Technology acceptance
January 1, 2014 (16)
Technology acceptance depends on multiple factors
James L. Fozard, Ph.D.
Visiting Professor NanKai University of Technology
Courtesy Full Professor, School of Aging Studies
University of South Florida Tampa, FL 33260 USA
Research Associate, JA Haley Veterans Hospital
Readings
Handhelds of Tomorrow. Claire Tristram,
Topics: Technology acceptance is
core of gerontechnology
•
Lecture is mostly review and integration of
material presented in earlier presentations
•
Technology acceptance is influenced by many
factors
– age—sensory, motor limitations
– birth cohort—when and where you you were born – design and context for use—are pilotless vehicles
and airplanes riskier than roller coaster ride at amusement park?
– mandatory vs optional use—must I use
Topics: Technology acceptance is
core of gerontechnology
•
Lecture is mostly review and integration of
material presented in earlier presentations
•
Technology acceptance is influenced by many
factors
•
Education and technology acceptance
– European-USA consortium
Technology Acceptance –More than just
Technology Acceptance –More than just
age and birth cohort
age and birth cohort
Slide courtesy of JEMH van Bronswijk,
Eindhoven University of Technology 6
See: H. Bouma et al. 2007. Gerontechnology in perspective. Gerontechnology 6(4):190-216 Social norms & habits Cognitive appraisal of effectiveness Perceived usefulness Perceived ease of use
Behavioural
Gerontechnology Supported Quality of Life over the Lifespan Adapted from: Fozard and Wahl, Gerontechnology, 2012,11,10-21, Fig. 2
Chronologicl Age Effects
Sensory and Motor Functioning
Speed, accuracy, reliability
Cognitive Performance
Memory, attention
Personality and Self
Motivation and Emotion
Birth Cohort Effects
Unspecific Cohort Effects
Increased longevity
Specific Cohort Effects
Wars, Environmental change
Technology-related Cohort Effects
Communication, mobility Major Areas of Application
Health and Self-esteem
Housing and Daily Living
Mobility and Transport
Communication and Governance
Work and Leisure
THE TWO FACES OF AGE--A Comprehensive View of the interaction of chronological age (how old you are)
and birth cohort (when you were born)
HL Changes in 424 men with Initial
Ages from 30s to 70s
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
FL Gerontological Research & Training
Services 9
Visual acuity
measured by letter or Landolt Ring
increases as much as 80% with luminance and brings oldest group almost to level of youngest at lower luminance levels.
Data from Research Institute of Human Engineering for Quality Life, Osaka Japan, 1999.
Physical frailty related to earlier
mortality in Chinese longitudinal study
•
Development of physical frailty was studied in
two groups of participants in the Beijing
Longitudinal study of Aging:
– 1039 men and women 55+ at baseline – 2218 men and women 65+ at baseline
•
An index of frailty constructed from 35 medical,
cognitive an functional abilities was related to
mortality over 5 years.
•
Higher levels of estimated frailty was associated
with higher levels of mortality
Secular changes in the Domains of Application and Goals of Gerontechnology, 1990-2015
Table constructed from Bouma H, Fozard, J. L. & van Bronswijk, J. E. M. H. (2009). Gerontechnology as a field of endeavour. Gerontechnology, 8(2), 68-75.
Transportation and 21st Century
technology—are you ready?
•
Automatic Auto: A Car That Drives Itself
– Audi is sending a robotic version of its TTS sports
car to navigate to the top of Pikes Peak only guided by computers and GPS
Source: Susan Kuchinskas ,Scientific American, August 12, 2010
•
Google has been a major contributor to the
software development
•
California and Nevada issue licenses to
‘operate’ automatic automobiles
Demographic bases for developing
gerontechnology in China
• Since 2000, the rate of aging population in China has
increased more than any country in the world
– 2010: 166 million persons over 60, 12.3% – 2050: 440 million persons over 60, 37%
• Increase in percentage of older Chinese 2005-2010:
– Over 60: 17.1% – Over 70: 15.4% – Over 80: 25.4%
• By 2050, twice as many women as men over 80
Current uses of gerontechnology
in China
• Technologies exist and are used by some Chinese in all
domains of gerontechnology
– Housing and daily living—safety, security, pleasure – Communication—mobile phones, internet
– Mobility/transport—mobility aids
– Health technology—home healthcare
– Education and recreation---camera, TV, computer games
• Limitations in use of Internet still lower (2% by 60+ in
2010 vs 50% by 65+ in 2007 in Japan)
Cohort Effects in technology
acceptance in China
• Non specific cohort effects:
– Greater longevity: 40.8 years to 73 years between
1950-55 and 2005-10
• Specific cohort effects:
– Drop in fertility rate from 6.8 to 1.8 children due to child
restriction law
• Technology specific cohort effects:
– Illiteracy in 2005: 42.4% no education; 37.6% first 6 primary
years; 12.2% secondary education; 7.8 % beyond high school
– Poor access to technology
Summary of age and cohort effects
in China
•
The calendar age effects related to technology
use and acceptance in China are similar to
those observed worldwide:
– Examples--vision, hearing, physical frailty
•
The cohort effects are relatively more complex
than in many other advanced countries:
– Examples—education levels, access to technology,
Design and context for use and
technology acceptance
“Most good products are designed around the person, not the technology,” says Donald A. Norman, principal at Fremont, CA-based Nielsen Norman Group and author of The Invisible Computer, a manifesto for replacing
“technology-centered” products with “human-centered” ones.
“It’s not a case of people saying, Gee, look at this neat technology.’ It’s a case of people saying, Gee, look at what this thing can do for me.’”
