AP Biology:
Outline 15: Immune System and Nervous System
This may be incomplete:
I) Immune System:
A) Homeostasis: Define 1) Negative feedback 2) Positive feedback
3) Good for immune system?
B) First Line of Defense: Non-specific external defenses: 1) External Barrier: skin
a) impervious b) pH
c) saliva d) tears e) bacteria 2) Mucus Membranes
a) respiratory, digestive, excretory b) mucus
c) ciliated epithelia
d) digestive enzymes…do all things die? C) Second Line of Defense: Non-specific Internal Defenses
1) Phagocytes: a) actions
1) 2) b) Types
1) neutrophils 2) monocytes 3) macrophages 4) esinophils
5) natural killer cells 2) Inflammation
a) vessels dilate
b) vessels become more permeable c) histamine, basophil, mast cells d) prostaglandins
e) chemotaxis/chemokine f) blood flow
g) clotting h) neutrophils i) macrophages j) pus
3) Fever:
a) toxin
b) prostaglandins c) pyrogens d) thermostat e) aspirin 4) complement proteins 5) interferon
D) Third line of defense: Specific Internal Defenses 1) features:
a) specificity b) diversity
c) self/nonself recognition d) memory
2) Specificity a) antigen b) antibody
c) recognition-- specific antibody and specific antigen 3) Diversity: define
4) Self/Nonself recognition: define 5) Memory: define
E) Active/Passive Immunity: 1) active
a) disease b) vaccines 2) passive
a) antibodies through placenta b) mothers milk
c) inject antibodies F) Humoral/Cell-mediated Immunity:
1) Introduction/Background Information a) B cells:
1) produced
2) move to and mature 3) produce?
b) T cells
1) produced
2) move to and mature 3) job?
c) Effector cells 1) Plasma cell 2) Cytotoxic T cells 3) Helper T cells
2) epitope
3) antibodies: immunoglobins a) light chains
b) heavy chains c) constant region d) variable region
e) binding sites-- lock and key
f) 5 types of constant regions--correspond to 5 classes of antibodies
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) e) clonal selection f) Memory:
1) primary immune response 2) secondary immune response 3) memory cells
g) Self Tolerance:
1) MHC-- made of? 2) Class I MHC 3) Class II MHC 2) Humoral Response
a) B cell and Antigen b) Macrophage and Antigen
1) engulf 2) APC
3) class II MHC c) Helper T cell
d) CD4
e) Helper T cell/APC/B cell f) Interleukin I
g) Interleukin II
h) Increase in TH and TC cells
i) Class 2 MHC j) plasma cell k) divide-- clones
l) 2,000 antibodies per second m) T- dependent antigens n) T-independent antigens 3) How antibodies work
d) complement 4) monoclonal antibodies 5) Cell mediated response
a) T lymphocytes
b) MHC-antigen complex c) Effector cells
1) Helper T cells 2) Cytotoxic T cells 3) Helper T cells
a) interleukin 1 b) interleukin 2 4) cytotoxic T cells
a) class I MHC/antigens b) CD8
c) perforin d) cancer cells 6) natural killer cells
7) Suppressor T cells D) Complement system:
1) 20 different proteins 2) classical pathway
a) b) c) d)
3) Alternative pathway: 4) Immune Adherence E) Application
1) Blood Groups
2) Tissue Grafts and Transplants F) Immune System Disorders
1) Autoimmune
a) rheumatoid arthritis b) insulin dependent diabetes c) rheumatic fever
d) graves disease e) lupus
f) multiple sclerosis g) alopecia
2) Allergies a) IgE b) mast cells c) histamine
4) Hodgkin’s disease 5) Cytokines
II) Nervous System:
A) Overlapping functions 1)
2) 3) B) PNS/CNS
C) Nervous system cells 1) neurons
2) supporting cells D) Neurons
1) describe/diagram a) dendrite region b) cell body c) axon
d) synaptic end e) myelin
f) schwann/glial cells g) axon hillock 2) Types of neurons
a) b) c) d) CNS e) PNS f) Ganglion E) Support Cells
1) CNS: Glial cells a) astrocytes
b) oligodendrocyte-- myelin sheaths 2) PNS: Schwann cells
F) Resting Neuron:
1) membrane potential 2) resting potential 3) ionic movement 4) ionic composition
a) inside b) outside
5) channels--permeability 6) K+ moves?
7) equilibrium potential 8) Na+ moves?
