Nanocomputer
&
Architecture
Yingjie Wei Yingjie Wei
Department of Computer Science
Western Michigan University
Febrary 4th, 2004
CS 603 - Dr. Elise deDonckor
Contents Contents
Overview of Nanotechnology Overview of Nanotechnology
Concept of Nanocomputer Concept of Nanocomputer
Future of Future of Nanocomputer Nanocomputer types types
Achievement in Electronic - Achievement in Electronic - Nanocomputer Nanocomputer
Architecture of Electronic - Architecture of Electronic - Nanocomputer Nanocomputer
Conclusion Conclusion
Question Question
Nanocomputer
Nanocomputer Architecture Architecture
micrometer
Nanometer =1/1,000,000,000 meter
1.74 meter
millimeter
nanometer
Overview of
Overview of Nanotechnology Nanotechnology
What is Nanotechnology?
“Capability to manipulate, control, assemble, produce and manufacture things at atomic precision”
Overview of
Overview of Nanotechnology Nanotechnology
Quantum corral.Using a tool known as a scanning tunneling microscope(STM), the wave nature of electrons becomes visible to the naked eye. Here, the electrons are confined by a ring of 48 irons atoms individually positioned with the same STM used to image them.
The Nobel Prize Winner’s Point of View
“Nanotechnology has given us the tools to play with the ultimate toy box of nature – atoms and molecules, Everything is made from it. The possibilities to create new things appear limitless.”
Horst Stormer (Nobel Prize in Physics 1998) Columbia University
Overview of
Overview of Nanotechnology Nanotechnology
A computer with circuitry so small that it can only A computer with circuitry so small that it can only be seen through a microscope.
be seen through a microscope.
Nanocomputers
Nanocomputers deal with materials at a molecular deal with materials at a molecular level and hold the promise of creating increasingly level and hold the promise of creating increasingly smaller and faster computers.
smaller and faster computers.
In the computer industry, the ability to shrink the In the computer industry, the ability to shrink the size of transistors on silicon microprocessors will size of transistors on silicon microprocessors will soon reach it’s limits of speed and miniaturization.
soon reach it’s limits of speed and miniaturization.
Concept of
Concept of Nanocomputer Nanocomputer
Mechanical
Mechanical Nanocomputer Nanocomputer Electronic
Electronic Nanocomputer Nanocomputer Chemical / Biochemical
Chemical / Biochemical Nanocomputer Nanocomputer Quantum Computer
Quantum Computer
Future of
Future of Nanocomputer Nanocomputer Types Types
Mechanical Nanocomputer
The first mechanical computer was designed by The first mechanical computer was designed by charles Babbage charles Babbage (Cambridge University) in 1837 called “Difference Engine No.1”
(Cambridge University) in 1837 called “Difference Engine No.1”
K.Eric K.Eric Drexler Drexler proposed a design of mechanical proposed a design of mechanical nanocomputer nanocomputer based on rods and gears made of molecules in 1988.
based on rods and gears made of molecules in 1988.
Future of
Future of Nanocomputer Nanocomputer Types Types
Picture from Acc.Chem.Res Picture from Acc.Chem.Res 34(2001) 44534(2001) 445
Electronic Nanocomputer
Continue a miniaturization of current electronic computer.
Continue a miniaturization of current electronic computer.
Elementary components are based on soft materials, i.e. organic Elementary components are based on soft materials, i.e. organic molecules,
molecules,semiconductingsemiconductingpolymers or carbon polymers or carbon nanotubesnanotubes, , instead of inorganic solid
instead of inorganic solid--state materials.state materials.
Use only 1 or few electrons instead of billion electrons.
Use only 1 or few electrons instead of billion electrons.
Use “self assembly” or other patterning techniques instead of Use “self assembly” or other patterning techniques instead of photolithography.
photolithography.
