Richa Sood et al., Jour. of Sci. Res. in Phar. 2012, 1(2), 20-26
Journal of Scientific Research in Pharmacy
Review Article
Available online thr oug h
ISSN: 2277-9469
www.jsrponline.com
Immediate Release Antihypertensive Valsartan oral tablet: A Review
Richa Sood1*, MS Rathore1, Anil Sharma1, Richa Thakur1, Jayesh Chaudhari2, Vijay Soni2
1CT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jalandhar, (Punjab), 2Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited. Paonta S ahib (HP), India.
Received on: 18-05-2012; Revised on: 18-05-2012; Accepted on: 23-05-2012
ABS TRACT
Tablet is the most popular among all dosage forms existing today because of its convenience of self administration, compactne ss and easy manufacturing; however in many cases immediate onse t of action is required than conventional therapy. To overcome these drawbacks, immediate release pharmaceutical dosage form has emerged as alternative oral dosage forms. There are novel types of dosage forms that a ct ve ry quickly after adminstration. A wide range of drugs (e.g., neuroleptics, cardiovascular drugs, analgesics, antihistamines, and drugs can be considered candidates for this dosage form. As a drug entity nears the end of its patent life, it is common for pharmaceutical manufacturers to develop a given drug entity in a new and improved dosage form.
Keywords: Immediate Release, Valsartan, Immediate Release Antihypertensive.
INTRODUCTION
Drugs are rarely administered as pure chemical substances. They are most frequently given as formulated preparations or medicines, usually orally, the most popular dosage forms being tablets, capsules, suspensions, solutions and emulsion [1].Oral drug delivery is the simplest
and easiest way of administering drugs [2]. Because of the greater
stability, smaller bulk, accurate dosage and easy production, solid oral dosages forms have manyadvantages over other types of oral dosage forms. Therefore, most of the new chemical entities (NCE) under development these daysare intended to be used as a solid dosage form that originate aneffective and reproducible in vivo plasma concentration after oraladministration [3].
Tablets:[4]
Tablets may be defined as solid pharmaceutical dosage forms containing medicament with or without suitable excipients and prepared either by compression or moulding. Despite the long and continuing history of the development of new technologies for administration of drugs, the tablet form remains the most commonly used dosage form.
The best new therapeutic entity in the world is of little value without an appropriate delivery system. Tableted drug delivery systems can range from relatively simple immediate –release formulations to complex extended- or modified release dosage forms. The most important role of a drug delivery system is to get the drug “ delivered” to the si te of a ction in sufficient amount and at the appropriate rate ; however ,it must also meet a number of other essential cri teria.
Properties of an Ideal Tablet:[5]
The objective of formulation and fabrication of tablet is to deliver the correct amount of drug in proper form at or over proper ti me.
Tablet should be elegant having its own identity and free from defects such as cracks, chips, contamination, discolora tion etc. It should have chemical and physical stability to maintain its
physical integrity over time.
It should be capable to prevent any alteration in the chemical and physical properties of medicinal agent(s).
It should be capable of withstanding the rigors of mechanical shocks encountered in its production, packaging, shipping and dispensing.
*Corresponding author:
Richa Sood
CT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shahpur Campus, Shahpur, PO-Udopur, Near Lambra, Jalandhar -144020, Punjab, INDIA E-Mail: [email protected]
An ideal tablet should be able to release the medicament(s) in body in predictable and reproducible manner.
Classification of Tablets:[6]
Based on the route of administration or the function , the tablets are classified as follows.
1. Tablets ingested orally:
a) Standard Compressed tablet b) Multiple compressed tablet
i.Layered Tablet
ii.Compression coated Tablet c) Repeat action Tablet
d) Delayed action and enteric coated Tablet e) Sugar and chocolate coated tablet f) Film coated ta blet
g) Chewable Tablet h) Targeted tablet
i. Floating tablet ii. Colon targeted tablet
These tablets are meant to be swallowed intact along with a sufficient quantity of potable water. Exception is chewable tablet. Over 90% of the tablets manufactured today are ingested orally. This shows that this class of formulation is the most popular world wide and the major attention of the researcher is towards this direction.
