15.1
Day One – Standard
Training Course
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CONTENTS
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Important Notes Regarding This Documentation 2
1.3 Training Overview 2
1.4 Overview of the User Interface (for information) 3
1.5 Orion Modelling, Analysis & Design Flowchart 4
1.6 Graphic Editor - General Principles 5
2 Building the Model 9
2.1 Getting Started – Project Parameters & Settings 9
2.2 Creating Axes 15
2.3 Creating Columns 21
2.4 Creating Shear Walls 32
2.5 Creating Beams 35
2.6 Creating Slabs 41
2.7 Member Re-Labelling (for information) 48
2.8 Using Tables to Edit Multiple Members 49
2.9 Wall Loads and Additional Beam Loads 51
2.10 Generating a 3D View of the Model and Creating Additional Storeys 56
3 Building Analysis 61
3.1 Pre-Analysis 61
3.2 Model Options 65
3.3 Performing the Analysis 67
3.4 Post-Analysis 71
4 Beam Reinforcement Design 83
4.1 Exercise Aims 83
4.2 Beam Design Settings and Parameters 83
4.3 Designing all Beams using Batch Mode 83
4.4 Graphical Review of Passing / Failing Members 86
4.5 Interactive Beam Design 87
4.6 Creating the Beam Elevation Drawings 95
5 Column & Wall Reinforcement Design 96
5.1 Exercise Aims 96
5.2 Column Design Settings and Parameters 96
5.3 Designing all Columns using Batch Mode 96
5.4 Creating a Column Schedule 97
5.5 Creating a Column Output Report 99
5.6 Creating a Foundation Loads Report 100
5.7 Interactive Column Design 101
5.8 Creating the Column Reinforcement Plan 112
6 Slab Design and Detailing 116
6.1 Introduction 116
6.2 Create Slab Reinforcement Strips 117
6.3 Editing the Bar Layout 120
6.4 Creating Slab Output 121
7 Creating a Flat Slab Model 124
7.1 Introduction 124
7.2 Creating the Flat Slabs in the Model 124
7.3 Creating Slab Loads and Openings 127
7.4 Creating Additional Storeys 130
8 Building Analysis for Flat Slab 132
8.1 Pre-Analysis 132
8.2 Performing the Analysis 133
8.3 Post-Analysis 136
9 Gravity Load Chase Down using Finite Element Analysis 140
9.1 Exercise Aims 140
9.2 Finite Element Model Generation Options 140
9.3 Generating/Performing the FE Analysis Model 143
10.1 Introduction 152
10.2 Finite Element – Post Processing Settings 152
10.3 Floor Analysis Post Processing 153
10.4 Exporting and Displaying Contours 162
10.5 Exporting to DXF (for information) 163
10.6 Designing the Columns/Walls 164
Appendix A : Wind Load 166
Specifying Wind Combinations 166
Applying a Single Wind Load to Each Floor 167
Applying Wind Loads directly to Columns & Walls 171
Appendix B: Beam Design Settings and Detailing 174
Beam Design Settings 174
Appendix C: Column Design Settings and Detailing 182
Creating the Column Detail Drawings 190
Appendix D : Foundation Design 194
Introduction 194
Pad Footing Design 195
Strip Footing Design 199
Raft Foundation Design 203
Appendix E : Load Combinations and the Loading Generator 208
The Loading Generator 208
Appendix F : Report Manager 214
Concrete and Form Estimation Reports 214
Report Manager 215
Appendix G : Polyline Column Editor 216
Creating an L-shaped column. 216
Appendix H : Slab Design using FE Analysis 220
Introduction 220
Creating FE Slab Strips 220
Finite Element Model Generation 221
Finite Element Model Generation 222
Updating the FE Strips with Reinforcement 226
Appendix I: Enhancing the General Arrangement Drawings 228
Creating Dimensions 228
Shrinking Axes and Setting Unused Axes to Ghost 232
Creating Slab Section Views 233
Appendix J : Orion Data File Structure and Project Settings 236
1 Introduction
1.1 Background
Orion is developed for the analysis, design and drafting of Concrete Building Stuctures. Unlike general purpose structural analysis programs, Orion is concentrated on accurate analysis, fast data preparation, automated reinforced concrete design and automated preparation of engineering drawings and details. Building systems have the following common structural features:
Geometry of a building system generally formed principly by horizontal beams and vertical columns. Most of the time, the column and beam elements have similar cross-sections so that standard section
types can be formed.
