Development of a new process for palm oil refining based on supercritical fluid extraction technology

(1)

Deyelopment

of a New Process

for Palm Oil Refining

Based

On Supercr

itical Fluid Extlaction Technolog)'

Zainuddin

Abdul lUanln

Lim Chee

Siang

Mohd Roii Sarmidi

1

Facul^ afCh.nLftt Engtr"r' c n]'1 Nntunl Rcsol'tcs EitsiLPenrE u c , l i i r e l n a l a g t A l a l q l a S | u d a 6 l 3 l A J a t u ' A t a l a ) s i n

r'.ti, ,,i,lAthtt"" ,i *.', Pione'

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Abstract

Tl1is \rot* descibetl the dei'etopnlent d a naa flawsl:eet. ),"aa fr, ,a," ail tertfi1s L$ir1s s percrilical lLtid

i"i""ri"', isrq rcckilogv rhe f..r step was

the

, , ; ; ; , r , ,

" * ' 7 ' u t " ' ' s t ' u r u r c r c r e c o v u I ' i e h i,,:.:i ,it,, a , n'"i .*'!dc' it: ntto'conPaical:' Ne\' ''' ,t'!' iay,.',- _{nadPl "o\ d-etopcd rc}prertir' tlte ptn:e i"'ltit i,l" ut*., af the crude paln oil GPa)'

s i p . . t d C A . u t : ' n , " T t e p r c " s 5 ' ' t u ' n t t e t o r c ' a t e ' "rti

",,,,'.-t *'* pa'n at usa+ 'rp n:iticatlf id \n5

fiiatt _{st, "taLcd b) !,, ta o{}th( tol4rt('ctat Dta(cs"

",lnufuta"

pn,n:" r'"p,t PLus@ ftleo\' la ) I b'rsrd ar

li"' i,"t, l. x-"trc'

ai", F K'a ttn

n odr\att'( uadd

The resutts obtanirl v'erc in gao(I ag|eenent .'.ith the pilol Dtant dota rePorted in the literature h is ?nlisiane't thal

" *

* u 1 o r n ^ t t n l , " r , d . 'd.\'t,'cd n v l l t r i p t c " D n t t ' ot. t' 1in"ig p,oc,5, r,o a La"cd or SfE.tc'hnalog rnn . * , . " , " i n i t ^ * ' " ^ q n c _{" t ' ' r t ' e}t ' t n o t o s Jot aal t

ail rcli,n1s apdft f'a makitls the reJinng process drosti&lb' sinPler'

K c \ r v o r d s : I q u l r ' o n o f s r ' r e : p a l n r o i l r e f i n i n P : p r o " e s ' " , o " r , " o n l . u p . ' . t ' . " n u j d e x n a ' r ' o n : r l e n 1 ' o d y i ' d n n r

_ nodeling

- lnlroduction

P s l n o i o e l o n r s r o r l e l a n - l v o l r ' n r r r l o r r ' rr d t u r w \ i c l . " " . " ,

" i , , q i , r ' p ' a c o r r p o r

e r l r s s r c h a s h e e r r n v l' r d s

, i i q , . . " , , l e r r , ; " a " .

r v c r ' d slvcenoes

' D u r

a n d

t r c l ' c e i d e f L i C l l D a d d ' r o n u n r t r l o t l p r d c o r n p o n e r r r s ' rars and oih also contaiu mino' cotllonerts sucn 's ."i"-r'i ,"*rr, pjgments and hvdrocalbons' some of -r.r"r' i,"" "J;-;""'eased

attc tion du€ to th€ healrh f"."ii,. o*r' I'i,'g rl. *nloval ofFFA, phospholiPids and *,*. i-'i r"o i'a oih constjtules a! inlponaDt pan of 'eeetatle olt processi"gpior