2. Tablets used in the oral cavity:
a) Buckle Tablet b) Sublingual Tablet c) Troches and Lozenges d) Dental cones
e) Mouth dissolved tablet:
The tablets under this group are aimed release API in oral cavity or to provide local action in this region. The tablets under this category avoids first-pass me tabolism, decomposition in gastric environment, nauseatic sensations and gives rapid onset of action. The tablets formulated for this region are designed to fit in proper region of oral cavity.
3. Tablets administered by other routes:
These tablets are administered by other route except for the oral cavity and so the drugs are avoided from passing through gastro intestinal tract. These tablets may be inserted into other body cavities or directly placed below the skin to be absorbed into syste mic circulation from the site of application.
4. Tablets used to prepare solution:
a) Effervescent Tablet b) Dispensing Tablet c) Hypodermic Tablet d) Tablets Triturates
The tablets under this category are required to be dissolved first in water or other solvents before administrati on or application. This solution may be for ingestion or parenteral application or for topical use depending upon type of medicament used.
Immediate Release Film Coated Tablets:
The term “immediate release” pharmaceutical formulation includes any formulation in which the rate of release of drug from the formulation and/or the absorption of drug, is neither appreciably, nor intentionally, retarded by galenic manipulations. Immediate release may be provided for by way of an appropriate pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier, which diluent or carrier does not prolong, to an appreciable extent, the rate of drug release and/or absorption [7-12].
Difficulties with existing oral dosage form: [13, 14]
1. Patient may suffer from tremors therefore they have difficulty to take powder and liquids. In dysphasia physical obstacles and adherence to an oesophagus may cause gastrointestinal ulceration. 2. Swallowing of solid dosage forms like tablet and capsules and produce difficulty for young adult of incomplete development of muscular and nervous system and elderly patients suffer from dysphasia.
3. Liquid medicaments (suspension and emulsion) are packed in multidose container; therefore achievement of uniformity in the content of each dose may be difficult.
4. Buckle and sublingual formation may cause irritation to oral mucosa, so patients refused to use such medications.
5. Cost of products i s main factor as parenteral formulations are most costly and discomfort.
Desired criteria for immediate release drug d elivery system: [15-17]
Immediate release dosage form shouldIn the case of solid dosage it should dissolve or disintegrate in the stomach within a short period.
1. In the case of liquid dosage form it should be compatible with taste masking.
2. Be portable without fragility concern. 3. Have a pleasing mouth feel.
4. It should not leave minimal or no residue in the mouth after oral administration.
5. Exhibit low sensivity to environmental condition as humidity and temperature.
6. Be manufactured using conventional processing and packaging equipment at low cost.
7. Rapid dissolution and absorption of drug, which may produce rapid onset of action.
Advantages of Immediate Release Drug Delivery System: [18, 19]
An immediate release pharmaceutical preparation offers: 1. Improved compliance/added convenience 2. Improved stability
3. Suitable for controlled/sustained release actives 4. Allows high drug loading.
5. Ability to provide advantages of liquid medication in the form of solid preparation.
6. Adaptable and amenable to existing processing and packaging machinery
7. Cost- effective
Biopharmaceutic Consideration:[13-16]
When new drug delivery system put on, it is must that to consider Biopharmaceutical factor like me tabolism and excretion.
Pharmacokinetics:
In this consideration, study has done on absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. After a bsorption, drug attains therapeutic level and therefore elicits pharmacological effe ct, so both rate and extend of absorption is important. In conventional dosage form there is delay in disintegration and therefore dissolution is fast. Drug distribution depends on many factors like tissue permeability, perfusion rate, binding of drug to tissue, disease state, drug interaction etc.
Duration and intensity of action depends upon rate of drug removal from the body or site of a ction i.e. biotransformati on. Decrease in liver volume, regional blood flow to liver reduces the biotransformation of drug through oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis. Excretion by renal clearance is slowed, thus half-life of renal excreted drugs increase.
Pharmacodynamic:
Drug reception interaction impaired in elderly as well as in young adult due to undue development of organ.
1. Decreased ability of the body to respond reflexive stimuli, cardiac output, and orthostatic hypotension may see in taking antihypertensive like prazosin.
2. Decreased sensitivity of adrenergic agonist and antagonist. 3. Immunity is less and taken into consideration while administered
antibiotics.
4. Altered response to drug therapy-elderly show diminished bronchodilator effect of theophylline shows increased sensitivity to barbiturates.
5. Concomitant illnesses are often present in elderly, which is also taken into consideration, while multiple drug therapy prescribed.