The in-plane stiffness of the floor slabs is considered to be high, forming rigid diaphragms at each floor level.
Applied loads are either in vertical (dead and imposed loads) or horizontal (wind, soil pressure or earthquake) directions.
There will often be repetition (in whole or in part) of floor layouts from one level to the next. General arrangement drawings (GA’s) are somewhat stylised, but given the constrained area of application outlined above, the system allows the model to be described by the development of GA drawings at each floor level. Even that process is further simplified since beams etc are dealt with as coherant objects, not just lines. The more simplistic centre line analysis model is automatically created in background at the same time. For example, in reality, 300 wide beams and 400 square columns along an external elevation may be arranged with the outside faces flush which would mean that their true centre lines are not aligned. It would be common practice to ignore this degree of mis-alignment for analysis purposes. Orion will not un-necessarily complicate the analysis model.
In addition – different preferences can be held and automatically used for analysis and design
purposes. For example, beam flanges can be ignored in the analysis but then utilised for reinforcement design (sagging moments only) without any re-modelling.
In summary, an Orion model allows you to • Create GA drawings
• Design the Floor Slabs, and de-compose floor loads onto beams. • Analyse the building frame
• Design continuous beams, columns. walls, and foundations (pad, strip and raft) • Automatically generate RC detail drawings.
Note that analysis and design results are represented so that the reports look like a "Building Output" by classifying the members as columns, walls, slabs and beams with the same notations used in the floor plans.
1.2 Important Notes Regarding This Documentation
This document is primarily intended to accompany a formal training course. However, it has been decided that it will be distributed with the software as an alternative means of getting started. If you are using this document and have not attended a course you will still find it very informative but we ask that you note the following:• Each part builds on the last so you need to work from start to finish.
• In many places the notes will simply say “Set up the options/settings like this”. Within the notes there is little discussion of what effect alternative selections would have. This is the sort of additional information that would be covered during discussions in the training course or the informal question and answer sessions. • The introduction above gives an indication that you will need to develop an
appreciation of the distinction between physical, analysis, and design models. Once again, this is the sort of additional information that would be covered during
discussions in the training course or the informal question and answer sessions. • In particular, time should be put aside towards the end of the formal training to allow
you to further discuss the above and also investigate how you can set up Orion so that it works as closely as possible in accordance with your standards/requirements. • Background
• Important Notes Regarding This Documentation
1.3 Training Overview
This training document will cover the main functions of Orion by using a simple 4 storey model. It is intended that after the course you should be capable of applying the techniques learnt to more complex geometries.
1.4 Overview of the User Interface (for information)
The various components of the user interface are shown below:Layer
Toolbar
Plan View Members
Toolbar
Form Plan, Detail and Design Status tabs
3D View Structure
Tree
1.5 Orion Modelling, Analysis
& Design Flowchart
The following flow chart demonstrates the typical procedure, for analysis and design within Orion. These options are fully described in the Orion Engineers Handbook.
1. Build the Model
2. Derive Beam Loads Yield Lines or
FE decomposition for Beam Loads
3. Run Building Analysis Generates gravity and lateral design forces for column/walls and beams
4.1 Beam Design 4.2 Column/Wall Design
4.3 Slab Design 3a For Flat Slab Construction Use FE Floor Analysis to create sub frames per floor, and chase gravity (only) loads down through the structure.
These Gravity Loads replace those from the Building Analysis Slab design based on tabulated code coefficients
If a Flat Slab? (or sub frame approach)
YES
1.6 Graphic Editor - General Principles
In a formal training course your tutor will demonstrate these methods to you. If you’re working through the notes independently you should just read this section and then return to it as necessary when you need to use the features/methods it describes.
