FUTURE PREDICTION OF SOLID WASTE GENERATION & LANDFILL SITE PLANNING PROPOSAL FOR SILVASSA TOWN

FUTURE PREDICTION OF SOLID WASTE GENERATION & LANDFILL SITE PLANNING

PROPOSAL FOR SILVASSA TOWN

Praful M. Bagade

Asst. Professor, Department of Civil Enggineering, PRMIT&R Badnera, (India)

ABSTRACT

The quantity estimation of solid waste and predicting the future demand over the planning duration is the Contrivance to a successful plan. The study examines the present scenario of predicting and estimating of solid waste in critical manner. As the industries increasing day by day in the Silvassa town, according to the various changing patterns of generation of solid wastes, the disposal to the new landfill sites proposed. So, the proper solid waste management plan will help to the municipal council of the town. For better Solid waste management, the fundamental essential services provided to clean urban area by municipal authorities. The study includes the current status of solid waste generation, landfill site, topography and transportation. Due to the tremendous generation of solid waste and open disposal, most of the Indian towns are facing the problems of polluting the land and surface water sources. Finding from the existing solid waste management system is, insufficient as the present practices depend on collection and disposal of waste. The increase in annual waste generation has resulted due to the rise in population and urbanization and industrialization in and around the town.

Keywords – Proposed Landfill Site, Solid Waste Gap, Solid Waste Generation, Silvassa Town, Solid Waste Management

I. INTRODUCTION

In most of the developing countries of the world, Solid waste management has become a global issue. In the context of population and economy, India has second rank in the world as a vast growing country. For instance it is not unusual to see heaps of garbage in the major cities littering the streets, dumped in drains, and water bodies, and this has in many cases resulted in spread of diseases. The situation appears to continue unabated due largely to the factors of urbanization, population growth, and High standard of community and lack of funds to properly manage solid waste in the Indian towns. As per the Census of 2011, Silvassa town is the capital of Dadra and Nagar Haveli having area 17.22 Sq. km. and population 98,265. The town has 15 numbers of wards.

The contribution of work is proposed solid waste landfill site for the Silvassa.

II. METHODOLOGY

The methodology adopted for future prediction of Solid waste Management System comprises of four stages;

the first stage is study of land use for the town. Second stage followed with collection of inventory data in the form of maps and details from SMC. In the present study, survey has been carried out in the month of March, 2014 in the Silvassa town. The current scenario of solid waste system has been studied. According to the ward

map from Silvassa Municipal Council, the current depots location and landfill site is studied. Third stage consists of analysis and calculation of solid waste generations and landfill site for future requirements. In forth stage proposal has been given for the Solid waste system in Silvassa town.

III. CURRENT STATUS OF MSW

The household survey with 300 samples has been conducted for the solid waste collection frequency from the public opinion. The most of the people (64%) were saying daily collection occurs and the opinion of only (2%) people was twice in a week.

Fig- 3.1 Solid Waste Collection Frequency survey

3.1 MSW Generation

The Silvassa town is the forefront of various chemicals, dying and paper industries with small and medium- scale. At present the solid waste is disposed off in the conventional method of dumping. Silvassa do not have

Maximum Response from public – Daily Collection (64 %) Minimum Response from public –

Twice in a week (2 %)

facilities of proper sanitary landfill site and currently one temporary site of 1 Ha. Area in Khadoli village (in Survey No. 121 part area) over an existing quarry site adjoining wildlife sanctuary boundary is being used. The facilities of solid waste collection and disposal are managed by Silvassa Municipal Council (SMC) in and around the council area covering the urban area of Silvassa & Amli census towns.

Table: 3.1- Existing scenario of Solid waste Management

15-Wards

Average generation (Tons/day)

Average collection (Tons/day)

No. of Households

covered

Land Fill Area (Sq.

