Recent
IRS
Developments
and
Avoiding
Form
990
Red
Flags
Agenda
• Recent IRS Activity
o College and University Compliance Report o IRS Annual Report and Workplan
• Observed IRS Examination Activity • Form 990 Red Flags
IRS
College
&
University
Compliance
Report
• Final report issued in 2013
• Sent questionnaires to around 400 tax‐exempt colleges and
universities
• Questionnaire topics
o Demographic information o Exempt activities
o Unrelated business income (UBI) o Endowment funds
o Executive compensation o Endowment funds
IRS
College
&
University
Compliance
Report
• Exams were designed to focus on executive
compensation and UBI
• Exams found widespread noncompliance relating to
reporting UBI
• Focused on characterization of income, methods for
allocating expenses, recurring losses, and application
IRS
College
&
University
Compliance
Report
• Results
o Increases to unrelated business taxable income for 90% of
organizations examined totaling about $90 million
o Disallowance of more than $179 million in losses and NOLs
• Primary reasons for adjustments
o Misclassification as trade or business: lack of profit motive o Misallocation of expenses
o Errors in computation
IRS
College
&
University
Compliance
Report
• Lack of profit motive
o Most common reason for disallowance
o IRS disallowed losses in 70% of the examinations o Total amounted to more than $150 million
• Review of UBI reporting
o IRS also looked at whether advice was sought on UBI‐
IRS
FY
2012
Annual
Report
IRS
FY
2012
Annual
Report
&
FY
2013
Workplan
• Increased federal and state coordination
• ACA related activities (including “stealth reviews”) • Governance
o Preliminary results of analysis of check sheets
o Review of 285 organizations reporting significant diversion
IRS
FY
2012
Annual
Report
&
FY
2013
Workplan
• 512(b)(13) Study
• National Research Program (NRP) • International Activities of Charities • Colleges and Universities
IRS
FY
2012
Annual
Report
&
FY
2013
Workplan
• Using Form 990 Information in Compliance Efforts
o Charitable spending initiative o Compensation transparency o Political activity
o Form 990‐T and UBI
• “The bottom‐line message to organizations and
practitioners alike: The IRS uses the Form 990
responses to select returns for examination, so a
complete and accurate return is in your best
Potential
IRS
Examination
Triggers
• Form 990 errors, omissions, or inconsistencies • Areas of IRS interest, such as those identified in
Workplan
• Variety of payroll tax triggers
Observed
IRS
Examination
Triggers
• Organization reported lobbying activity as political
activity on Schedule C
• Organization reported intercompany loans as loans
to officers, directors, etc… on balance sheet with no
corresponding Schedule L
• Organization reported salary and employee
Observed
IRS
Examination
Triggers
• Foreign activity
• Unrelated business income losses
• Public charity status of “hospital” with no Schedule H
attached
What
is
the
IRS
looking
at?
• Depends – single issue exam or full exam?
• Foreign activity
• Monitoring of grants to other charities • Unrelated business income (or loss) • Employment tax filings (1099 v. W‐2) • Minister housing allowances
Example
1
• Exam likely triggered by UBI losses
• Exam was initiated with several phone calls before any
correspondence was received
• Exam supposed to be focused on UBI and compensation
• Initial IRS estimate was to spend 1 week on‐site per month for
at least 9 months, total exam time expected to be around 18
months
Example
1
• Start with IT specialist to map lines of general ledger to Form
990 and 990‐T
• Obtain all payroll data, benefit documents, physician
contracts, executive contracts, etc…
• Review accounts payable data, W‐9s, 1099s
• Review Governing instruments, board minutes, etc…
• Initial interviews and conferences with parties involved in the
examination
Example
1
• Looking at specific areas of UBI (lab, pharmacy, other
retail, etc…)
• Review overall activity and history of profits or losses • Sample methodology used to determine unrelated v.