1o tb€ir use as foodstlfs Tlre p r J c e . . i l o t v * 0 c i d r e , r r o ' r , a n d d " o d o r i T J r ' o r J ' d r s i . , . , ' v _{. . . * ' p r ' " i " " i n e v e r r l 'rep'}s h r c l r r c l ' J e rt"",,rrJ",;* witb alkalire substances' dislillalion and

stea disiillalion below alnospherrc presslre

S J p e r c r , l i . a l f r r d e \ I r a c L o l r S F l \ o l I a ' r r r l p r o d ' l ' " i . ' n ! , ' O , r " ' " l . r a ' b c e n J L o i e d r n rn r n e n ' r ' r o r e p L c e

conventional processes in the ojls and fats iDdustry, wlich * o u n e h , p t r i r e r e \ d r e r o r l ' e lr i g l o p e r i l r n g l e m p e o N r e s o . .

" " u | n p " . u ' . r t ' . ' = f r r i r t g o f p a l m o t ' | - degr'rnmirrg o r s o l b e a n o i l til refrnrrs o r o l v e o i l ll J sl ald d e a c i d i f i c a r i o n o f c e b r a l o . l .o "l ln addilio ' r o l i a l ' SFE iectrniq!€ has also been invesligated to recover or fiactions $'ith high co centrations of vitanins, €specialiy carorenes aDd tocoplrercts [8, 9' 10]

Tle conrmercial application of rhe SFE lec|nologv has b€en retegaled to orrly special applicaiioN due 1o the high caoital cist reouired. Besides that, the developrnenl of oLocesses for mtrual frls atd oils extaction based on ;uperctirisal fluid technologv was hindered bv dre lack of slritable desigu tools atd rcliable lhernod)aramc oam ano nodeis at hi;h pressure This has clang€d jn the lasl few vearu with the advances h prccess equipirent desrgn and ile aevetop-ent of robust simulation tools ard optindzarion llethods forprocess develop ent

This DaDer focused on t}e developnre l of a complele new {to-sl'eit n'odel for palm oil refming Ising SFE leclmology 10 recov€r high purity palnl oil vhlch includes its rinor compon€nts We began by describ g the steps nrvolved in a ;o venrional paln oil refi rg process Thjs was follox,ed by the description ot th€ newlv develoled flo$,sheei that was bas€d on th€ SFE tecl iqr're ln th's wo*, a igorous steady stat€ equjiibriunl'slag€ _'nodelof super:critical lluid extractor was ploposed and nurieicallv simulaled lor the particulaf case oI the ploduction of refined quality paln1 oil usirg CO, as supercitical solvenl tr is

"nvisioleailat tle aevelop €Dr ofthe rrew, inlensjfied and smpler palm oil refitnrg process tlral is based on SFE l€clmoloqv ca overcome t}e limilations of lhe exrsnlg tecr.,rology ror palnr oil refining apan fro'n naking the refi lling process drastically siflpler'

C o n ! e n t i o r x l P n l n O i l R € l i n i r g P r o c e s s

(2)

The L,se o{ s.rPercr'rical nu ds ux \egerab'e orl r€finilg * ; i 1

" . " ' . . r " i ' . t * ' * .

r o r l r e r e m o \ 3 1 o r r ' A 6 o ' n o i l ,"i ',

"i."r'"**'

of organolePri( cialacteristics, dates back to the pate s regist€red by 7 l ' . r r l * a c o e n e I a n d li r r F p e l 1 3 D r e s c l r e _'o / f l r t ; ^ . " i e " . a o n p a l m o r ' d e a c i d i f i c a L i o n L s l r g ' u p i r c r r r i a l f l u r d s w r l h drnrelhylell'er

a s

' o _ s o i v e n l a n o co;clud€d thal superc tical CO, is suitable for the remova l oiire in p"r- o . Ooj er dl lll canled ou1 a pilol piant studv of th; SFE process with CO? as supercritical solved' '"ii'i _{a"-in'tut"a nut}" *r,."6.' countercurrent lacked column' and '"-oual of FFA ir o er to produce a ' e i n e o q : a r ; l p a m o i l w a s fe a s ' b l e