Km)

No. of Sites used for Landfill

Total 35 35 15518 0.01 1 Site- at Khadoli Village

15. Kms from Silvassa Average solid waste generated= 0.365 kg.

Table: 3.2- Municipal Solid Waste Generation in Metro Cities / State Capitals

SN. City Name

* Municipal Solid Waste (Tonnes per day)

SN. City Name

* Municipal Solid Waste (Tonnes per day) 1999-2000

(a)

2004-05 (b)

2010-11 (c)

1999-2000 (a)

2004-05 (b)

2010-11 (c)

1 Agartala - 77 102 30 Kanpur 1200 1100 1600

2 Agra - 654 520 31 Kavaratti - 3 2

3 Ahmedabad 1683 1302 2300 32 Kochi 347 400 150

4 Aizwal - 57 107 33 Kohima - 13 45

5 Allahabad - 509 350 34 Kolkata 3692 2653 3670

6 Amritsar - 438 550 35 Lucknow 1010 475 1200

7 Asansol - 207 210 36 Ludhiana 400 735 850

8 Bangalore 2000 1669 3700 37 Madurai 370 275 450

9 Bhopal 546 574 350 38 Meerut - 490 52

10 Bhubaneswar - 234 400 39 Mumbai 5355 5320 6500

11 Chandigar - 326 264 40 Nagpur 443 504 650

12 Cheennai 3124 3036 4500 42 Panjim - 32 25

13 Coimbatore 350 530 700 43 Patna 330 511 220

14 Daman - 15 25 44 Pondicherry - 130 250

15 Dehradun - 131 220 45 Port Blair - 76 45

16 Delhi 4000 5922 6800 46 Pune 700 1175 1300

17 Dhanbad - 77 150 47 Raipur - 184 224

18 Faridabad - 448 700 48 Rajkot - 207 230

19 Gandhinagar - 44 97 49 Ranchi - 208 140

20 Gangtok - 13 26 50 Shillong - 45 97

21 Guwahati - 166 204 51 Shimla - 39 50

22 Hyderabad 1566 2187 4200 52 Silvassa - 16 35

23 Imphal - 43 120 53 Srinagar - 428 550

24 Indore 350 557 720 54 Surat 900 1000 1200

25 Itanagar - 12 102 55 Thiruvanandapuram - 171 250

26 Jabalpur - 216 400 56 Vadodara 400 357 600

27 Jaipur 580 904 310 57 Varanasi 412 425 450

28 Jammu - 215 300 58 Vijayawada - 374 600

29 Jamshedpur - 338 28 59 Vishakhapatnam 300 584 334

* Municipal Solid Waste Study conducted by CPCB through;

a) EPTRI (1999-2000)

b) NEERI-Nagpur (2004-2005) c) CIPET during 2010-11

3.2 Garbage Collection & Sweeping

The door-to-door collection of segregated waste has been done by SMC. Sweepers collect the MSW from the roads/streets and place it to the nearby collection points or community bins. The collection of MSW from individual households is taken to point and collected with the help of small containers.

• Road sweeping both side of road : 30 km. daily

• Road brushing both side of road : 2.5 km. daily

• Collection of garbage daily : 35 tons

3.3 Transportation of MSW

SMC provides their own vehicles for the transportation of MSW; here private vehicles are not used. This vehicle uses good covering on the waste to prevent bad smell and flying of waste during transportation. Presently, SMC uses 2 Trucks, 1 Tractor, 2 Tempos, 1 Hydraulic Truck, 1 Auto Remover, etc. vehicles for collection and transportation of the waste from primary and secondary waste collection point to the landfill site.

The present system of garbage collection and sweeping is carried out by issuing the following vehicles:

• 2 Trucks : 2 trip of 4 tons each = 16 tons daily

• 1 Tractor : 2 trip of 2 tons = 4 tons daily

• 2 Tempos : 2 trip of 2 tons = 8 tons daily

• 1 Hydraulic Truck : 7 Trip of 800 kg = 5 tons daily

• 1 Auto Remover

3.4 Disposal of MSW

The household, industrial, commercial wastes are disposed together. After dumping of waste, it is then leveled and compressed with hydraulic bulldozers. The disposal site of 1 Hectare of land is located at Khadoli Village 15 km. from Silvassa.

Figure: 3.2- Existing waste Disposal Site

IV. COMPUTATION OF (MSW) GENERATION & LANDFILL SITE AREA

As per the NEERI, Nagpur, following are the various norms based on population range of towns and cities.

