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eg
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s aIV
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K N O
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F A B B R E V IA T IO
N
S
ix
I
.IN
T R
O
D
U C T IO
N
1
O
b
j
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xp
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6
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s9
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a cto r s eff
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P A H b io
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1 7
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s2 2
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P A H
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III
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O
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A N D M A T E R IA L
S
3 3
C
h
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ls
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3 3
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a ct
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3 4
M
ed ia
3 6
P A H
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ni
q
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E
n um
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f
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p
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3 7
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sm
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4 7
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5 5
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6 2
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6 3
A
p p
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p p
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e ct
h
um
a nh
e al
t h
a nd
t h
e e n vi
r o nm
e nt i
nt h
e e v e nt t
ha
t t h
e r e sp
o n si
b
l
ep
a rt i
e sd
o n ot t
ak
et i m
el
y
, ade
q
u at
eac
t i
on .L
a st l
y
,C E R C L
A
e st
ab l i
sh
ed
aH
a za rd
o u sS
ub
st
a n c e sR
e sp
o n s eT
r u st F
u nd
(
S
up
e rf
u nd
)
t
o c o v e rt h
e c o st
s of
e nf
o r c em
e nt
and
cl
e a n up
a ct i
vit i
e s .I
n1 9 8 9
, ei
g
h t
s
t
rat
eg i
cg
o al
s of
t
h
eS
up
e rf
u nd p
r og
r am w
e r ed
ef
i
n ed
(
U S E PA
,1 9
9
1
)
:O
n e of
t h
e s eg
o al
s,t
od
e v el
op
a nd
u s e n ew t
e ch
n ol