1.6.1 Selecting single and / or multiple members
Several entity selection options are available to select single and/or multiple elements for editing. Only visible objects can be selected using one of the selection methods. The entity selection options are located in the "Edit" drop down and toolbar.
Available entity selection options are: Select Entity Option
After clicking on the "Pick" icon from the Members Toolbar, a single element can be selected by simply picking a point on the entity.
To select a second and further objects, you can press the CTRL key while picking entities successively. If a selected element is picked again, then it will be de-selected.
Window Selections
After clicking on the "Pick" icon from the Members Toolbar, multiple elements can be selected by enclosing them in a selection window. A selection window is a rectangular area that is defined in the drawing area by dragging two opposite corners.
Two types of window selection are available. "Select Entity (Window)" option selects entities that are entirely within the selection area. "Select Entity (Crossing)" option select entities within and entities crossing the edges of the selection area.
"Select Entity (Window)" is performed by clicking and dragging from left to right as shown below.
Window Selection: Selects Column 1S2 only.
"Select Entity (Crossing)" is performed by clicking and dragging from right to left: By reversing the 1st and 2nd points in the diagram above, Axes "A" and "1", Column 1S2 and 1S3 would be selected
Fence is a line that selects all entities that it passes through.
To perform "Select Entity (Fence)" hold down the SHIFT key and drag a line that crosses all elements that are intended for the selection set.
This option is useful when a set of non-orthogonal entities are to be selected.
Fence Selection: Selects Axes "A" and "B".
1.6.2 Update - Editing a member
For example, in order to edit an existing beam: 1. Select an existing beam.
2. Modify the fields such as "Label", "b" and "b2” in the "Beam Menu". 3. Press the "Update" button in the toolbar or Modify menu.
You can repeat this process to as many members as you wish. One member at a time can be edited by this method. If you want to update several beams at once, you can use "Beam Table" in the "Member" menu.
1.6.3 Deletion – A single / multiple members
For example, in order to delete an existing beam: 1. Select an existing beam.
1.6.4 Deletion – Selective deletion from a group of members
For example, in order to delete all the slabs from within a selection window:
1. Perform a window selection (as described earlier in this Appendix).
2. Press the "Delete" button in the toolbar or Modify menu.
3. From the "Element Filter" check "Slabs" only 4. Click on OK
1.6.5 Object Snapping (Osnaps)
The cursor can be made to snap onto the endpoint, midpoint of an individual line or intersection of two lines etc. to assist in creating axes or dimensioning or other positioning commands. Default Osnap Settings can be switched on in the “Edit” drop down and the toolbar.
1.6.6 Basic View/Zoom functions
The Graphical Editor provides several ways to control the display of the drawing in the drawing area. You can zoom to change the magnification or pan to reposition the view in the drawing area. All display control options are located in the "View" drop down and the toolbar.
The following options are available: ReDraw
The "Redraw" command re-displays all the drawing entities in the drawing area without re-generating the drawing objects. After a redraw, the drawing is completely updated.
ReGen
The "Regen" command re-generates all drawing entities using stored geometry information. This command is slightly time consuming than the redraw function.
Zoom Window
You can quickly zoom in on an area by picking the opposite corners of the zoom window defining it. After selecting the "Zoom Window" option, specify the opposite corners of the zoom window in the drawing area by dragging two points.
Zoom Previous
All zoom operations are stored. So, anytime, a previous display can be recalled using the "Zoom Previous" option.
Zoom Extents
"Zoom Extents" displays a view that includes all objects in the current storey at the highest magnification that will fit in the drawing area.
Zoom Limits
"Zoom Limits" displays a view that includes all objects contained within the active sheet borders at the highest magnification that will fit in the drawing area.
Zoom (+) and Zoom (-)
"Zoom (+)" increases the magnification of the current view by 10% and "Zoom (-)" decreases the magnification by a similar amount. This option can be used to quickly zoom in and out to the centre of the current view.
Pan
After selecting the "Pan" option, you can pan the drawing image to a new location by dragging two points that defines the pan direction and amount.
