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Recent IRS Developments and Avoiding Form 990 Red Flags Brian Todd, CPA, Partner

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(1)

Recent

 

IRS

 

Developments

 

and

 

Avoiding

 

Form

 

990

 

Red

 

Flags

(2)

Agenda

• Recent IRS Activity

o College and University Compliance Report o IRS Annual Report and Workplan

• Observed IRS Examination Activity • Form 990 Red Flags

(3)

IRS

 

College

 

&

 

University

 

Compliance

 

Report

• Final report issued in 2013

• Sent questionnaires to around 400 tax‐exempt colleges and 

universities

• Questionnaire topics

o Demographic information o Exempt activities

o Unrelated business income (UBI) o Endowment funds

o Executive compensation o Endowment funds

(4)

IRS

 

College

 

&

 

University

 

Compliance

 

Report

• Exams were designed to focus on executive 

compensation and UBI

• Exams found widespread noncompliance relating to 

reporting UBI

• Focused on characterization of income, methods for 

allocating expenses, recurring losses, and application 

(5)

IRS

 

College

 

&

 

University

 

Compliance

 

Report

• Results

o Increases to unrelated business taxable income for 90% of 

organizations examined totaling about $90 million

o Disallowance of more than $179 million in losses and NOLs

• Primary reasons for adjustments

o Misclassification as trade or business: lack of profit motive o Misallocation of expenses

o Errors in computation

(6)

IRS

 

College

 

&

 

University

 

Compliance

 

Report

• Lack of profit motive

o Most common reason for disallowance

o IRS disallowed losses in 70% of the examinations o Total amounted to more than $150 million

• Review of UBI reporting

o IRS also looked at whether advice was  sought on UBI‐

(7)

IRS

 

FY

 

2012

 

Annual

 

Report

(8)

IRS

 

FY

 

2012

 

Annual

 

Report

&

 

FY

 

2013

 

Workplan

• Increased federal and state coordination

• ACA related activities (including “stealth reviews”) • Governance

o Preliminary results of analysis of check sheets

o Review of 285 organizations reporting significant diversion 

(9)

IRS

 

FY

 

2012

 

Annual

 

Report

&

 

FY

 

2013

 

Workplan

• 512(b)(13) Study

• National Research Program (NRP) • International Activities of Charities • Colleges and Universities

(10)

IRS

 

FY

 

2012

 

Annual

 

Report

&

 

FY

 

2013

 

Workplan

• Using Form 990 Information in Compliance Efforts

o Charitable spending initiative o Compensation transparency o Political activity

o Form 990‐T and UBI

• “The bottom‐line message to organizations and 

practitioners alike: The IRS uses the Form 990 

responses to select returns for examination, so a 

complete and accurate return is in your best 

(11)

Potential

 

IRS

 

Examination

 

Triggers

• Form 990 errors, omissions, or inconsistencies • Areas of IRS interest, such as those identified in 

Workplan

• Variety of payroll tax triggers

(12)

Observed

 

IRS

 

Examination

 

Triggers

• Organization reported lobbying activity as political 

activity on Schedule C

• Organization reported intercompany loans as loans 

to officers, directors, etc… on balance sheet with no 

corresponding Schedule L

• Organization reported salary and employee 

(13)

Observed

 

IRS

 

Examination

 

Triggers

• Foreign activity

• Unrelated business income losses

• Public charity status of “hospital” with no Schedule H 

attached

(14)

What

 

is

 

the

 

IRS

 

looking

 

at?

• Depends – single issue exam or full exam? 

• Foreign activity

• Monitoring of grants to other charities • Unrelated business income (or loss) • Employment tax filings (1099 v. W‐2) • Minister housing allowances

(15)

Example

 

1

• Exam likely triggered by UBI losses

• Exam was initiated with several phone calls before any 

correspondence was received

• Exam supposed to be focused on UBI and compensation

• Initial IRS estimate was to spend 1 week on‐site per month for 

at least 9 months, total exam time expected to be around 18 

months

(16)

Example

 

1

• Start with IT specialist to map lines of general ledger to Form 

990 and 990‐T

• Obtain all payroll data, benefit documents, physician 

contracts, executive contracts, etc…

• Review accounts payable data, W‐9s, 1099s

• Review Governing instruments, board minutes, etc…

• Initial interviews and conferences with parties involved in the 

examination

(17)

Example

 

1

• Looking at specific areas of UBI (lab, pharmacy, other 

retail, etc…)

• Review overall activity and history of profits or losses • Sample methodology used to determine unrelated v. 

exempt revenue

• Closely review expense allocation methodologies • Conduct interviews with department heads and 

(18)

Example

 

2

• Payroll tax examination

• Exam was already approaching a year when BKD 

assistance requested

• Agent again gathered significant amount of data 

(19)

Example

 