The most important feature of
gerontechnology is to….
•
Determine the goal of the
proposed technology before
designing it
•
The “real” need for a
Design and context for useand
technology acceptance
Norman’s partner in the Nielsen Norman Group has just finished giving a conference on user interface design. But what Nielsen believes to be the most important presentation-how to conduct field studies on human behavior-was presented to rows of empty seats.
Design and context for use and
technology acceptance
The first gizmo, the one designers are focusing most of their
attention on today, is our preferred communications device, the one that keeps us in touch. The second is our content-rich device, which allows us to carry our entertainment and even our
computing power along with us.
Neither function is particularly well served by existing products: cell phone and personal digital assistant screens are too ridiculously
small, and laptops are too bulky and fragile. In other words, there is plenty of room for improvement based on human-factors
principles.
Context and technology
acceptance
Such a device would have as large a display as possible and eschew voice commands and pen-based computing for a simple qwerty keyboard. It would also include
Mandatory or optional use
influences technology acceptance
•
Mandatory use--acceptance of technology
– Required in increasing number of jobs – Required of consumers in business
• ATM machines, automated telephone and webssite
interactions
• Smart communication devices
•
Optional use--acceptance of technology
Consequences and solutions for
technology assessment
•
Consequences
– wasted technology, safety problems, short use of
technological device
•
Solutions
– Know the potential user
• Demographics
• Surveys, interviews, focus groups
– Involve the user in the development and
Involve older user in development of
technology
•
Older users should be involved in
development, dispersal and distribution of
technology targeted toward their needs
– Determine usefulness of proposed technology – Proper design of user interface
– Determine potential market for technology – Create advocacy for technology
• Medical and environmental technology have expert
Four goals for technological interventions
for aged and aging people
• Prevention and engagement—technology that delays or prevents
age-associated physiological and behavioral changes that restrict human functioning, e.g., accidents lifestyle and environmental factors
contributing to allergies, depression and other modifiable conditions
• Compensation and assistance—technology that compensates for
age-associated losses in strength and perceptual-motor functioning—the most frequent use
• Care support and organization—technology
– used by caregivers of elderly persons with disabilities, e.g., devices that lift
and move physically disabled persons,
– machines that administer and monitor the use of medications and
– equipment that provides information about physiological functioning to remote location
• Enhancement and Satisfaction
– Improve quality of life at all three levels
• The 4 goals are the same for all 5 domains-health, housing, etc.
p.154
Making technology easier/safer to use by
people of different ages and generations
•
Gerontechnology 101
•
Involve user in designing
Technology acceptance and jobs for
students of gerontechnology
•
Whether you are engineer, product designer
or business person starting a company, you
need to be heavily involved in technology
acceptance
•
A European based international group has
started planning some future training
European-USA partnership
• ROC ASA Utrecht, The Netherlands,
– PI, Gerad Meulenberg
– Board representative Mieke Hollander
• HU- UAS, Utrecht The Netherlands
– PI, Helianthe Kort
– Board Representative Hans Hoving
• US DEP VA, Tampa, Florida
– PI Bill Kearns
– Board Representative
• Electronic Arts, Inc, ???.???/
– PI
– Board Representatieve
• Co investigators at HU: Elly de Bruin; Harry van Vliet
Rationale
• Female in technology / engineering profession less <
10%
• Increase of the demand for Construction workers;
installers; engineers
• More technology use in Health care ( Tele health / Tele
medicine / Tele care / Monitoring systems.
• Improve connection to the labor market
• Decrease dropping out of school
• Gaming possesses the potential to redefine
Goals
•
Stimulate interest and skills of females in
technology in order to enhance the contribution
of female workers in professional engineering.
•
In addition, enhance technology skills of female,
so they understands and knows how to operate
new (introduce) technology in healthcare
•
Create incentive for young men to have a positive
experience in technology for care and care giving
Results in a better connection to the labor
market
Qualitative Goals
•
Through Gaming :
– Teachers experience more fun in given instruction – Integrated instruction (mathematic; science;
technology) is facilitated
•
Young women gain skills in:
– analytical thinking, team building, multitasking, and
problem-solving skills, create good spatial orientation, enhanced psychomotor coordination and relieving of stress (i.e. sports and dynamic games), and think and reason logically (i.e. puzzles and question type games)
•
Skill sets are developed that prospective
Quantitative Goals
•
30% more women will choose a technology or
engineering orientated profession.
•
60% of the women have a better understanding
of the technology used in modern Health care.
•
40% of the men have a better understanding
about care and care giving.
•
At least 80% of the teachers directly involved in
the project will experience more fun during
instruction
Innovative methods help achieve
goals
•
The use of gaming as a learning tool that
attracts and motivates students at all levels of
education
(Rosas et al., 2003).•
Gaming is a valuable tool for instruction
(Clark &Ernst, Journal of STEM eduaction vol 10 issue 1& 2 Januray / June 2009)
• 94% of computer gamers are under 18 and 40% are women
•
Gaming in education is a way to captivate
Innovative methods help achieve
goals
•
Young persons learn to interact with frail older
adults
•
With gaming young persons learn to practice
care giving task
•
Young persons experience future rolls in
society
•
Young girls will learn their potential for
Overall goals
•
More diversity in teaching tools in Care/
welfare and Technology professional education
will
•
Possibility for learning and training out side
Dissemination
•
Many of the goals and methods for teaching
gerontechnology being developed by the
European-USA consortium are applicable to
training at NKUT
•
NKUT has the first university level educational