exempt revenue
• Closely review expense allocation methodologies • Conduct interviews with department heads and
Example
2
• Payroll tax examination
• Exam was already approaching a year when BKD
assistance requested
• Agent again gathered significant amount of data
Example
2
• Issues written up by agent:
o Settlement to former CFO o Loan forgiveness programs
o Reclassification to employee from independent contractor
for several individuals
o Medical directors o H‐1B Visa issues
o Inconsistent treatment among groups of employees
Example
3
• Physician group subsidiary of a hospital • Public charity status “hospital”
• Uses common paymaster • One day on‐site with agent
• Provided all requested information and explained
hospital and common paymaster issues • Resulted in no change
“Mock”
IRS
Exams
• Consider conducting periodically either internally or
with external assistance
• Proactively identify potential risk and exposure areas • Good way to educate department heads/managers • Address risk areas prior to potential IRS exam
• IRS more willing to work with organizations when
Form
990
Red
Flags
• Missing Information
o Form 990, Part IV – Checklist of Required Schedules
triggers other Schedules
o Schedules A & O are always required
• Significant Unrelated Business Gross Income or Net
Loss
Form
990,
Part
IV,
Line
3
• Political Activities Prohibited • Different From Lobbying
• Subject to Excise Taxes
Form
990,
Part
IV,
Lines
25a
‐
b
• Excess Benefit Transactions • Disqualified Persons
o Persons with Substantial Influence
• Have worked with several organizations that had to
report embezzlements • Form 4720
• If you have a reportable transaction, you should
Form
990,
Part
IV,
Line
38
• Narratives Required in Schedule O
o Even if these questions are answered “No”
• Could be considered not timely filed due to
Form
990,
Part
V,
Line
1c
• Backup Withholding
o Missing and Incorrect TIN’s o Gambling Winnings
• “Yes” or Leave Blank
o If no payments subject to backup withholding, leave blank,
Form
990,
Part
V,
Line
3b
• Unrelated Business Gross Income
o $1,000 Gross Income requires 990‐T, even if ultimately a
net loss
Form
990,
Part
V,
Line
7b
• Quid pro quo contributions
o Written disclosure of the deductible amount and value of
goods and services given
o Most frequently seen with special events
Form
990,
Part
V,
Lines
7g
‐
h
• Qualified Intellectual Property
o Form 8899
• Cars, Boats, Airplanes, Other Vehicles
o 1098‐C
Form
990,
Part
VI,
Line
5
• Significant Diversion of Assets
o Unauthorized conversion of assets o Embezzlement, fraud, theft
o Relationship of person does not matter
Schedule
J,
Part
I,
Line
1a
• Additional detail on taxable benefits
Schedule
H,
Part
V
‐
Schedule
H,
Part
V
‐
Schedule
H,
Part
V
‐
Schedule
H,
Part
V
‐
Notice
2014
‐
2
• Treasury Department and the IRS confirm that you
may rely on all of the provisions of both the 2012
and 2013 proposed 501(r) regulations pending
temporary or final regulations
• However, hospital organizations will not be required
to comply with the 2012 and 2013 proposed
regulations until such regulations are published as
Notice
2014
‐
3
• Proposed revenue procedure that is intended to
allow hospital organizations to disclose and fix
failures to meet 501(r)
Notice
2014
‐
3
• General
o A hospital organization may rely on proposed regulations
to correct and disclose any failure that is not willful and
egregious
o The hospital organization must have begun correcting the
failure and disclosed the failure before the hospital
organization has been contacted by the IRS concerning an
Notice
2014
‐
3
• A failure that is willful includes a failure due to gross
negligence, reckless disregard, or willful neglect.
• A hospital organizations correction and disclosure of
a failure does not create a presumption that the
Notice
2014
‐
3
• Restoration of affected persons
o Correction should be made with respect to each affected
person
o Correction should restore the affected person(s) to the
position they would have been if the failure had not
Notice
2014
‐
3
• Reasonable and appropriate correction
o The correction should be reasonable and appropriate for
the failure
o Depending on the failure there maybe more than one
reasonable and appropriate correction
• Timing
o The correction should be made as promptly after
Notice
2014
‐
3
• Implementation/modification of safeguards
o If the hospital organization has not established practices
and procedures that are designed to achieve compliance
with 501(r), the hospital organization should establish
practices and procedures as part of the correction process
o If the hospital organization has established practices and
procedures that are designed to achieve compliance with
501(r) and failed to identify the failure, the hospital
organization should determine what changes need to
Notice
2014
‐
3
• Disclosure
o A description of the failure o A description of the discovery
o A description of the correction made