R e c e n r l v _{G a f l '/ n/} " i a ' ' " J . r " " 1 . " r h e f e a s ' b i U f o l p a l m o i l d e a c i d i f i c a r i o r r md uarun recoverv usirg slpercrilrcal CO for a c o n r i [ u o L s p i l o r - p l a n r p a c k e d c o ] r m n a n d s r u d i e d r h e " i r * , "r,.ni ' r a r j o , s o i v e n L - o - f e e d

m r j o o n I\ e o p e r a r i o !

Thcrmodlnamic Mod€ling ..'-'

For the design of a SFE process, th€ lmowledge on phase ea libria islteviiabl€ ln ord€r to ensure tbe reljabilitv of the phas€ equiiibiun prediction for slpercitical CO' ald f a l r y o i l c o m ' o n e r N . p r l e c o n r p o n e l p r o p e n v ! r a n r e r e ' a a r j b a s e a n d a r h e r m o d l m c n n n l o d r w \ i c h c a 1 q e l l rerrlesenl th€ phas€ behavior of the nixtue ha\'e been d;veloped nr 6urPrevious wot& [15]'

Prln) Oil Characlerization

Palrn oil contairs varjous conrponenls sLrcjr as monoelvcerides (<1%), diglvce d€s (2-?%), niglvcendes ( 0 0 " " ; . f t e e f , n y a c r d s r ; ) 9 o r ' p | o s p l o l p r d s Pigr'enred . o r n o o u , ' a r

^ t e . i a s s e v e r a l r l - n i r r o m l l \ D e n e f i ( a l U r o a i r . v e c o m p o u n d s I o ln rle Dre'erlL s t u d ) C P O q a s modeled as a nixture consistnlg of plmcipallv TG (46 5% ;iDalmitin and a8.8% tiolein), FFA (4 5% oleic acid) and vai'ratle millo. components (540 pprn of ecalotene and 1000 ppnr of aFiocopherol), wilh aD average molecllar - u e i g l r r o f 8 4 6 . 7 k g k m o l ' .

'- ' Fhysicrl ProPerties Esiimatjon

T l e p r o p e r q e s l i n r a l r o n l a s l < rs a D r e _ r e o L i s r l e i o r s r m L l . r ' o n m o d e l . n g o { S F I - p r o c e s s e ' L r r g A s p e n I r L r s The development oipalm oil phvsical property database in , a s p e n P l u f i n n a s b e e r r e n h a n c e d L s r n g t h e b u i l F j n

e'open C-onsnl E. imaLror Svsrem ro oerfom rhe estination of tlre prcperty paramelers requiled bv phvsical prope,ty models fl7l. Tlre pLeviously estinrai€d lhernlo-ol,vti"i ro*"',"t"t, fot palm oil cornpon€nls surmrsrized

ir iablc -1 rere emploved utchanged in all the followjrg sinulalions of this work

l h n s c t r q u i t i b r i u C a l c u l a t i o n

The Redlichj<wong-Aspen 6LA) themrodvnamic model implemented m $; AspeD Pluso u'as clDsen 1o calculate the Dlrase equjlibrium beiween the lalnl oil comporenls ard th€ $ircrilical CO, The Rl<A equatjon ot slate elnlloYs ir llre followrrg form:

a = > > , r t , l a ! , 1 1 - k , , i )

o )

( 2 )

( 4 1

(()

; ; ( ' ; . b )

4,,,,\u':')

| - u,,.,)

Fo1 ar, an extra polar factor (1) fifted ftom exped'nental

a , = 7@,r..r",,@,,q,)

bt = f \r"t,P"t )

RT

The RKA themlodynanic nodel requires the briarf interacnon palan1elers (k".ti aad h,.t) pann1elers specific for the mixture of conrponents t eated lo accouri for interacijo! betweeD the nixtur€ of compoDents. The RLA themmdynamjc model makes use ot tenpera$re dependeDt i eracrion parameters to i prcv€ the predictilg capability of ibe model:

1"., = k:,ii + k:,jj

T

r000

T

_{( ? )}

1000

For the calcuiatjon of phase equilibriuln, lle CPO' supercdtical CO, ndxture is treated as a pseudo'birarv .virern. The R{A modcl paramerels were esrjn,aled on r're b a " i s o f o i n r r r p l r a s e e q r r l r b i a I n f o n n , r i o n f o I p a l l o i l coDDonent -supercritical COl system The regressed o c r r m e e r s p r e s i r , r e d r n r l e p r e r i o u s p a p e r le l { e r e n s c o L o p ' . a , c r L t r e ! l , a s e e q r r i l i b r i u r b e n a v r o f o r r ' e r ' o d € l systemtreared rD dis work (see Table 2)

SFE Process D€lelop e'lt

(3)

Dint) J irteracoon Polar lhctor (t)

t" = o.0oo7 r- 0.21l7 lb='O 0006 r+ 0 2021

0 . 0 2 8 1 r - I l . ? 6 5

l " = 0 . 0 0 0 5 I - 0 . 1 4 2 E & , = 0 . 0 0 0 4 7 - 0 1 6 3 2 0 . 0 r 8 6 7 - 9 . 7 8 4 8

k"= 0.0004 f- 0 0622 /.1= 0.0004 f- 0 1349 0 . a 0 4 4 T - 2 . 5 1 1 9

/." = 0.0017 r- 0 5082 k6- 0.0a59 T-2.0272

0.04217 - 4.6165

t" = 0.0004 I+ 0.0895 ib-'0.0005 r+ 0.0501 0 . 0 2 0 6 7 - 8 . 0 1 5 5

Table 2 T-upcnk "e'nepetnflt pata Ja'rcn aId bDrcln i u e , n . t l o r p a t a ' , e t e r c r a " p a l 4 t o i ! . t . o v u o r P n $

supercrilical co: slsten$ Lt /J

i to compositioDs ofPhases alongthe separalion lrocess is o b r a j n e d L r o u g h o m u l ! r c o m P o n e n l

wnh rhe aid of con]mercial Process sLnulatol Aslen rLur " . ' . , * r o . Z f Aspen

P l u s b r" u " e f u ] f o r o b s e a a r o n o ' D h a s e b e l . a v i o r s n t l ' e n i c a l p r o c e s ' r n 3 sIeJdy n a l e s t n c e o n e c r a ! i d y c o n d u ( l ll e o r e r r c a l c a ' c u l a L r o n o ' u ' t o!€raljors. Siflllatior1s were Performed on a stand-alon€ PC with a Micrcsoft@ wnrdows operating syst€rn rurn g ;irh a Penttun III/1.0 GHz processor. The calculaiion lbr S f t p r c . e s s ; , p e r f o m x a u s r n ' ( ! e c o n c e p r o f ' l e o r e ' r c r l ' " * i " . . r r . r ' ' r ' ' . * " " c l o r i s s o l i 'nro cascade

o ' n a " h no-dLrles. Each stage of the columr was assltned as a . i n e l e f r J r a r f r x e d l e r r p e r a r u r e a n o p r e s ' u r e t n n r L l e .o;.."t ."".*. of the Aspex Plrs* " rigolou s e q L , e n r ' a l s r r . r l J r r o r ) f o r L I e p t o c e s ' !3 i m p ' e n r e r l e d L s i n q n , s l r s ' p " r d r o r ( F L A S H 2 ) u n i r I o m o d e l h e c ' " c a d e of {lish moduls in accordance wirh theorv of a theoretrcal sepa'atior unn 'I'he orocess flou -Clagrar of hF . u p e r c r . r r a l C O : e x r a c r r o r . o ) u n u is s h o i n i n f r g l r e z A variation of the nunter of $eoretical sizges and other rrocess variables provide infomation orr re nutrber oI th"oretical stag"s depending on the puiiy ofthe Prodlcts'

and for different operatnrg coidjtions

o { h i e l r p u t i t y p r o d r ' c L k r h e la r g e r ' l', lconofl all} a , " r ' ; ' ; " . ' r L s F t p r o ( e - r ' m o r € r d v a ' r a s e o u s s r r c e ;;;;;'*" solubilitv of supercridcal fluid car be