2 Building the Model
2.1 Getting Started – Project Parameters & Settings
2.1.1 Exercise aims
• Launching Orion software • Entering Project Code
• Entering Project Parameters (Type of Analysis, Material Properties etc) • Selecting Drawing Sheet
• Entering Storey Height
• Specifying some Program Design Settings
The object of this exercise is to familiarise you on how to start a new project in Orion and how to input some basic project parameters.
2.1.2 Launching Orion
2.1.3 Creating a New Project
Click New Project, (leaving the box to Discard Current Project Settings unchecked). Enter a Project Code. Type the code as shown using the ‘_’ character to denote spaces.
Then Click OK
This will automatically create a folder called Training_Course_Model_1 beneath the default data folder shown on the previous page. This will be used for storing all the model data.
2.1.4 Entering Project Parameters
The following Project Parameters window now appears where the Design Codes can be selected. Currently the program supports design to either BS8110-1997 or CP65.
Ensure your required design code is selected and then click the General tab. Note:For more details about the Orion Data File Structure and Project Settings refer to the Appendix of this manual.
Click the Select button to choose a coefficient of subgrade reaction for the use in Foundation Design.
Now click the Lateral Loadingtab so the following screen appears.
Now click on the Lateral Drift tab so the following screen appears.
Note: With selections as above, Fx and Fy lateral load cases will be automatically generated based on 1.5% of the dead load only.
This is really a question of the building’s susceptibility to 2nd order effects.
Refer to BS8110:Part 1 clauses 3.2.1.3 & 3.8.3. As with other codes (including the steel code), this provides methods for adding in second order effects.
If braced then sway moments between beams and columns negligible and can be ignored.
Deciding whether or not the building is braced/unbraced in each direction, is currently a matter of engineering judgement.
Proceed to the Title tab and fill in the job particulars.
Click OK to get back to the Open Project dialog and then OK once more to proceed.
2.1.6 Drawing Sheet Selection
Orion has the unique ability to create working drawings from the design data. After having entered the project parameters the drawing sheet selection dialog box will automatically appear.
Click on the drop down arrow to see the various sheet sizes available, pick A0 then click OK.
Note: You can enter your own sheet size in the width and height box if your required size is not available. You can also change the drawing and detail scales from this dialog.
2.1.7 Inserting Storey Height
The next dialog prompts for the Storey height for the 1st storey
Enter the storey height as 3300mm as shown below then click OK.
After entering the 1st storey height, the main drawing area (Graphical Editor) appears. Note: The sheet origin (0,0) is located at the lower left corner of the drawing sheet. If after creating your model, you find it is too close to the edge of the sheet, you can reposition it by clicking on the Sheet Origin button.
2.2 Creating Axes
2.2.1 Exercise Aims
• Understanding Axis Directions • Using the Orthogonal Axis Generator • Rotating & Stretching Axes
• Selecting Multiple Axes
2.2.2 Establishing Axis Directions and Labels
Now we will begin to create the axes.
Pick Orthogonal Axis Generatorfrom the File menu.
Alternatively the same command can be accessed by right clicking on the Axes branch within the Structure Tree and picking from the pop up menu.
Note the text that is displayed at the bottom of the screen. This is prompting you how to proceed.
Hold down the Ctrl key while picking a point in the lower left hand region of the drawing sheet.
After picking the reference point the Axis Generator screen should appear. Fill in the boxes on the Axis Generator as below.
Note: You could now click on the screen to define the co-ordinates of the reference point, however to ensure it has a sensible (i.e. whole number) offset from the origin hold down the Ctrl key on your keyboard while picking a reference point.
Click on OK, the axes should appear as follows.
Plan View in Orion 2D Model X axis (0 degrees)
Y axis (90 degrees) Dir 1 - +/- 45 degrees
of the X axis
Dir 2 +/- 45 degrees of the Y axis
Dir 1 Dir 2
Note: The Orthogonal Axis Generator will create Direction 1 axes horizontally and give them Alphabetical labels, Direction 2 axes will be created vertically with numeric labels. It is
worthwhile maintaining a convention so that the same axis directions are applied in all models. We would suggest all axes within +/- 45 degrees of the horizontal be assigned direction 1 and all axes within +/- 45 degrees of the vertical be assigned direction 2.