Table No. 1: Commercially Available Valsartan Tablet Products
S.no. Brand Manufacturer
1 Diovan 160 mg Novartis India Limited
2 Diovan 80 mg Novartis India Limited
3 Diovan 40 mg Novartis India Limited
4 Valent FC(160mg) Lupin Laboratories Li mited
5 Valzaar 40mg Torrent Pharmaceuticals Limited
6 Valzaar 160 mg Torrent Pharmaceuticals Limited
Potential candidate for immediate release oral dosage form:[15]
Anti-Arrhythmic Agents: Amiodarone HCl, Disopyramide, flecainide acetate,quinidine sulphate.
Anti-malarials: Amodiaquine, chloroquine, chlorproguanil HCl, halofantrine HCl, mefloquine HCl, proguanil HCl, pyrimethamine, quinine sulphate.
Anti-migraine Agents: Dihydroergotamine mesylate,ergotamine tartrate, methysergidemaleate, pizotifen maleate, sumatriptan succinate..
Anti-coagulants: Dicoumarol, dipyridamole, nicoumalone, phenindione.
Anti-diabetics: Acetohexamide, chlorpropamide, glibenclamide,gliclazide, glipizide.
Anti-fungal Agents: Amphotericin, butoconazolenitrate, clotrimazole, econazolenitrate,
Anti-hypertensive Agents: Amlodipine, carvedilol, benidipine, darodipine, dilitazem HCl, diazoxide, felodipine, guanabenz acetate.
Anti-thyroid Agents:Carbimazole, propylthiouracil.
Quantification and Determination Methods: [20-27]
Regarding the determination of valsartan in pharmaceutical dosage forms and biological fluids using various analytical techniques including spectrophotometry. Many UV and second derivative
spectrophotome tric and high-performance liquid chromatographic techniques for the determination of valsartan in pharmaceutical dosage forms have been developed.
Table No. 2: Quantification and Determination Methods
S. No. Sample Column Method Mobile phase
1 Valsartan in human Plasma - LC-MS/MS -
2 Valsartan in tablet dosage form - UV -
3 Valsartan in Pharmaceutical dosage Form Venusil XBP C-18,5μ RP-HPLC 0.1 M Phosphate Buffer:Acetonitrile(20:80
4 Valsartan and its degradation products HIQ sil C18 ODS (250mm X 4.6mm)5μ
RP-HPLC Methanol:water[70:30v/v]pH 7.2
5 Valsartan and its metabolites in human plasma
Atlantis C18(100mm x 3.9mm)3μ
SPE-HPLC-UV Gradient: ACN with 0.025% TFA and 5mM phosphate buffer with 0.025% TFA pH 2.5
6 Valsartan and HCTZ in Tablets Precoated silica gel G
60F254
HPTLC Chloroform:ethyl
acetate:acetic a cid(5:5:0.2v/v)
7 Valsartan and HCTZ in tablet dosage form HIQ sil ODS (250 mmX4.6mm)
Ion pair chromatography
Methanol:0.0025M orthophosphoric acid(70:30) pH 4.6: 0.1%hexane sulphonic acid
8 Valsartan or candesartan in human plasma - Tandem mass
spectroscopy
-
Hypertension:[28]
Hypertension is a very common disorder, parti cularly past middle age.It is not a disease in itself, but is an important risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. The JNC 7*(2003) and WHO -ISH guidelines (2003) have defined it to be 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic, though risk appears to increase even above 120/80 mmHg. Antihypertensive drug therapy has been remarkably improved in last 50 years.
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System: [29]
Activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) occurs in response to the decline in cardiac output in patients with heart failure (HF) or left ventricular dysfunction (LVD). Angiotensin (Ang) II is vasoactive and formed by the conversion of inactive Ang I by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). Further, in addition to its production by the classic RAS, Ang II can also be produced locally in many tissues and synthesized by ACE-independent pathways.
Fig. 1: Diagramatic representation of Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System
Classification of Antihypertensive drugs: [28]
1. Diuretics:
Thiazides : Hydrochlorthiazide,Chlorthalidone, Indapamide.
High ceiling: Furosemide,etc.
K+ Sparing : Spironolactone,Amiloride
2. ACE inhibitors: Captopril, Enalapril, Lisinopril, Ramipril,etc.
3. Angiotensin (AT1 receptor) blockers:
Valsartan,Telmisartan, Candesartan, Irbesartan.
