover with dunes and backwater system noticed in Rambha, Ganjam area which covers total grid is about 15 (26.78%).

E. Shoreline Change(m/yr)

Coastal shorelines are always subjected to changes due to coastal processes, which are controlled by wave dynamics and the resultant near-shore circulation, sediment characteristics, beach form, etc.[22] From the coastal vulnerability point of view, coasts subjected to accretion will be considered as less

Vulnerable areas as they move toward the ocean and result in the addition of land areas, whereas areas of coastal erosion will be considered as more vulnerable because of the resultant loss of private and public property and important natural habitats such as beaches, dunes, and marshes. Dunes are 8 to 10m high. An open coast seasonal port was constructed in 1987 by excavating the basin on the backshore. At present, various structures are under constructions with an intention to convert the port into an all weather full-fledged port by 2010.Measurement made in February 2007 indicates that Gopalpur port is located nearly 6.0 m above mean sea level (MSL).The beaches at Gopalpur tourist beach of 600m lengths are nearly 50–60 m wide and the inter-tidal region is about 20 m.It experiencing active erosion during 2007 southwest

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F. Mean wave height

The wave energy increases with increase in the wave height, which results in loss of land area due to increased erosion and inundation along shore, so those coastal areas of high wave height are considered as more vulnerable coasts and areas of low wave height as less vulnerable coasts. The Heights of the waves depend on characteristics of the wind responsible for generating those coastal erosion and accretion. The wave height data is collected from INCOIS website and mean wave height is calculated between Gopalpur and Puri.Similar study has been carried out in Odisha coast [23],[24].The mean wave height is ranges between 0.05 to 2.0m.The Wave energy increases as the square of the wave height; thus the ability to mobilize and transport beach/coastal materials is a function of wave height.Figure.11.wave height data overlaid with landsat image.Figure.12.The relative ranking of the wave height variable for the Puri coast

G. Mean tide range

Tidal range is linked to both permanent and episodic inundation hazards. Tide range data were obtained from an INCOIS published benchmark in Odisha. Based on tidal observation of previously studied Odisha coast was (0.0 to 2.1.m) between Gopalpur and Puri coastal area.Figure.13 and

H. Storm Surge

Estimation of extreme storm surges and return periods Storms are one of the most potent forms of natural hazards in the world. Storm damage in the coasts results from the interactions of winds, waves and rising water levels.Besides, the impact of the storms depends on the intensity of the driving events as well as the natural and human-induced changes to the coastal system. In addition to being impacted directly by the storm, coastal areas are also affected by the storm surges i.e.a rise in the water level following a storm.

Table.3.Coastal sensitivity index grid and %

classes developed for the Puri coast Several factors

determine the intensity of the Storm surge.

IV.

RESULTS

AND

DISCUSSIONS

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vulnerability zone seen in

Chatrapur, Brahmanigiri, Rambha. likewise the medium vulnerability area ranges of 6.51 to 8.6 is noticed in Malud and covers totally 39.26 km of Bajrakol, Sipakuda,Ganjam areas. The CVI values of low vulnerability coastline are about 4.91to 6.50 which cover totally 13.74 km of the Satapada,Nuapada coastal villages.Table.4.CVI score and costal vulnerability between Gopalpur and Puri 4.Conclusion Results of the present study showed that through the use of Remote Sensing and GIS more useful and appropriate tool for quantifying coastal vulnerability assessment. The different physical coastal variables representing different characteristics and coastal processes that can influence the sensitivity of a coastal zone to the impacts of coastal hazards and sea-level rise were ranked for cells along the coast between Gopalpur and Puri, Odisha. In this study highlighted, the majority of important coastal erosion problems, closely related to the construction of ports, harbors, and breakwaters and which represent a high risk for about the twenty percent of the littoral, have always been solved by remedial actions, i.e., the use of hard structures, which shifted erosion processes down drift. The Special awareness should be paid to the low-lying coastal zones that are susceptible to sea level rise and the critical areas should be delineated as high risk zones. The highest priority should be given to mitigate the effects of sea Level rise mainly due to anthropogenic activities. Preventing the development near the coastal areas is the best mitigation Option. Finally suitable policy decisions and adaptive responses can be established in order to mitigate sea level rise.

V.

CONCLUSION

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