2.2.3 Osnap methods
The cursor can be made to snap onto the endpoint, or midpoint of an individual line or intersection of two lines etc. This will assist in creating axes or dimensioning or other positioning commands. Default Osnap Settings can be switched on in the “Edit” drop down and the toolbar.
From the Edit menu choose Object Snap Settings and ensure the Intersection, EndPoint and MidPoint Osnaps are switched on. Then click on OK.
The Osnaps you have specified become active when using either the Axis or Dimension commands.
2.2.4 Pick methods
The last axis to be drawn was Axis 6. This is thus the currently selected axis and is shown as a solid blue line. The Structure Tree View also indicates the selected axis. Provided that the Pick icon is active on the members toolbar it is possible to select a different axis by left clicking on it.
To select several axes at the same time hold down the Ctrl key whilst picking the axes. The solid blue line indicates the last axis selected, the other axes that have been selected can be identified by the small squares or grips that appear at the ends of the axes.
The selected axes are also indicated in the Structure Tree View. Clicking on the axis label in the tree view also selects an axis. Pressing Ctrl whilst clicking in the Tree View allows selection of multiple axes.
2.2.5 Editing Axes
Clear any previous axis selections by clicking on the Clear Selection Set icon Then use either of the pick methods to select only Axis 5.
With this axis selected, right click to activate the context sensitive pop up menu as shown.
The pop up menu allows the selected axis to be edited in a number of ways. Choose Rotate Axis
Then follow the prompt at the bottom of the screen.
Change the Angle in the Axis Properties to 95 degrees
Pick the base of rotation by clicking on the intersection of axis A and 5. Provided you have set up Osnaps, the cursor should snap to the exact intersection. The axis should then appear rotated as shown below.
Repeat this procedure to rotate axis F by 10 degrees about the intersection of axes F and 1.
The axes should then appear as follows:
2.2.6 Selecting/Stretching Multiple Axes
Next we will stretch all the vertical axes so that they all extend above axis F.
From the Edit menu choose Select Entity (Fence) and then drag a line between Axis E & F through all the vertical axes so they are all selected.
Right mouse click to bring up the pop up menu and pick Stretch Axis
Click and Hold with your left mouse button near Axis 6 and drag up past Axis F. The screen should now look as shown below.
Help?? If you can’t recall how to do the above: Click the Pick icon
Click on Axis F to select it. Right mouse click and choose Rotate Axis
Type in the angle as 10
2.2.7 Creating Axes Individually
In the training example it has been possible to create all the Axis Lines using the Orthogonal Axis Generator so it will not be necessary to create axes individually, however there will be many occasions in other models when you will need to add individual axes to an existing grid layout. There are two ways to achieve this:
Either,
i) Create a new line parallel to an existing axis. To do this, select an existing grid line then right click to activate the context sensitive pop up menu. Choose Offset Axis. Define the offset and the label for the new axis and then left mouse click to one side of the initially selected axis to indicate the side where the new axis is to be drawn.
ii) Create a new line by using the Axis Tool. To do this, select the Axis Tool from the Members Toolbar. Define the new label, then left click and drag to draw the axis. Note that using this method the line is being drawn ‘free-hand’ making it difficult to draw the line to an exact angle or length. To rectify this,
hold down the CTRL key when drawing the line. This forces the angle and length to snap to multiples of the values shown in the Graphic Editor View Settings – Plan Tab.
With an Angle Step of 15 deg and a Length Step of 1000, holding down CTRL will force the axis to snap to an angle of 0,15, or 30 degrees etc. and a length which will be a multiple of 1000mm.
2.3 Creating Columns
2.3.1 Exercise Aims
• Take a look at the different modelling Options • Creating Rectangular & Trapezoidal Columns • Inserting Multiple Columns
• Creating Circular Column
2.3.2 The Properties and Options with Columns
Having created the grids we will now create the columns. However there are quite a few settings and options with columns so we will have a brief look at these before proceeding.