A I $ o r e p s u p € ' c r r l c d l C O : e \ n r c r i o D l r o c e s s $ a ' . . " , r t J i u

' L " ,

" ' p i o c e s s ' ' | n ' l r r r o n r o r e l

' o \ e F I A t L o r n C p O

" n a s r m l h c n e o u ' l v

e t u - c l ' ro c o $ r r e r o K L r c s e n

-j" i"o i*rl a p,ocFssu'e s.heme s:rnplirre' 1 e rerLn nr

" . * " t _{- a} r m p r o \ e s I ' e e ' o n o m i c fe r s i b

h l y o i l l e i . " i , " ' ; " " 'r,"":" "'uratnent o f v ' t r b r e v r a t' r ' L SyDth€sis ot the SFtr Process

In this shrdy, lie separadon stategy to separale the higb ,

" f . " ' f . . - ' n - . , , ' l * 'ary

r c r d s a n d a l o c o p h e r o r n d i *

" " r ^ ' l r . ' . o ,

' o o ' " n , n C a n d 0 - c a t o r e n e r

f r a c r ' o n s \ a s a n " n r n r e a f " s r ' ' , h e ' n r o D I y s r c z l ' ) s r r r i l a r c o m p o r ' e n s , n e ' r " a

' . . " p " " ' " t r '

$ P r e Il ' e r ' s e p a l d r e C _{^ n '}e a c h n r i e r r l ' i s s ' a ' e s ) q o r r d o e r e r l r n e r h e b a s i c p r o ( e s ' . " i " * *

- a

f i r - r n e ip p r o p i 3 r e I L o c e s s c o n j i i o n r I n . , ] " , i" n l " - r ' * * r t r e r i c o ' e r v o f r e f i r r e d p a l m o i l

' n l r ' e ."ii"." _{or''"*, "" 1ro1.sed}rle u<e oI exrenral renLx rnd additiorai extracrion stages duritg courlercurenr

EJdrodynCnrics iD Counlcrcurrent SFE Colutnns The viabihty ot lacked column fractionaljon of lipid nrixtures. inchrdiig palm ojl, d€pends on tlrere berng

s u f f i c i e n i d e n s r r v o r f r e l e n c e b e L w e e n _{- 1 h e .}s 'lvet' a)td . " 1 , . ; " . " r * _{' " ; ' o r a}" " n . a r n r r e n r _{' n d}n o o d r n g : 0 1 T 1 ' e ,lmsrl; difference of co-exisiLDg phases is c'acral as a fl-;ri'ig iu"rot to assure counlercurent llows and it mlrsl o-i*"vs"t" tt;gt,.t rt*n tso kg/m3 nr oder lo avoid Ioodnrg

14l.

P r o c e s s S i n 1 ! l x l i o n

T h e d e ' i E n o " ( o r ' n r e r ' r n e n ' ! n l u l r t s r ' r e S l - E p r o c e * , . " ' . , t . t

' * " ' * , c , l . L r r r i o n

o f s F e r I r fl o w r r r e s s h e l m . " ; " " " ' ; ' , _{- o ' ' c n n - r r o r r}p r o f i l e ' 0 l o r r ; ll r e ( o n n u L"'i"".,".