og
i
es,i
sbe
i
ng
add
r e ss ed
in
t h
eb
i
o r em
ed
i
at i
o n of
p
ol
y
cy
cl i
c a r om
at i
chy d
r o c a rbo n s
(
P A H
s)
.P
oiy
cy
cli
c a r om
at i
ch y d
r o c a rb
o n s a r e o n eg
r o up
of
ch
em i
c al
sw h i
ch
r e a ch
o u rc
h
em i
c als
h
a sle
d t
o s oi l
a nd
g
r o u nd w
at
e r c o nt
am i
n ati
o n.O
i l
sp i ll
s,le a
k in
g
u n
d
e rg
r o u nd
sto r a
g
et
a nk
s,w
o od t
r e atm
e nt f
a ci li t ie s
, a nd
al m
o st
all
c om b
u stio n
p
r o c e s s e s c o nt
rib
ut
et
oP A H
co nt
am i
nat io n
.S
in c e
s om
eP A H
sh
a v eb
e e nf
o u nd
tob
et
o xic
,m
utag
e nic
, a nd /
o r c a r cin o
g
e nic
(
C
e r ni
g
li
a a nd H
ei tk
am
p
,1 9 8 9
)
,t
h
eir
p
res e n c ei
nt
h
e e n vi
ronm
e nt is
of
g
r e at
co nce r n.B i
o r em
ed i
at i
o nis
t h
e u s e of m i
c r o o rg
a ni
sm
st
o r em
o v et
o xic
s ub
st
a n c e sf
r om
t h
e e n vi
r o nm
e nt
.B i
ol
og
i
c al
r em
ed ia
ti
o n of
s oi ls
a nd
g
r o u nd w
at
e r c o nt
am i
n at
ed w it h
P A
H
sis
a n alt
er n at i
v et
r e at m
e nt t
ech
n ol
og
y t h
at
c a n oft
e nm
e et t h
eE P A
g
o al
of
a c
h i
e vi
ng
ap
e rm
a n e nt
cle a n
-up
r em
ed y
at
h
a z a rd
o u sw
ast
e si te s
.C
u r r e nt l
y
,
5 5
sit
e sc o n
t
am in a
t
ed
w i t h w
o od
p
r e s e r vi
ng
w
a ste s
o r ot h
e rP A H
c o nt
ai
nin
g
w
a st
e s a r eb
ei
ng
t
r e at
ed by b
io r e
m
ed
i
at io n
(
U S E
P
A
,1 9 9 3
)
.In
o rd
e rf
o rbi
o r em
ed i
at
i
o nt
ob
e a via
b
le
a
lt
e r n at iv e
i
nt h
e cl
e a n-u
p
of h
a z a rd
o u sw
a st
e s ,i
nf
o rm
at io n
m
u st b
eg
at h
e r ed
at
e a ch
i
nd
iv
i
d
u al
si
te
ab
o ut t h
e e xt
e nt
a nd
t
y p
e of
c o nt
am in a
t io n
,t h
e o rg
a ni
sm
sp
r e s e nt
at
t h
e sit
e, a nd
t
h
ei
r cap
ab
i l it
y
t
od
eg
r ad
et h
e c om
p
o u nd
s of
i
nt
e r e st
.T
h
efi
el
d
s of
g
e n et
i
c e ng i
n e e rin
g
a nd
m
ol
e c ul
a rb io
l
og
y
a r e at t h
ef
o r efr o n
t
of
b
io r e
m
ed i
at i
o nt
e ch
n ol
og
y
.T h
r o ug
h t h
em
a ni
p
ul
at io n
of
c ell
ula r
D N A
,g
e n et ic a
ll
y
e n
g
i
n e e r ed
m ic r o
org
a ni
sm
s(
G
E M
s)
c a nb
ed
e v el
op
ed w h i
ch w i ll
s ele c
t iv e
l
y d
eg
r ad
eo r
g
a ni
c c om
p
o u nd
s.H
ow
e v er,t
h
e r el
eas e of G EM
si
nt
ot
h
e e n vir o n
m
e nt
is
ah
ot ly
d
eb
at
ed
t
opi
c a nd
c u rrent l
y G E
M
s a r e u s ed
o nly
in c
l
o sed
t
r eat m
e nt
r e a ct
or sy
st
em
s .A
n ot h
e r a r e aw
h
e r em
ole c u
la r
b i
ol
og
y i
sh