Click the Column icon or go to Main Menu and pick Member/Column.
The Column Properties dialog should appear as shown. There are 4 tabs to this dialog.
Insertion Options to update the e1 and e2
Dir 1/2 button - Indicates the column faces are parallel to which directions (axis). This will be demonstrated within the next few pages. (Pay attention to the column at grid B / 5)
- Column end conditions options (Fixed / Hinged). Simply click on the button to toggle the end conditions. Note pinned joints in concrete structures should be used with caution.
Note: To view the calculated section properties of a column, click on the Model tab within the Column Properties dialog and then click on the Display Section Properties icon. The calculated properties can be edited manually by overwriting the zero values shown in the dialog boxes.
Orion will allow the user to model and analyse column or wall drop panels. These can then be taken into account for the Punching Shear Checks.
b1 = width of drop b2 = length of drop
e1 and e2 = allow the drop to be offset
h-Head = depth of the drop from the top of the slab ie. If the slab is 300mm and a h-Head of 600mm is specified then the drop would project 300mm below the underside of the slab.
Support Types > [Default]. The Default support condition is defined in Member > Support Types. The user can define additional support conditions for translation / rotation in the x, y and z axis.
(mm) del z (bot) – The user can define different base levels for each column relative to the datum, i.e. for a sloping site.
2.3.3 Creating Rectangular Columns
We will start by creating some rectangular columns.
The 1st column we will create will be of size 300x600 where 600 will be in direction 1. Also these columns are to be parallel to the grids in both directions 1 and 2.
Click the Dir 1/2 button to indicate the column faces are parallel to both directions 1 and 2.
In the dimensions box enter 600 in b1 and 300 in b2
Click the centrally placed column icon from the Insertion Options to update the e1 and e2 values as shown to the right.
The Column Properties should now be as shown below.
Label Corner - Allows the user to define the label position relative to its four corners.
Note: by right clicking on these boxes we can select a dimension from those available instead of typing a value.
Place the cursor over Grid 1 and Grid B intersection and left click to insert the column. Click on the Zoom Window icon or from the Main Menu bar pick View/Zoom
Window
Then box around the GridsA-B/1-3 to see the inserted column.
Click the Zoom Limits icon to see the limits of the drawing sheet.
Now enter another column of the same size at Grids B/2 by positioning the cursor at this grid intersection and left click the mouse.
Note: All columns must be entered at grid intersections.
Note: the circular symbol labelled with an “R” indicates the centre of rigidity of the floor plan. As there is currently only one column on this floor the centre of rigidity is at the centre of the column.
Multiple columns of the same size can be entered by clicking and keeping the left mouse button held down, and then drag along the grid intersections where similar sized columns are to be placed.
Do this along the Grids B/4 –5, so your screen should look as shown.
Note: The column at Grid B/5 is drawn as a parallelogram and is placed parallel to both the grids it is inserted at because the Dir: [1/2] button was selected. If only Dir: [1] button was selected then the column would be drawn as a rectangle, only parallel to the grid in direction. The reverse applies if the Dir: [2] button is selected.
Now enter the rest of the centrally placed 600x300 columns at the following Grid Intersections: D/1, D/4, D/5, E/4 & F/5.
So your screen should look as follows.
Centrally Placed 600x300 Sized Columns
Note: If you place a column in the wrong location, simply right mouse click to display the pop up menu and choose Delete.
Now with the properties for the 300x600 column active, use the Insertion Options to align the column so that its top left corner is positioned flush with the grids. With the alignment as shown,the eccentricities should change to e1=0 and e2=300.
Then enter the column at Grid F/1
Click on the Zoom Extents icon so your screen should look as below.
Members can be ‘nudged’ into their final position using the keyboard cursor keys.
Using the cursor keys ‘nudge’ column 1C10 to an eccentricity of e1 = 150mm, e2 = 175mm. (Alternatively type these eccentricities into the Column Properties dialog and click Update.)
Use the Insertion Options again to align the next column thus so that its right edge is flush with the grid line. Ensure that Dir: [1/2] is selected and enter this column at Grids E/5.