4. Calcium channel blockers: Diltiazem, Verapamil, Nifedipine , Amlodipine, Felodipine, etc.
5. Beta Adrenergic blockers: Propanolol, Metoprolol, Atenolol, etc.
6. Beta + Alpha Adrenergic blockers: Labetalol, Carvedilol
7. Alpha Adrenergic blockers: Prazosin, Terazosin, Phenoxybenzamine, Phentolamine
8. Central sympatholytics: Clonidine, Methyldopa
9. Vasodilators:
Arteriolar : Hydralazine , Minoxidil, Diazoxide Arteriolar+ venous: Sodium nitropusside
The new ARBs –valsartan, candesartan, irbesartan have been shown to be as effective Antihypertensives as ACE inhibitors.Moreover, ARBs are re markably free of side effects. Because they do not increase kinin levels, the ACE inhibitors related cough is not encountered.
Principles of Tablet Granu lation: [31]
There are three general methods of tablet preparation. Direct compression method
Dry granulation method Wet granulation method
factors associated with these processes can seri ously affect content uniformity, bioavailability, or stability.
Table No. 3: Typical Unit Operation involved in Wet Granulation, Dry Granulation and Direct Compression
Wet Granulation Dry Granulation Direct Compression
1. Milling and mixing of drugs and excipients
1. Milling and mixing of drugs and excipients 1. Milling and mixing of drugs and excipients
2. Preparation of binder solution 2. Compression into slugs or roll compaction 2. Compression of tablet
3. Wet massing by addition of binder solution or granulating solvent
3. Milling and screening of slugs and compacted powder
-
4. Screening of wet mass 4. Mixing with lubricant and disintegrant -
5. Drying of the wet granules 5. Compression of tablet -
6. Screening of dry granules - -
7. Blending with lubricant and disintegrant to produce “running powder”
- -
Excipients: [32, 33]
Excipients balance the properties of the actives in Immediate release dosage forms. This demands a thorough understanding of the chemistry of these excipients to prevent interaction with the actives.
Determining the cost of these ingredients is another issue that needs to be addressed by formulators. The role of excipients is important in the formulation o ta blets. These inactive food-grade ingredients, when incorporated in the formulation, impart the desired organoleptic properties and product efficacy.
Fig. 2: Factors affecting selection of excipients
Excipients used in Compaction Method:
Dry granulation is usually described as a method of controlled crushing of precompacted powders densified by either slugging or passing the material between two counter-rotating rolls. More specifically, powdered components that may contain very fine particles are typically mixed prior to being compacted to yield hard slugs which are then ground and sieved before the addition of other ingredients and final compression to form tablets. Be cause substantially no liquids are used in the dry granulation process, the issues related to wet granulation are avoided. Although dry granulation would in many cases appear to be the best way to produce products such as tablets containing APIs, it has been relatively little used because of the challenges in producing the desired kind of granules as well as managing the granulated material in the manufacturing process.
Diluents or Fillers:[30]
Fillers are added to formulation to increase the bulk volume of the active and hence the size of the tablet suitable for handling. Good filler will have good compatibility and flow properties, acceptable taste, will be non-hygroscopic and preferably chemically inert.
E.g: mannitol, lactose, sorbitol, sucrose, and inositol, microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel®), Partial pregelatinised starch.
Binders or Granulating agents: [30]
A material with a high bonding ability can be used as a binder to increase the mechanical strength of the tablet. A binder is usually a ductile material prone to undergo plastic (irreversible) deformation. Typically, binders are polymeric materials, often with disordered solid state structures. A binder is often added to the granulation liquid during wet granulation to improve the cohesiveness and compatibility of the powder particles, which assists formation of agglomera tes or granules. It is commonly accepted that binders added in dissolved form, during a granulation process, is more effe ctive than used in dry powder form during direct compression.
E.g: Starch, gelatin, sucrose, glucose, dextrose and lactose are frequently used as binders. Natural and synthetic gums that have been used include acacia, sodium alginate, ghatti gum, CMC, veegum etc. Starch paste in varying concentration from 10-20% is used as a binder. HPMC, which is more soluble in cold water as compared to hot water, is also used in special cases.