""a p***es al each stage A ben€r insight

Fisrrc 2: SFE Prccesslow diasran fot Aeacidifcation .olunn

Si,np1e Couttercu enI Extnction

ln simnle couDtercurtnt exlraclion scheme lle colutm " o ' r , "" ".",pp"g t " . r ' o n \ { h c e s u p e r c r i r i c a l (

(4)

S c C O ,

Counlercurrc t Ertt n'riot' t'rith E'1efl'al ReIw i o , r r o . _{' . u r .}

- * * o " '

S I F p r o c e s " a D e \ r e n a e f l u x 1 , " ; ; ; ; : . ; ; ; ' , . _{" " r '"}i , r c , r r ' e p , o c e s s e r t ' . ' | e n c v l r 1 ' i'i rn.,n"a''i* *

'l"r

sumcie solv^enr be removed i , i ' ' i r ' i ' . - . " . t l e a v . n s r l , e ( a s c d d e r o l o r m a a f f i n r r e # J ; , . ; ; , r e n r r : ' - e a r o $ e c a s c r d e a s r e f l u x t r t e i i n . " . a . ,

" . ' " i " " u ' " " ' n

r t o m r h e p l a n l rs a p r o d L ' c l n " i n " " , . i ' * t ' " a " ' *

' r o n ' I h € 'ascrde a'bonorx , ' " i " i , . - , " a i r e s r s o l v e n l : s a d a u n P d _{- d r r e c r l \}r o rle ; ; " ; ; " " ; " ; . c a s . a d e r h e P'oposed n o $ r c r r e r r e i "

slroun in figure 4.

R e s u l t s a n d D i s c u s s i o D s

l l . i n p r l , e d e \ e r o F d R K A l h e n ro d l r r a r t u ' n r o C e l a t d r h e . " * " i ' i J ' ' * a i - l ' * _{' q " i r ' b ' u n F e a g e}e x n - c I ' r r n o d e r i n # i l ' ; ; ' ; . ' i ; d , f ' e - e n r s F F s c h e m e s . s e' e aPpr:ed

i;'"1;;;.;i;l;;;;r" _{"p.Irr'|rsdoma'}ror rrreprodu'nol i"t ii".o r1,"uo o"; oil u'rrrg supercrih'al co rhe i."r.i'"^

"* 'r'i;"' -mpared

wrrlt rne _Pilolplanr dala ;j;ii;,; l;;; rrrenrur" ro v'r'ldare rhe developed

RenoYal ofFFA from Palm Oil

P r r o o t l ' e s r m r r l a d o n o f p r l m o l d e a c j d i f r c r L r o D c o l L ' r x l ' t " ' i '

, r " - i ' 1 " a v " r ^ . p r o o e n i e s a n d rh e D h a s e e q L i l i b r i a *",:"',,'t". i*"i*t;aJ'"ti;n to obiain process'otditions thal alloN the desired seParation

The seDrrat.on of l-IA from TG wa" (onducred ur ; ; ; ; ' ; ; i ; ; ; ; ' c o ' u , , ' 1 w , r , o u , e n r x L ) i n " c r i o ' v i t h " - i . " , . i " r . * o r ' . a l r l r c u l a r r v 1 o r

r n e (o n e r ra t o n o f " ' " i ' ""r',r" i i * p " ' i * ' * ' t ' J ' r F A j r ' e \ r r c ( l p h ' s e "':J*i r" 'r'rl' .ase rhe oblecrive of oe: 'rdiic'Iror i"i."," *", . *a"*,t''e I'!A cor)tem or rn" palnr oil ol in otr,"t unuy, conc€nraljon of low totatjl€ con1ponent rn Iaffilate phas€ Producl _i

lrd n dr tl nnt i c i tt D er ci d iJi c[ti o n to I u nt n

Tlre studv of the flxid d)'Iranlic behavior otlhe palm oil-;il;;l,l ib

'v';," derermines rne 'lanse ol i . r n * " * *

" " a p r s s u r e o f w h i ( n c n ' ' r l c u i e r r e x n ; c u o n r s te r s i b l e D € n s n v d r f f e r e n c e < o l l h e c o e x r n r n g , i a s e s o r C p O - c o , s v s r e n r d e r e m L i n e d b ) 1 7 2 ' a r i . ' " * r * . : l : - : l r ' x r r e s l o " r i n f r s s P s l n h i s stud-1, reDperatu€ range of353 373 K and lr€ssure range of20-30 MPa was consrdeteo