Table: 3.3- Norms for waste generation per capita Population Range

(in Lacs)

Average per capita waste generation (Kg/capita/day)

1.0 -5.0 0.21

5.0 -10.0 0.25

10.0 -20.0 0.27

20.0 -50.0 0.35

50.0 and above 0.5

(Source: NEERI)

4.1 Calculation of Solid Waste Gap

P N M  

Where,

P = Solid waste gap.

M = Existing Solid waste Generation.

N =Required Solid waste Generation

Table: 4.1- Gap Analysis for solid waste

Solid Waste Management Solid Waste Generation Solid Waste Gap P=(N-M) Existing (M) Standard (N)

Average generation (Tons/day) 35 35 0

Waste Generation Rate (kg/capita/day)

0.365 0.21 0.155

Source: Calculated Data

4.2 Landfill Site Area Calculation

Considering the total life span of landfill as 10 years, taking in to account the available land space, total quantity of wastes to be disposed off to sanitary landfill for its entire life period has been estimated by using formula:

Qa x F x {(1+i) -1}

Qf=

i

Where,

Qf = Total quantity of wastes to be disposed of in sanitary landfill for its entire life period (tons) Qa= Actual quantity of waste generated at present per annum (tons per annum)

F = the factor of safety, (e.g. for 10%, F = 1.1)

i = The growth rate of waste generation per annum (%), may be assumed to be equal to the yearly population growth of 83.46 % for year 2011-2021 ( i = 0.08346)

n = Life span of the landfill in years, considered 10 yrs in this case (n = 10)

13091 x 1.1 x {(1+.08346) -1}

Qf= 0.08346

2,12, 050 .

Qf = Tons

Hence, from the above equation, total waste to be disposed off in the landfill in the span of 10 years has been estimated as Qf,

Qf = 2, 12,050 tons

Volume, Vf = 2, 12,050 /0.85 = 2, 49,470 m3

Where,

H : Total Height of Landfill above the base = 8 meters (4 m below ground level + 4 m above ground level);

Af: Total Filling Area (m2);

F': The factor of Safety for additional spaces, considered 10 % a: The bottom edge of landfill (500 m2)

z: The inclination of side walls of landfill i.e. z = 1:2 (vertical : horizontal).

Size of Landfill Site: 184 × 169.5×8

Area of Landfill site, (Af) = 31188 Sq. m.

Therefore, the total area required for 10 years operation of site, with the present waste disposal rate of 35 tons/day and a growth rate of 83.46 % has been estimated to be 31188 Sq. m. i.e. 3.12 Ha.

V. LANDFILL SITE PROPOSAL

One of the most important parameter in maintaining the quality of life in towns is solid waste management. In case of the Silvassa Town, the system for solid waste management adopted is efficient in Chikhali village and khadoli village.

5.1 Generation of Solid Waste

Based on the census population 2011 and from previous decades, projection for the next 20 years has been calculated with the help of Incremental Increase method.

The generation of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in Silvassa is expected to be 65.80 TPD for the year 2021.

Following Table: 5.1 show the calculated figure

Table: 5.1- Projected Solid Waste Generation in SCR (2011-2021)

Year Projected Population Waste Generation Rate (kg/c/day) Waste Quantity (TPD)

2011 98265 0.365 35.86

2021 180273 0.365 65.80

2031 262281 0.365 95.73

Source: Calculated Data

5.2 Proposed Solid Waste Site

As the present landfill site is at khadoli, in order dispose the future solid waste, one new site is proposed for the same at chikhali.

The total area required for the site, with the present waste disposal rate of 35 tons/day and a growth rate of 83.46

% has been proposed to be 3.12 Ha.

Fig: 4.1- Solid Waste Transfer Station

Fig: 4.2 - Existing Solid Waste Landfill Site Fig: 4.3 - Proposed Solid Waste Landfill Site

5.3 Strategies for Solid Waste Management

The street sweeping should be done for all the days, including Sundays and public holidays. Each sweeper to be given individual containerized handcarts and long handled brooms with Metal tray and Metal plate. Sweepers to sweep the streets as per the yardstick suggested as well as collect waste from house to house with community participation using containerized handcarts fitted with bells.