Glidant, antiadherent and lubricant (Antifrictional Agents): [30]
Glidants are added to increase the flowability of the powder mass, reduce interparticular friction and improve powder flow in the hopper shoe and die of the tableting machine. An antiadherent can be added to decrease sticking of the powder to the faces of the punches and the die walls during compaction, and a lubricant is added to decrease friction between powder and die, facilitating ejection of the tablet from the die. The quantity of lubricant significantly varies from 0.1 to 5%. The Properties of excipients
Stability
Hygroscopic
Compatible
Particle size Availability
Cost
Regulatory acceptance
SELECTION OF EXCIPIENTS FOR SOLID ORAL DOSAGE FORMS
Properties of drug
Dose
Solubility/pKa Particle size/shape Melting point/Thermal
stability Flow properties Densities
Manufacturing process requirement
Direct compression Wet granulation Fluid bed granulation Spray drying Extrusion and
spheronization
most commonly used glidants are colloidal silicon dioxide (Cabosil®, Cabot®) and asbestos free talc. They are used in concentration less than 1%. Talc is also used and may serve the dual purpose of lubricant/ glidant.
Disintegrants: [30]
Disintegrating agent: A disintegrant is normally added to facilitate the rupture of bonds and subsequent disintegration of the tablets. This increases the surface area of the drug exposed to the gastrointestinal fluid; incomplete disintegration can result in incomplete absorption or a delay in the onset of action of the drug. There are several types of disintegrants, acting with different mechanisms:
Promotion of the uptake of aqueous liquids by capillary forces,
Swelling in contact with water,
Release of gases when in contact with water and Destruction of the binder by enzymatic action
Starch is a traditional disintegrant; the concentration of starch in a conventional tablet formulation is normally up to 10% w/w. Cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (e.g. Ac-Di-Sol®), which is effective in concentrations of 2-4%, is a commonly used superdisintegrant. Other ingredients like veegum, methyl cellulose, agar, bentonite, cellulose, citrus pulp and CMC are also used. They are mostly added into two portions, one part is added prior to granu lation and the remainder is mixed with the lubricant and finally both are mixed just before the compression.
Miscellaneous: [22]
Wetting agents, Dissolution retardants, Dissolution enhancers, Buffers, Antioxidants, Chelating agents, Preservatives, Colouring agents.
Conventional Technique Used in the preparation Of Immediate Release Tablets:
* Tablet Molding Technique * Direct Compression Technique * Wet Granulation Technique * Mass Extrusion Technique
Tablet Molding: [15]
In this technology, water-soluble ingredients are used so that tablet disintegrate and dissolve rapidly. The powder blend is moistened with a hydro alcoholic solvent and is molded in to tablet using compression pressure lower than used in conventional tablets compression. The solvent is then removed by air-drying. Molded tablets have a porous structure that enhances dissolution. Two problems commonly encountered are mechanical strength and poor taste masking characteristics. Using binding agents such as sucrose, acacia or poly vinyl pyrrolidone can increase the mechanical strength of the tablet. To overcome poor taste masking characteristic Van Scoik incorporated drug containing discrete particles, which were formed by spray congealing a molten mixture of hydrogenated cottonseed oil, sodium bicarbonate, lecithin, polyethylene glycol and active ingredient into a lactose based tablet tri turate form.
Direct Compression Method: [34, 35]
In this method, tablets are compressed directly from the mixture of the drug and excipients without any preliminary treatment. The mixture to be compressed must have adequate flow properties and cohere under pressure thus making pretreatment as wet granulation unnecessary. Few drugs can be directly compressed into tablets of acceptable quality. A type of disintegrant and its proportion are of prime importance.
Wet Granulation Method: [36]
Wet granulation is a process of using a liquid binder to lightly agglomerate the powder mixture. The amount of liquid has to be properly controlled, as over-wetting will cause the granules to be too hard and under-wetting will cause them to be too soft and friable. Aqueous solutions have the advantage of being safer to deal with than solvent-based systems but may not be suitable for drugs which are degraded by hydrolysis.
Mass-Extrusion(Mass-Extrusion): [37]
This technology involves softening the active blend using the solvent mixture of water -soluble polyethylene glycol and methanol and subsequent expulsion of softened mass through the extruder or syringe
to get a cylinder of the product into segments using heated blade to form tablets. The dried cylinder can also be used to coat granules for bitter drugs and thereby achieve taste masking.