10) sodium/potassium pump a) moves?
b) resting potential G) Action Potential
1) Gated channels 2) with stimuli
a) K+ moves? b) hyperpolarization c) K+/Na+ moves? d) depolarization
1) define
2) Na+/K+ pump e) graded potential
3) Threshold 4) Action Potential
a) all or nothing event
b) what happens to the membrane in reference to polarity?
5) Repolarizing 6) undershoot 7) types of channels
a) sodium channels
1) responds to depolarization-- opens quickly 2) responds to depolarization-- closes slowly
b) potassium channels-- opens in response to depolarization. 8) Refractory period
H) Movement of the Action Potential 1) how does the potential move? 2) speed of the action potential
a) diameter b) myelin sheath
1) nodes of ranvier
2) skipping insulated regions 3) Saltatory conduction I) Review:
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
J) Synapse and Synaptic Junction 1) Define
2) Types
b) chemical
1) cleft/gap 2) what happens
a) depolarization b) calcium gates open c) calcium in
d) vesicles fuse with the membrane e) dump neurotransmitters in the synapse
f) enzyme degrade neurotransmitter or the cell absorbs it K) Neurons integration at the cellular level
1) EPSP 2) IPSP 3) Summation
a) temporal summation b) spatial summation
L) Neurotransmitters and Receptors: Criteria and Types 1) Criteria
a) b) c) 2) Types
a) ACh
b) biogenic amines c) neuropeptides d) Amino Acids e) Gas: NO K) Neural Circuits and Clusters
1) convergent 2) divergent 3) reverberating L) Invert Nervous System
1) hydra:coelenterates 2) echinoderms 3) cephalization
M) Vertebrate Nervous System 1) PNS
a) sensory cells b) motor neurons
c) somatic nervous system d) autonomic nervous system
1) sympathetic-- use energy 2) parasympathetic-- save energy 2) CNS
c) meninges
d) white matter/gray matter e) ventricles
f) central canal of the spinal cord g) cerebrospinal fluid
1) how is it formed 2) how does it circulate 3) what is the function 3) Spinal cord
a) b) 4) The Brain
a) evolution b) development
1) coelenterates 2) flatworms 3) annelids 4) mollusks 5) arthropods 6) echinoderms 7) chondrichthyes 8) osteichthyes c) parts
a) forebrain b) midbrain c) hindbrain d) medulla e) cerebellum f) pons g) thalamus h) hypothalamus i) cerebrum j) occipital lobe k) temporal lobe l) frontal lobe m) prefrontal lobe n) parietal lobe o) corpus callosum p) basal nuclei q) cerebral cortex r) amygdala
s) reticular formation system t) neocortex
w) Grammar area III) Senses:
A) Function
1) reception 2) transduction 3) amplification 4) transmission 5) integration B) Types of Receptors
1) Thermoreceptors
a) Ruffin's end organs b) bulbs of Krause 2) Mechanoreceptors
a) Pacinian Corpuscles b) Meissner's Corpuscles c) Merkel's Disks
d) Muscle Spindle e) hair cells
3) Hearing and Balance receptors a) sound waves
b) hair cells c) external ear
1) 2) d) middle ear
1) 2) 3)
4) oval window e) inner ear
1) cochlea
a) vestibular canal b) tympanic canal c) perilymph d) cochlear duct
1) organ of corti 2) endolymph 2) Process of hearing
a) sound waves
b) move bones of middle ear c) movement of oval window d) wave through tympanic canal e) round window
h) pitch f) balance
1) utricle 2) saccule
3) semicircular canals 4) Vision Receptors
a) Eye Structure 1) conjunctiva 2) cornea 3) pupil 4) iris 5) lens
6) aqueous humor 7) ciliary muscles 8) retina
9) vitreous humor 10) optic nerve 11) blind spot 12) choroid layer 13) fovea
14) sclerotic layer b) light waves
c) signal induction in the eye 1) cells
a) rods b) cones 2) rods
a) retinal
b) opsin/rhodopson c) bleaching 3) cones
a) opsins/photopsin b) retinal
4) other cells a) bipolar b) ganglionic c) horizontal d) amacrine d) visual integration
a) vertically b) lateral 5) Chemoreceptors:
a) smell
3) substances diffuse 4) receptors
5) olfactory hairs b) taste
6) Pain receptors: nociceptor
Extra Credit:
1) Yesterday a) Many times I've been alone
2) Something b) He one spinal cracker
3) She Loves You c) I said something wrong
4) The Long and Winding Road d) You're asking me will my love grow