Future of
Future of Nanocomputer Nanocomputer Types Types
Chemical Nanocomputer
Computing is based on chemical reactions (bond breaking and Computing is based on chemical reactions (bond breaking and forming)
forming)
Inputs are encoded in the molecular structure of the reactants a Inputs are encoded in the molecular structure of the reactants and nd outputs can be extracted from the structure of the products outputs can be extracted from the structure of the products Dr. Leonard
Dr. LeonardAdleman Adleman proposed “DNA computing” in 1994. proposed “DNA computing” in 1994.
demonstrated that DNA
demonstrated that DNA ----the spiraling molecule that holds life's the spiraling molecule that holds life's genetic code
genetic code ----could be used to carry out computations. could be used to carry out computations.
Future of
Future of Nanocomputer Nanocomputer Types Types
Picture from http://www.Picture from http://www.englibenglib..cornellcornell..eduedu//scitechscitech/w96/DNA.html/w96/DNA.html
Quantum Nanocomputer
Based on proposals by Bennett, Deutsch and
Based on proposals by Bennett, Deutsch and Feynman Feynman in 1980s.in 1980s.
Use quantum bit (
Use quantum bit (qubitqubit) from the physical properties of materials, ) from the physical properties of materials, i.e. spin state, polarization.
i.e. spin state, polarization.
Parallelism in Nature.
Parallelism in Nature.
Future of
Future of Nanocomputer Nanocomputer Types Types
The HP
The HP--UCLA has developed technology which will enable it UCLA has developed technology which will enable it to build complex molecular
to build complex molecular--scale chips simply and scale chips simply and inexpensively.
inexpensively.
Researchers from HP
Researchers from HP--UCLA team has demonstratedUCLA team has demonstrated a working logic gate composed of a single layer of a working logic gate composed of a single layer of molecules suspended between wires.
molecules suspended between wires.
A logic gate is the most basic element of a computer A logic gate is the most basic element of a computer..
Achievement in Electronic
Achievement in Electronic- -Nanocomputer Nanocomputer
Problems of Electronic devices
Scaling limits of CMOS Scaling limits of CMOS
-- Defect and reliability limits.Defect and reliability limits.
-- Wiring delay.Wiring delay.
Heat dissipation will ultimately limit any logic device using an Heat dissipation will ultimately limit any logic device using an electronic charge
electronic charge Physical problems Physical problems
--leakageleakage
--shreshold voltage controlshreshold voltage control -
-tunnellingtunnelling -
-high interconnect resistance etc.high interconnect resistance etc.
Architecture of Electronic
Architecture of Electronic- -Nanocomputer Nanocomputer
Computer Emerging Research Architecture
3D integration 3D integration
Quantum cellular automata Quantum cellular automata Defect-tolerant
Molecular Molecular
Cellular nonlinear networks Cellular nonlinear networks Quantum computing Quantum computing
Architecture of Electronic
Architecture of Electronic- -Nanocomputer Nanocomputer
3D integration 3D integration
Demonstration Heat removal;
No design tools;
Difficult test and measurement Less interconnect
delay;
Enables mixed technology solutions CMOS with
dissimilar material systems
Maturity Challenges
Advantages Implementation
Architecture of Electronic
Architecture of Electronic- -Nanocomputer Nanocomputer
The integration of semiconductor devices in 3D arrays.It is driv
The integration of semiconductor devices in 3D arrays.It is driven from two en from two distinct directions:
distinct directions:
Integrate dissimilar technologies on a common platform to deliveIntegrate dissimilar technologies on a common platform to deliver an r an optimum information processing solution.
optimum information processing solution.
Reduce global interconnect delays to maximize system performanceReduce global interconnect delays to maximize system performance. The . The most promising application of 3D integration appears to be combi most promising application of 3D integration appears to be combiningning memory with microprocessors.
memory with microprocessors.