Steps involved in tablet processing: [30]
Sizing: The sizing (size reduction, milling, crushing, grinding, pulverization) is an impotent step (unit operation) involved in the tablet manufacturing. The ranges of equipment employed for this process includes Fluid energy mill, Colloidal mill, Ball mill, Hammer mill, Cutting mill, Roller mill, Conical mill, etc.
Fluid Energy Mills:
Tangential Jet
Alpine (Hosokawa) Fluid Energy Aljet Jetpharma Sturtevant Loop/Oval
Fluid Energy Aljet Opposed Jet
Garlock
Cutting Mills:
Alpine (Hosokawa) Fitzpatrick Urschel
Powder Blending: The reorientation of particles relative to one another in order to achieve uniformity.
Operating Principles:
Diffusion Blending (Tumble):
Diffusion Mixers (Tumble): V-blenders
Double Cone Blenders Slant Cone Blenders Cube Blenders Bin Blenders
Horizontal/Vertical/Drum Blenders Static Continuous Blenders Dynamic Continuous Blenders Convection Mixing:
Convection Mixers Ribbon Blenders Orbiting Screw Blenders Planetary Blenders
Horizontal Double Arm Blenders Horizontal High Intensity Mixers Vertical High Intensity Mixers
Diffusion Mixers (Tumble) with Intensifier/Agitator
Pneumatic Mixing:
Granulation: The powder morphology is modified through the use of either a liquid that causes particles to bind through capillary forces or dry compaction forces. The process will result in one or more of the following powder properties: enhanced flow; increased compressibility; densification; alteration of physical appearance to more spherical, uniform, or larger particles; and/or enhanced hydrophilic surface properties.
Operating Principles:
Dry Granulation
Wet High-Shear Granulation Wet Low-Shear Granulation Low-Shear Tumble Granulation Extrusion Granulation Rotary Granulation Fluid Bed Granulation
Drying: Drying is a most important step in the formulation and development of pharmaceutical product.
Operating Principles:
Direct Heating, Static Solids Bed Direct Heating, Moving Solids Bed Direct Heating, Fluidized Solids Bed
Indirect Conduction, Moving Solids Bed Indirect Conduction, Static Solids Bed Indirect Conduction, Lyophilization Gas Stripping
Indirect Radiant, Moving Solids Bed
It is important to keep the residual moisture low enough to prevent product deterioration and ensure free flowing properties. The commonly used dryer includes Fluidized – bed dryer, Vacuum tray dryer, Microwave dryer, Spray dryer, Freeze dryer, Turbo - tray dryer, Pan dryer, etc.
Tablet compression: The divisions of a powder blend in which compression force is applied to form a single unit dose.
Tablet Press:
Tablet press subclasses primarily are distinguished from one another by the method that the powder blend is delivered to the die cavity. Tablet presses can deliver powders without mechanical assistance (gravity), with mechanical assistance (power assisted), by rotational force s (centrifugal)
Gravity
Colton (Vector)
Manesty (Thomas Engineering) Stokes
Power Assisted Colton (Vector) Courtoy (AC Compacting) Fette
Centrifugal Comprima (IMA)
Auxiliary Equipments:
Granulation Feeding Device: In many cases, speed of die table is such that the time of die under feed frame is too short to allow adequate or consistent gravity filling of die with granules, resulting in weight variation and content uniformity. These also seen with poorly flowing granules. To avoid these problems, me chanized feeder can employ to force granules into die cavity.
Tablet weight monitoring devices: High rate of ta blet output with modern press requires continuous tablet weight monitoring with electronic monitoring devices like Thomas Tablet Sentinel, Pharmakontroll and Killan control System-MC. They monitors force at each compression station by starin gage technology which is then correlated with tablet weight.
Tablet Deduster: In almost all cases, tablets coming out of a tablet machine bear excess powder on its surface and are run through the tablet deduster to re move that ex cess powder.
Fette machine: Fette machine is device that chills the compressi on components to allow the compression of low melting point substance such as waxes and thereby making it possible to compress product with low meting points.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
Author wish to acknowledge Prof. (Dr.) Anil Kumar Sharma, Director, for his valuable suggestions, necessary help and support, and Drug Information centre of CT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jalandhar, Punjab, India for providing literature facilities preparation of this review article during this work.
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