a vi
ng
ag
r e at i m p
a ct is
i
nt
h
ed
e v elo
p
m
e nt
o
f
a s s ay
sf
o rt h
ed
et
e ct i
o n of i
nd
i
g
e n o u sm i
c r oorg
a nis
m
sp
o s s e s si
ng
sp
e cif
ic
3
o r
g
a ni
sm
, a nd h
a v et
h
ep
ot
e nt i
al t
ob
em
o r e sp
e cif
i
c a nd
m
o r e s e n sit
i
v et h
a nt
r ad it i
o n al
m
et h
od
s(
F l
em i
ng
et
al.
,1 9 9 3 ; F
og h t
a nd
W
e st l
ak
e,1 9 9 1
;K i
ng
et
al.
,1 9 9 0
)
.O
f t
e n, th
e e n zy m
e si
n v ol
v ed i
n th
ef i
r st st
ep
s of m
et
ab
ol i
cd
eg
r ad
at i
o nh
a v e ab
r o ad
sp
e ci fi
cit
y
a nd
a r e c ap
ab
l
e of
u si
ng
m
o r et h
a n o n e com
p
o u nd
a st h
ei
r s ub
st
r at
e(
H
a r ay
am
a ,1 9 9 2
)
.S
om
eti m
e st h
e s e e n zy
m
e s a r ei
nt
eg
rat
ed i
nt
ot h
e ch
r om
o s om
e,b
ut
of t
e nt h
e s e e n zy
m
e s a r e ca r ri
ed
o np
l
a sm i d
s, a si
st h
e c a s ew it h t
h
eN A
H
7
p
l
a sm i
d
.T h
eN A
H
7
p
l
a sm id
h
a sb
e e nw
el l
ch
a r a ct
e ri
z ed
a nd
i
sk
n ow
nt
o c od
ef
o rt h
ee n z
y m
e s r e sp
o n si b l
ef
o rt h
ed
eg
r ad
at i
o n of
n ap
h t h
al
e n e, at w
o ri
ng
P A H
.L it t l
ei
sk
n ow
n ab
o ut t h
eg
e n et i
c s of d
eg
r ad
at i
o nf
o rt h
eh i
g
h
e rm
ol
e c ul
a rw
ei
g
h t P A H
s .S
i
n c em
a ny
P A
H
s a r e si m i l
a ri
n st
r u ct
u r e a nd
h
a v e si m
il
a ri
nt
e rm
edi
at
esi
nt
h
ei
rb i
od
eg
r ed
at i
o np
at h w
ay
s, s om
e of t h
e e n zy
m
e si
n vol
v ed i
nt h
ei
rd
eg
rad
at i
o nm
ay
al
s ob
e si m i l
ar.B
a u e r a nd
C
ap
o n e(
1 9 8 8
)
h
a v ed
em
o n st
r at
ed
t h
at i
ndi
vi
d
u al
o rg
a ni
sm
sa r e o
ft
e n c ap
ab
l
e of d
eg
r ad i
ng
m
ult i
p
l
eP A H
s.I
nt
hi
s st
ud
y
,h
y b
rid i
z at i
o nt
e ch
ni
q
u e sw
e r ed
e v el
op
ed
u si
ng
ap
o rt i
o n of
t h
eN
A
H 7
p
la s
m i
d
a s ap
rob
ei
n a n att
em
p
t t
o e n um
e r at
et h
e n um
b
er of P A H
d
eg
r ad
i
ng
o r
g
a ni
sm
sp
r e se nt i
n a s oi l
s am
pl
e.I
s ol
at
ed
P A H d
eg
r ad i
ng
st
r ai
n s a nd m i
x ed
c u
lt
u r e sw
e r e al
s o e x am i
n ed
f
o rt h
ep
r e s e n c e of N A H
7
h
om
ol
og
o u sD N A
.O b j
e ct i
v e sT h
e ob
j
e ct i
v e s of t h i
s r e s e a r ch w
e r e :(
a)
t
od
e v el
op
a n u cl
ei
c a ci d
p
r ob
e u si
ng
a(
b
)
to
d
et
e rm in e
if
c ult
u r e s e n ri
ch
ed fo r
p
h
e n a nt h
r e n ed
eg
r ad in
g
o rg
a nis
m
sh
a v e ah i
g
h
e ri
n st
a n c e of N A H 7 h
om
olo
g
o u sD
N A
,(
c)
t
od
ete r
m in e
if
a c om m
u ni
ty
of P A H
d
eg
r ad
i
ng
o rg
a nis