Fig,a e 3:

Schet alic disgsnlt'ol SFE prcce:s _'nadel:h) Bosiciar schetne:

(b)

(b _{) Equil ibriffil-sta se}na d el

(b)

(a) Cnt lercun?nt with reih)x: (b) Equilibium''lase ndel

l

(a)

(5)

F.,rure(Mh)

F|eu,c 5 D,',"iN d'fle' e\Le b"^i I a CPA arn supct'flttcal car ptnses

SohtbiliD oJ CPo h Srptruilical Co'z .:,:;;;,^ ;

','. ,,""'*'

car phase

'Is mocL in'nnqrr rol

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t ' " " r 1 l l v t h e s o l u b i l i l r o i p r l l r l o i r r n r l e e q u r l i b r i u n l i " ' f

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a . f t i n e d b ) I ' r o r h r r t e d r r r e d r l r , l r , - ' . ' - l t - " ^ , i " t , . f i - c r e n c ) o f u 0 o ' w r " ; ' - r m e d ' o l ; ' . " ' . ; . . " ' e x n . c r r o n p r o \ e s s w r r h s / r r a n o o r 1 0 i , " . ' . . " ; J . . o, tros rire teqrired _{' " : '} " " " n " " " ' ; ; : ; " i ; "

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E

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=

Solubility (Contnruous PLocessing) _{x I 007} (8)

SGlitty (squit;uu* "o"aito")

solv'trrro_Ftt'r i{*i0

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I27

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- 1't^1 .^*.nritnn DferDei le tat[]I and

sinlulatio rcsalts (this work)for countercurrcnt pahn oit l o u p ) t u a . p " , ' t

L r o r c , t i , , e a ! S A "C

ErI'tttalion ol Sep\'aiok Pulonta cc -"^""

,tr. *,'Oi' oDeLanng cordrnon' phase equrljbda

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* i ' t ' l c l e r s e I n r h e s / t - a r r o j'rorosur Paln Oil Dercidilication Process i , t , , , .

' * " r h e | t m o \ r l o f I - F A i o r

C P o \ r l h l -^-^- "",r in" ""' srudred u s r n g s i r r " D l e c o ! r r e c ' r n e r i

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of ,he

FIow Sch€mc o' An lntegrrterl SFE ?rocess for Prl'n Oil Processing

S u n ] n , a r i T i n g r h e re ' r r l L s o f l l e p r e v r o u s s e c t i o n L h c b r s i c :;;;;.'"i ;*.** _{"' "n}il'legraled exrrlcrion seDar'tion

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' e f l a e d

p a ) I o i l $ ' t r ! f F A c o f l e n ' l e s s , f i a n - 0 1 \ \ a "" Tr'e "ruacr pfr"se, *lrrclr coltanrs r 'alnly

Fl A and rocoDlrerors' ; l ; " ; ; , J , ' . _{' , m i r a r}c o l , , m t . e j ( h i n g roruou ro prod!ce errriched tocophelol fi aclLon'

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Fig re I I : ElfeLl af S/F ratia an the prod ct recovery

(8)

Ackno$ledgements

T r e r , r d o r w o l l d ^

^,{"hvsia (UTMJ for Provldrng

ii'.fl

l[,i o.i.r

_"n-.,:

_{"'-:]l::*"^t-:i',;,,'1.:_,i.:::}

arso

alrnowredges

rT ry-::':l'l-j'ii.l ,"*".r, ,m

1 0 2 . 1 ) b y A s p e n T e c h n o r o g v u r ( '"' '-docuflentalio Purposes

RefereDces

| 1 n ' c f ' . B h a " k a r , A Y e n e r ' \ 4 s 1'r n D Q

;:'.',, :'.";l;i:' s s u contn'ow,su*''''u"'

l , , o * o l o * ' o t P r o c e s s $ g o { P a l n r O ; l J 4 n r O / C h e n t i o c ,73.233 2)7 lt9Ytt)

l - 1 ,

'

L i s t . u R K U r g l u l o h n s o n l n \ 3 n r e r ' K

i't*ru:i".