2

• Issues written up by agent:

o Settlement to former CFO o Loan forgiveness programs

o Reclassification to employee from independent contractor 

for several individuals

o Medical directors o H‐1B Visa issues

o Inconsistent treatment among groups of employees

(20)

Example

 

3

• Physician group subsidiary of a hospital • Public charity status “hospital”

• Uses common paymaster • One day on‐site with agent

• Provided all requested information and explained 

hospital and common paymaster issues • Resulted in no change 

(21)

“Mock”

 

IRS

 

Exams

• Consider conducting periodically either internally or 

with external assistance

• Proactively identify potential risk and exposure areas • Good way to educate department heads/managers • Address risk areas prior to potential IRS exam

• IRS more willing to work with organizations when 

(22)

Form

 

990

 

Red

 

Flags

• Missing Information

o Form 990, Part IV – Checklist of Required Schedules 

triggers other Schedules

o Schedules A & O are always required

• Significant Unrelated Business Gross Income or Net 

Loss

(23)

Form

 

990,

 

Part

 

IV,

 

Line

 

3

• Political Activities Prohibited • Different From Lobbying

• Subject to Excise Taxes

(24)

Form

 

990,

 

Part

 

IV,

 

Lines

 

25a

b

• Excess Benefit Transactions • Disqualified Persons

o Persons with Substantial Influence

• Have worked with several organizations that had to 

report embezzlements • Form 4720

• If you have a reportable transaction, you should 

(25)

Form

 

990,

 

Part

 

IV,

 

Line

 

38

• Narratives Required in Schedule O

o Even if these questions are answered “No”

• Could be considered not timely filed due to 

(26)

Form

 

990,

 

Part

 

V,

 

Line

 

1c

• Backup Withholding

o Missing and Incorrect TIN’s o Gambling Winnings

• “Yes” or Leave Blank

o If no payments subject to backup withholding, leave blank, 

(27)

Form

 

990,

 

Part

 

V,

 

Line

 

3b

• Unrelated Business Gross Income

o $1,000 Gross Income requires 990‐T, even if ultimately a 

net loss

(28)

Form

 

990,

 

Part

 

V,

 

Line

 

7b

• Quid pro quo contributions

o Written disclosure of the deductible amount and value of 

goods and services given

o Most frequently seen with special events

(29)

Form

 

990,

 

Part

 

V,

 

Lines

 

7g

h

• Qualified Intellectual Property

o Form 8899

• Cars, Boats, Airplanes, Other Vehicles

o 1098‐C

(30)

Form

 

990,

 

Part

 

VI,

 

Line

 

5

• Significant Diversion of Assets

o Unauthorized conversion of assets  o Embezzlement, fraud, theft

o Relationship of person does not matter

(31)

Schedule

 

J,

 

Part

 

I,

 

Line

 

1a

• Additional detail on taxable benefits

(32)

Schedule

 

H,

 

Part

 

V

(33)

Schedule

 

H,

 

Part

 

V

(34)

Schedule

 

H,

 

Part

 

V

(35)

Schedule

 

H,

 

Part

 

V

(36)

Notice

 

2014

2

• Treasury Department and the IRS confirm that you 

may rely on all of the provisions of both the 2012 

and 2013 proposed 501(r) regulations pending 

temporary or final regulations

• However, hospital organizations will not be required 

to comply with the 2012 and 2013 proposed 

regulations until such regulations are published as 

(37)

Notice

 

2014

3

• Proposed revenue procedure that is intended to 

allow hospital organizations to disclose and fix 

failures to meet 501(r)

(38)

Notice

 

2014

3

• General

o A hospital organization may rely on proposed regulations 

to correct and disclose any failure that is not willful and 

egregious

o The hospital organization must have begun correcting the 

failure and disclosed the failure before the hospital 

organization has been contacted by the IRS concerning an 

(39)

Notice

 

2014

3

• A failure that is willful includes a failure due to gross 

negligence, reckless disregard, or willful neglect.

• A hospital organizations correction and disclosure of 

a failure does not create a presumption that the 

(40)

Notice

 

2014

3

• Restoration of affected persons

o Correction should be made with respect to each affected 

person

o Correction should restore the affected person(s) to the 

position they would have been if the failure had not 

(41)

Notice

 

2014

3

• Reasonable and appropriate correction

o The correction should be reasonable and appropriate for 

the failure

o Depending on the failure there maybe more than one 

reasonable and appropriate correction

• Timing

o The correction should be made as promptly after 

(42)

Notice

 

2014

3

• Implementation/modification of safeguards

o If the hospital organization has not established practices 

and procedures that are designed to achieve compliance 

with 501(r), the hospital organization should establish 

practices and procedures as part of the correction process

o If the hospital organization has established practices and 

procedures that are designed to achieve compliance with 

501(r) and failed to identify the failure, the hospital 

organization should determine what changes need to 

(43)

Notice

 

2014

3

• Disclosure

o A description of the failure o A description of the discovery

o A description of the correction made

(44)

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