m
s c a nb
e e n um
e r at
ed
u sin
g
aN A H
7
g
e n ep
r ob
e , a nd w h
et h
e r o rn ot t
h
e s ed
at
a c o r r ela
t
ew it h d
at
a ob
tain e
d f
r om t
r ad it io n a
l m
et h
od
s,(
d
)
t
o e x am i
n ep
h
e nant h
r e n ed
eg
r ad in
g i
s ola
t
e s a nd
e n rich m
e nt
c ult
u re sfo r
t
he
p
r e sen c e of
N
A
H 7
h
om
olo
g
o u sD N A
.E
x p e rim
e nt
al d
e si
g nI
n orde rt
o e x am i
n et
he
sp
e cif ic
it
y
of t h
eN A H 7
p
r ob
ein
m ix e
d
c ult
u r e s , s oi l
sc o n
t
am i
n at
ed
w it
h
P A
H
sw
e r e c ult
u r ed
o nm in
i
m
al
s alt
sm
edi
aw h ic
h
c o nt
ain e
d
eit
h
e rp h
e n a nt
h
r e ne o r nap
h t
ha
l
e ne a s a s ole
c a rb
o n s o u r c e.T
he
p
e r c e nta
g
e of
N
A
H
7
h
om
olo
g
o u s o rg
a nis
m
sw
a sm
o nit
o r ed
u sin
g
a c olo n
y
h y b
rid
iz a
t i
o n a s s ay
.If t h
eN A H 7
p
r ob
eis
cap
ab
l
e of
d
ete c
t i
ng
b
ot h
n ap
h t
h
ale n e
a nd p
h
e n a nt h
r e n ed
eg
r ade r
s ,t
h
e nt h
ep
e r c e nt
ag
e of
o rg
a nis
m
sw h ic
h
r e a ct w it h t h
ep
r ob
e sh
o uld
i
n c r e a s ef
o rb
ot h
e n r
ic
hm
e nt
c ult
u r e s.If
n ap
h t h
ale n e
a nd p
h
e n a nt h
r e n ed
eg
r adin
g
o rg
a ni
sm
s a r es e
le c
t
ed
ag
ai
n st
in n u
t
rie n
t
ri
ch
m
ed i
at
h
eir n u
m
be r s
sho u
ld
r em
ai
nt
h
e s am
e o rd
e cli
n e o v e rt i m
e .C
o nta
m in a
t
ed
a nd
u n c o nt
am i
n at
ed
s oi l
sw
e r ep
r ob
ed
f
o rp
h
e n a nt
h
r e n ede
g
r ad
in
g
o r
g
a nis
m
sw it h
th
e c ol
o ny h y b
ri d i
z atio n a s s a
y
.T h
e n um b
e r of p h
e n a nt h
r e n ede
g
r ad
e r sp
e rg
r am
of
s oil
w
as cal
cul
at
ed
a nd
com
p
ar ed
t
oM P N de
t
e rm
i
nat
io n s
.A
w
ell
e st
ab lis
he
d p h
e n a nt
h
rene e nric
h
m
e nt
c ult
u r ew
as u s ed
t
oi
n o c ul
at
e a5
e n ric
h m
e nt
c ult
ur e a nd t h
e o ri
g
in a
l
p
h
e n a nth
r e n e e n rich m
e nt
c ult
u r ew
e r ep
r ob
ed w it h
t
h
eN A H
7
D
N
A
f
r ag
m
e nt i
n a c olo n
y hy b
ridi
z at
io n
as s ay
.B
a cte r
ia
l is
ola
t
e sw h ic
h w
e r ek
n ow
nt
og
r ow
o np h
e n a nt h
r e n e a s a s ole
c a rb
o ns o u r c e
w
e r eg
r ow
n o n ag
a r c o ntain
i
ng p
h
e n a nt h
r e n e.C
el lu
la r
D N A f
r om t h
e s e st
r ain s
w
ash
y b
ri
d
iz e
d
w it h t
he
N A H 7
p
r ob
e.T
h
eh
y b
rid
iz a
t io n
w
a s r e c o rd
ed
a sp l
u s o rm in u s
a nd
t h is
d
at
aw
a s c om
p
a r ed t
ot h
ek
n ow
n s ubs
t
rat
e ut i l iz a
t io n
r a ng
e of t h
eS
o u r c e s,t
r a n spo rt