I i*:;;:r]'J;!,"11

:lgl

ii :;':

so; 7ol5) a73-a16 (1993)

l i l R o n d : o l . P , M a r a n i C L a n z u n r ' A l e d e r i E ' ' i*"rr,.

^ , " o

M u l l e r ' A - L a n r p a l r " o l r \ e o r l ' i " i . " ' "

" i ' " S r ' p e r c r r c a ' C a r b o r

D t o x r d e J I '

'i:,i

_{iii" s", rrist'}

_+zr-rro

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, { , B l t r : . | . D r g h e n a A F e d c L , K r \ i c T a n d ' ' ' 2 " " i " ' i t ' ' i L D e r c d r { r ' l r i o l o f n l ^ e o i ' s b }

..i.'"'ir'"r C"u' nloxide' J 4D o:t Chen Sac

rris)'zoq-ztr

(tsss)

l5l cor..tr\e' M-

vas(orrcelos

_-A

dM.,t";fi::::, l:

' -

A z e l e d o , E , Chrves d a s N e l e s F I

1 " " i . . - l ' 1 _{' e i " , . , : " "}, o ' T l " A l p l c r n o n o f S ! r " r c ' r ' ' a r l- i u i d ' " 'r" o e c c ' a

r L a n o n ^ o r o l r \ c o i l r ' I ' O C h e t r t S a c _{' 6 8}4 1 4 ' 4 a n \ t t ' t ) t

, 1 ,

r l n r o . d .

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i

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S c r ' 6 J ( s ) : 1 3 9 5 - i 3 9 9 1 2 0 0 0 )

,-, D nror,

\ 'r" reel l A d.{:il;.ji

.;,"1

Continuous Countercunenr sl'P'€

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l 8 l l r ' , ) r e r ' " N 4 a r ( h o q T h . S r " l t e n K r n d "

n " " ' . 1 " " , l n s e p a r a o I o f T o ( o p h e l o l s r r o f f

i i " a " , : ] . ' c o r d e n s a r e s . b r . c o l u r L e ' ' ' u ' r c n l i'"i"i'" *;tn t'*- Dioxide J srpPr' r'l F/';d' 4 : 7 2 ' 8 0 ( I 9 9 1 )

l g C . r r r ' K J u n g f e r ' I ' l d r r d B r u ^ r u e r ' , G L r r l ( h r n e n l o f ' ' i,,'"'" I ani Provromir e n o n r C r u d e P r l . n o i l b )

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(9)

I l 0 l O f l : J l .. i , T . J { a h . r a l S e r r b ' K a n d K a m } a m a T . . , q F t r n d a n r e r r r r l s ' r d v o f E x n a c n o t w i r h I

S r p € r c r . r i ( a l F l u i d S o r u b i l r i e s o f o l o c o D l e r o l p u i , r'c ,q.id. o n d T r i p a i - u L ] ) r l n c o m p ' e s s e d c a l b o n f lll BtLrnner, G , FraciioDadon of lats wift S[Percritjca] ' . . ' c a l t o n Oioxiae, r , r J L i p i d S c i T e c h : 2 4 A - 2 4 4

(2000).

ll2lzosel. K , Process for Deododzirg Fars and Oils' US Patent 4, t 56,638 (19'19)

flll CoeDen, H , and Kriegel' E (1978) Getnan PaIent: D O S 2 , 8 4 3 , 9 2 0

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