5.3.2 Waste Segregation and Reuse

Source segregation of solid waste and removal of Storage of waste at source by households, shops and establishments in two bins be insisted. Recyclable waste should be collected from the doorstep through rag pickers to be organized by NGOs only. This alone will further facilitate doorstep collection of waste and recycling. Two-bin system should be practiced; waste should be stored at point of generation in two bins, One for biodegradable waste and other for recyclable waste, Wherever secondary storage is essential or unavoidable, the community bins should be covered type and should be compatible with the collection and transport vehicles.

The community bins as per MSW Rules 2000 should be of the prescribed colour code. The colour code being green for biodegradable waste, white for dry recyclable waste and black for debris, ash and earth.

5.3.4 Provision of Adequate Collection Facilities

All open waste storage sites be abolished. Black bins be also abolished and large containers of 5 to 7 cu. meters may be installed all over the area at a distance of 500 meters each. Societies, multi storied buildings, commercial complexes and slums to have community bins in addition to individual bins. Litterbins may be provided at strategic locations such as parks, gardens, railway/bus stations, cinema houses, market areas, and other public places.

5.3.5 Developing Strong Transportation Facilities

All containers should be grouped according to the frequency of their becoming full and be cleared before they start overflowing. Dumper placer system should be used for transportation of containers to synchronize the system of waste storage and transportation.

5.3.6 Setting up Transfer Stations

Transfer stations may be set up in the city to reduce the cost of transportation of small vehicles to the proposed processing and disposal site. The transfer stations may have large containers and hauling vehicles for transporting the quantities of waste in bulk to the processing site.

VI. CONCLUSION

By means of investigation and analysis of Solid waste Management, various issues has been revealed. And it is accomplished with the provision of new solid waste land fill site at Chikhali Village. In the year 2011, the town was having waste generation of 35.86 TPD. As the population increases, the waste generation for the year 2021, it will be 65.80 TPD. The analysis of waste collected shows that there was a decrease in the amount of waste collected from 23107 tons in 2003 to 11466 tons in 2009 during the period under review.

Present study is carried out on solid waste infrastructure according to the Indian norms and standards. This study comprises of planning proposals for “Silvassa Town”. Major findings of the study are described below in terms of planning proposals.

 Due to unplanned and haphazard manner of town, therefore the current scenario of solid waste management is poor.

 As the industrial estates are at the fringe of town, wastes are likely seen on the

 SWM scenario in the outer villages is poor as compared to SMC area fully urbanized.

 Most of the private residential societies are growing towards outer periphery of the Silvassa town

 To improve the present solid waste management system, the following suggestions may be accomplished.

 Separation of solid waste at the site should be done from the source.

 Wet and dry waste collection bins should be separated.

 Enforcement under the Silvassa Municipal Council should be done for daily collection of domestic wastes from various inner and outer residential areas of town.

 Also, the public awareness campaigns should be carried to guide the public.

VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

It is a pleasure for the author to acknowledge Dr. Krupesh A. Chauhan, Associate Professor, SVNIT, Surat for his valuable guidance. This study was supported by various officers from SMC office, Dadra and Nagar Haveli Planning and Development Authority (DNHPDA). I am also thankful to Mr. V.A. Parmar (Municipal Engineer, Silvassa Municipal Council); and Mr. A. B. Bhatt (Deputy Engineer, DNHPDA), and Mrs. Vilas R. Patel, (Technical Assistant, DNHPDA).

REFERENCES

[1] 20-Year Perspective Plan for Dadra & Nagar Haveli (December 2002), “Report on Development Charges”

[2] Report on Development Charges (To be levied under Section 22 of Dadra and Nagar Haveli Town &

Country Planning Act, 1984)

[3] Industrial Policy of Union Territories– Dadra Nagar Haveli

[4] Archana1, Daoud Ali2, Mohammad Yunus1 and V. Dutta1, Assessment of the status of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in Lucknow – Capital city of Uttar Pradesh, India.

[5] Praful Bagade, Future Land Use Pattern & Water Supply Proposal for Silvassa Town, Department of Civil Engg, PRMIT&R Badnera, IJAERD- Volume 1,Issue 8,August -2014.

[6] Rajendra Kumar Kaushal, George K. Varghese, Mayuri Chabukdhara, Municipal Solid Waste Management in India-Current State and Future Challenges: A Review, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi

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