, a nd
f
at
e of P A H
's
in
t h
e e n vi
r o nm
e nt
P
ol
y
cy
ci i
o a r om
at ic
h
y
d
r o c a rb
o n s , o rP A H
s , c om
p
ri
s e ag
r o up
of
ch
em i
c al
sw h
o s e st
r u ct
u r e s c o n sis
t
of tw
o of m
o r ef
u s ed
a r om
at ic
rin
g
sin
l i
n e a r, a ng
ula r o r
c
lu s
t
er ar rang
em
e nt
s .P
oly
cy
cllc a
rom
at
ic s
t
ru ct
u re s a r ef
orm
ed
w
h
en e v e r o rg
ani
cs u
b
st
a n c e s a r e e xp
o s ed t
oh i
g
h t
em
p
e r at
u r e s.H
ow
e v e r,h i
g
h t
em
p
e r at
u r e s ar e n ot
r e
q
uir e
d f
o rt
h
e a r om
at iz a
ti
o n of
o rg
a ni
cm
att
e r.A
r om
at iz a
t io n
p
r o c e ed
s at lo
w
e rt
em
p
e r at
u r e s o v e rlo n
g
e rp
e rio
d
s of t i m
e , s u ch is
t h
e c a s ew i t h t h
ef
o rm
at io n o
f
c r ud
eo
i l
hy
d
r o c a rb
o n sfo u n
d in
s ed i m
e nt
s(
B lu
m
e r,1 9 7 6
)
.T
h
e st
r u ct
u r e sfo r
t h
eP A H
su s e
d in
t
his
st
ud y
a r eg
i
v e nin
F i
g
u r e2
.1
.P
ol
y
cy
clic
a r om
at ic
h
y
d
r o c a rb
o n s a r e ub
i
q
uit
o u sin
t
he
e n vir o n
m
e nt
a nd
a r ein
t
r od
u c ed
f
r om b
ot h
n at
u r al
a nd
a nt h
r op
og
e ni
c c om
b
u st io n
p
r o c e s s e s.P
ol
y
cy
clic
a r o
m
at ic
c om
p
o u nd
s a r ef
o u nd
i
ng
r e at
abu n
d
a n c e a nd
v ari
et
y i
n th
e n at
u r al w
ori d
.M
a ny p
la
nt
and
a ni m
al
p
i
g
m
e nt
s ow
et
h
eir v
ib
r a nt
c olo
rsto
t h
e s e c om
p
o u nd
s(
B lu
m
e r,19
76
)
.V
olc a
nic e
rup
t io n s
a sw
el l
a sfo r e s
t
a nd p
r ai ri
ef
i
r e s a r e am
o ng
t h
em
o st
c o
m m
o n s o u r c e s of
n at
u r all y
p
r od
u c ed P A H
sw h
ic
h
rea ch t
h
e e n vir
o nm
e nt
.In
d
u st
ri
al
p
r o c e s s e s a nd
m
od
e rn a ct
iv
it
i
esha
v eg
r eat l
y
i
n c r e a s ed
t h
eq
u a nt
it
y
of PA H
si
nt
he
7
N
a
p h
t
h
a
l
e n e
P h
e n
a
n
t
h
r
e n e
F i
g
u re2
.1
:C
h
em
i
c al
S
t
r u ct
u r e ss o u r c e s s u c
h
a s a ut
om
ob i le s
, c ok i
ng p
la n
t
s, a nd
a sp h
alt
p
r od
u ct io n
(
U S
E P A
,1 9 9 3
)
.P
ol
y
cy
cl
i
c a r om
at ic
h
y
d
r o c a rb
o n s a r ef
o u nd
i
np
et
r ol
e um
a nd p
et
r ole u
m
b y
-p
r od
u ct
s(
V
e r s ch
u e r e n,1 9 8 3
;Y
u a nd
H it
e s,1
9
8 1
)
w
h i
ch
c a n r ea ch
t
h
e en vi
r o nm
ent
vi
al
e ak i
ng
u nd
e rg
r o u nd
sto r a
g
e ta nk
s , oi l
sp i l l
s , a nd
e xh
a u stf
um
e s .T h
eU S E P A h
a sr e
p
o rt
ed
ap p
r o xi m
at
el
y
2
.1 m i l lio n
le a
k i
ng
u nd
e rg
r o u nd
st
o r ag
et
a nk
sin
t h
eU S
a s of
1 9 9 2