Quantum cellular automata Quantum cellular automata
Demonstration Limited fan out;
Dimensional control (low-temperature operation);
Sensitive to background charge High functional
density;
No interconnects in signal path Arrays of
quantum dots
Maturity Challenges
Advantages Implementation
Architecture of Electronic
Architecture of Electronic- -Nanocomputer Nanocomputer
In the QCA paradigm, a locally interconnected architecture consists of aregular array of cells containing several quantum dots.
Electrostatic interactions, not wires, provide the coupling between the cells.
Defect
Defect- -tolerant tolerant
Demonstration Requires
precomputing testing Supports hardware
with defect densities > 50 percent Intelligently
assembles nanodevices
Maturity Challenges
Advantages Implementation
Architecture of Electronic
Architecture of Electronic- -Nanocomputer Nanocomputer
All nanocomputer All nanocomputer will contain faulty components. Defect/fault tolerance will contain faulty components. Defect/fault tolerance supporting the ability to detect and avoid defects at both
supporting the ability to detect and avoid defects at both the the commissioning/configuration stage and at run
commissioning/configuration stage and at run--time. time.
The general idea behind defectThe general idea behind defect--tolerant architectures is conceptually thetolerant architectures is conceptually the opposite: Designers fabricate a generic set of wires and sw
opposite: Designers fabricate a generic set of wires and switches, then itches, then they configure the resources by setting switches that link
they configure the resources by setting switches that link them together them together to obtain the desired functionality
to obtain the desired functionality
Molecular Molecular
Concept Limited
functionality Supports memory-
based computing Molecular
switches and memories
Maturity Challenges
Advantages Implementation
Architecture of Electronic
Architecture of Electronic- -Nanocomputer Nanocomputer
Cellular nonlinear networks Cellular nonlinear networks
Demonstration Subject to
background noise;
Tight tolerances Supports memory-
based computing Single –electron
array architectures
Maturity Challenges
Advantages Implementation
Architecture of Electronic
Architecture of Electronic- -Nanocomputer Nanocomputer
Quantum computing Quantum computing
Concept Extreme
application limitation;
extreme technology Exponential
performance scaling, but can break current cryptography MMR devices,
single – flux quantum devices
Maturity Challenges
Advantages Implementation
Architecture of Electronic
Architecture of Electronic- -Nanocomputer Nanocomputer
The core idea is that each individual component of an infinite superposition of wave functions is manipulated in parallel, thereby achieving a massive speedup relative to conventional computers. The challenge is to manipulate the wave functions so that they perform a useful function and then to find a way to read the result of the calculation.
21
Conclusion Conclusion
Advance in Nanoelectronics Advance in
Nanotechnology
Advance in Computer
As we move to nanotechnology, one of the challenges we face is the integration of hard stuff that is very precise and well defined with stuff that's soft, wet, squishy, and subject to fault tolerance and large variations in capabilities.
CMOS will continue to scale for another 12 to 15 years.
Reference Reference
http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=563950&dl=ACM&coll=GUIDE http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=563950&dl=ACM&coll=GUIDE http://www.computer.org/computer/homepage/0803/bourianoff/#refs http://phys.
http://phys.columbiacolumbia..eduedu/faculty//faculty/stormerstormer..htmhtm http://www.
http://www.aeiveosaeiveos.com/~.com/~bradburybradbury/Authors/Engineering//Authors/Engineering/DrexlerDrexler-- KE/
KE/RLaTNitMNRLaTNitMN.html.html http://www.
http://www.webopediawebopedia.com/TERM/N/.com/TERM/N/nanocomputernanocomputer.html.html http://www.
http://www.itworlditworld.com/Tech/3494/IDG020124nanochip/.com/Tech/3494/IDG020124nanochip/
http://www.
http://www.cscs..caltechcaltech..eduedu/~/~westsidewestside/quantum/quantum--intro.htmlintro.html
Question Question
?
? What is What is NanocomputerNanocomputer
?
? How many type in future computerHow many type in future computer
?
? CMOS has what kind of limitationCMOS has what kind of limitation
?
? What are the emerging computer architectureWhat are the emerging computer architecture