, a nd
ap p
roxi
m
ate
l
y
15
,0 0 0
a n n u al
oi l
sp
i ll
s(
U S E
P A
,1 9 9 3
)
.A m
aj
o r s o u r c e of
PA H
co nt
am in a
t i
o ni
s c r e o s ot
ew h ic
h i
s u s ed
in
t h
ep
r e s e r v at
i
o n a nd
t
r e at m
e nt
of
w
o od
.P
ol
y
cy
cl i
c a r om
at ic
h
y d
r o c a rb
o n s r ep
r e s e nt 8 5
-
9 0
%
o
f
c r e o s ot
e c o n st it
u e nt
s(
C
e r ni
g
li
a,1 9 9 2
)
.C
r e o s ot
ew
a st
e s alo n e
a r e r e sp
o n si b le
f
o rt h
ed
e sig
n at io n o
f 1 5 0
S
up
e rf
u nd
sit
e s(
U S
E P A
,1 9 9 3
)
.T
h
ep
os si
b l
ef
at
e s of P A H
si
nt h
e e n vi
r o nm
e nt i
n clu
d
e vol
at i
l
iz a
t io n
,p h
ot
o o xid
at io n
, ch
em ic a
l
o xi d
at io n
,b io a c c u
m
ula
t i
o n, ad
s o rp
t i
ont
o s oil
p
art
i
cl
es,le a c
h i
ng
a nd
m i
cr ob
i
al d
eg
r ad
atio n
.P
ol
y
cy
cl ic
a r om
at ic
h
y
d
r o c a rbo n s a r eh
y d
r op h
ob
ic
c om
p
ou nd
s a nd
t h
eir
p
e r si
st
e n c ew
i
t
h i
n ec o sy
st
em
sis
d
u e ch i
ef ly
t
ot
h
eir
l
ow w
at
e r s olu
bi
lit
y
(
N
ey
,1 9
9
0
)
.T h
e s e c om
p
o u nd
s rap
i
d
l
y b
e c om
e a s s o cia
t
ed
w
i
t h
s o
i l
o rg
a nic
m
att
er o r ot h
e rp
a rti
c ula
t
e s(
N
ey
,1 9 9 0
)
,w h
e r et h
ey
m
ay b
e c om
eb
u ri
ed
a n
d p
e rsi
st
u nt
i
l
d
eg
r ad
ed
, r e s u sp
e nd
ed
,b
io a c c u
m
ula
t
ed
o r r em
o v ed
by
ot h
e rp
h
y
sic a
l m
ea ns.I
n soi
ls c o n
ta
in
i
ng
h i
g
h
e rp
e r c e nt
ag
e s of
cla
y
o r o rg
a nic
m
at t
e rP A H
sw i l
l
b
em
o r e st
r o ng ly
so rb
ed
,h
ow
e v e r, ap
e rce nt
ag
e of
t
h
ePA H i
sd i
s sol
ved i
nt
h
e s oi
l
w
at
e r and i
s s ub
j
e ct to
le a c
h i
ng
(
M
a ni
la
l,
1 9 9 1
)
.A lt
h
o ug h p
h
ot
oly
si
s and
c
h
em ic a
l
o xid
atio n
a r ek
n ow
nt
o r em
o v eP
A H
sf
rom t
h
e e n vi
r o nm
e nt
(
B lu
m
e r,1 9 7 6
)
,9
p
r o c e s st h
at
r e s ult
si
nt h
ed
e c o nt
am i
n at i
o n of
s ed i m
e nt
a nd
s u rf
a c e s oi l
s(
S
i m
s,1 9 9 0
)
.T
o xi
ci
ty of P A H
sP
ol
y
cy
cli
c a r om
at i
ch
y
d
r o c a rb
o n s a r e ub
i
q
uit
o u si
nt
h
e e n vi
r o nm
e nt
,h
ow
e v e r,a r e a s
w
h
i
ch h
a v em
o r ei
nd
u st
ri
al
a ct i
vit
y
a r e s ub
j
e ct t
og
r e at
e r c o n ce nt
r at
i
o n s of t
h
e s ec o
m
p
o u nd
s.S
om
eP
A H
s a r ek
n ow
n a ni m
al
c a r ci
n og
e n s a nd m
ut
ag
e n s(
K
eit h
,1 9 7 9
)
,t h
e r ef
o r e,t h
ey h
a v eb
e e np
l
a c ed
o nt h
eE P A N
ati
o n al P ri
ori t i
e sL i
st(
N P L
)
.C
om
p
o u nd
s c a nb
ep
l
a c ed
o nt
h
eN P L
if t h
ey
a r ep
r e s e nt i
n si
g
ni f i
c a nt
q
u a nt it
i
e s o rp
o s e a sig
nif i
c a nt ri
sk t
oh
um
a nh
e alt h
o rt
h
e e n vi
r o nm
e nt
.E
xp
o s u r et
oP A
H
sc o n s
ti t
ut
e s a si
g
nif i
c a nt h
e al
t h ri
sk
f
o rp
e op
l
el i
vi
ng
i
ni
nd
u st ri
al i
z ed
a r e a s of t h
ew
o rld
(
T
h
ak
k
e r,1 9 8 5 ; D i
p p
l
e ,1 9 9 0
)
.F
o rm
o st P A H
sit
ap p
e a r s th
at t h
ep
ri
n ci p
al
ult i m
at
e c a r ci
n og
e ni
cm
et
ab
olit
ei
st
h
eb
ay
r eg
i
o nd
i
ol
ep
o xi
d
e .T
h i
sm
et
ab
olit
ei
s a ch
em i
c all
y
r eact
i
v e el
e ct
r op h
i l
e a nd i
t
r e a
d
i
ly
r e a ct
sw it h
n u cl
ei
c a ci
d
s,p
r ot
ei
n s a nd
ot
h
e r c el
l
ul
a rm
ol
e c ul
e s(
H
a r vey
,1 9 9 1
)
.T h
e s eb
ay
r eg
i
o nd i
ol
ep
o xi d
e s a r e s om
ewh
at
u ni
q
u eb
e c a u s e of t h
ei
r r e si
st
a n c et
oe n z
y
m
at i
cd
et
o xif i
c at i
on .A
c c o rd i
ng
t
ot
hi
st h
e o ry
,t
h
eb
ay
reg
i
o np
r o vi
d
es ap
o ck
et
of
p
r ot
e ct
i
o nw h i
ch
st
eri
c al
ly h
i
nd
e r st
h
e ap p
r o a ch
a nd p
r op
e r ori
e nt
at i
o n of
ep
o xid
ehy d
r ol
a se and
ot
h
e rd
et
o xi f
y
i
ng
e n zy
m
e s(
H
a r v ey
,1 9
9
1
)
.T h
el
ip
op
h
ili
ci
t
y
, e n vi
r o nm
e nt
al p
e r si
st
en c e and g
e n ot
oxi
ci
t
y
of P
A
H
sg
enerall
y
i
n c r e a s e a sth
ei
rm
ol
e c ul
a r si
z ei
n c r e a s e s(
K
ob
ay
a sh i
,1 9 8 2
)
.S
e v e r al L D
g,, v a
l
u e so
f
sm
al l t
oin
t
e rm
ed
ia
t
e si
z e, a nd
li a s
a n o ral
L D
5 0in
m ic e
of 7 0 0 m
g
/ k
g
(
S
i m m
o n,1 9 7 9
)
.P h
e n a nt h
r e n eh
a s n ot b
e e nd
em
o n str at
ed t
ob
e eit h
e rm
utag
e ni
c o rc a r c
i
n og
e nic
(
G
r o v e r,1 9 7 1
)
P
A H
# R i
ngsL D 5 0
N
ap
h t h
ale n e
2
1 7 8 0 m
g
/ k
g
P h
e n a nt
h
r e n e3
7
0 0
m
g/ k g
F
lu o r a n
t
he n e
4
2
0
0 m
g
/
k g
B
e n z o(
a)p y
r e n e5
5 0 m
g
/ k
g
T
ab l
e2
.1
:T
o xic
it
y
of
S
e v e r al P A H
s(
K i
ng
sb
u ry
, et al.
,1 9 7 9
)
B io
d
eo r ada
t i
o n of P A H
sM
a ny
sp
e cie s
of b
a ct
e ria a r ek
n ow
nt
od
eg
r ade
P A H
s a nd
t
h
e s e ab i lit i
e sh
a v eb
e e n st
ud i
ed f
o rm
a ny y
e a r s(
T
a u s s o n ,1 9 2 8
)
.T h
ed
eg
r ad
ab
i lit y
of lo
w m
ol
e c ula r
w
ei
g h
t P A
H
sh
asb
e e nw
ell
e st
ab
l
i
sh
ed
.C
om
p
o u nd
sw it h t h
r e e o rf
ew
e r rin
g
s a r er e
la
ti
v ely
b
io
d
eg
r ada
b
le
,ha v
i
ng
h
alf
li
v e s of t w
om
o nt
h
s o rl
es sw
hil
ePA H
sw
it
h f
ou ro r