Zoom in to this column and as shown below it should be labelled as 1C11.
Note: The size of step can be controlled via Graphical Editor View Settings, by adjusting the Member Section Eccentricity Step on the Plan tab.
Now enter some square columns of size 350x350 centrally placed at grids and parallel to axis in direction 1 only. These columns are to be placed at Grids E/1, E/2 & F/3 as shown below.
2.3.5 Creating Circular Columns
Now we will enter a circular column400mm in diameter.
Type 400 in the b1 box and leave b2, e1 & e2 as 0, then
click on Grid F/4 to enter the circular column.
View of Circular Column 1C15
2.3.6 Using the Polyline Column Editor
This option allows the user to specify any shape column for the analysis and design. Please refer to the appendix for information on how to use the ‘Polyline Column Editor’.
Note: to enter a void in the centre of the column, enter a negative value in the b2 box (i.e. 100mm pipe would be entered as -100).
All the columns have now been entered. They should be shown positioned at the grid line intersections below:
1
stStorey Column Layout
Hint?? Have you missed out any of the columns?
Take a look at the Structure Tree - If your model is correct it should be indicating 15 columns at this stage.
2.4 Creating Shear Walls
2.4.1 Exercise Aims
• Creating C-Shaped Core Wall
2.4.2 Overview of Options
You will see many of the options are similar to the options in the columns dialog but there are a few that refer to walls only.
General dimensions.
Ext I Ext J
The geometry of the wall is defined. The wall is defined between grid points.
Extension zones (Ext) can also be defined to model the physical position of the wall.
Note – It is recommended that the extension zones are kept to a minimum as shown below.
The orientation of the wall is defined by the label direction. This is controlled automatically by Orion. In simple terms Ext I refers to the start of the wall, and Ext J to the end.
Material Properties – The choice of material can be controlled on a wall by wall basis. However it is recommended to use the [Default] material properties controlled by the Parameter Settings.
It is recommended that changing any material properties in this window should be done with caution.
(mm) del z (I,bot) – The base levels of ends I can be controlled based off the datum.
(mm) del z (J,bot) – The base levels of ends J can be controlled based off the datum.
This enables sloping base of walls.
Support Type – The support Types can be defined as per the columns. It is recommended to use [Default] settings.
The analytical model for this shear wall can be controlled on an individual basis. The Mid-Pier and FE Shell Methods are described fully in the Engineers Handbook.
It is recommended to leave this setting as Default.
Mid Pier Model
Now we will create a lift core wall which will be 200mm thick and C-shaped. Pick the Shear Wall icon or go to Member/Shear Wall from the Menu
bar.
Enter 200 in the b: dimension box, 100 in the b2 box and enter 100 in the Ext: I & J boxes. (This is how far the wall extends past the grids that it is inserted).
Click on the Insertion Options icon and select the wall to be centrally placed on the grid
Insert the wall by clicking and dragging from the start grid C/2 to C/3. Do the same at Grid D/2 to D/3 and Grid C/2 to D/2 as shown below.
2.5 Creating Beams
2.5.1 Exercise Aims
• Creating Multiple Rectangular Beams • Applying Brickwall Loading
• Adding Supports for Secondary Beams
2.5.2 Creating Multiple Rectangular Beams
Pick the Beams icon or go to Member/Beam. We will 1st enter some Beams along Grid B/1-6 of size 300x600.
In the Beam Status Bar ensure that dimension b is 300 and the dimension h-bot is 600.
Label – The labels will automatically generated in the model, ie. 1B1, 1B2, 1B3 etc….
b - The width of the beam
b2 – This option determines if the beam is offset in relation to the grid it is being created. This can be manually applied or by using the [Default] offsets.
Pinned – Left clicking on the blue beam allows the user to define pinned end supports, on either / both ends of the beam
h-bot – This is the amount you wish for the beam to project below the slab.
H-top – This is the amount you wish for the beam to project above the slab.
The beam along Grid B/1-6 is to be placed in the centre of Grid B so that the b2 dimension is half of the b dimension,
Ensure this by clicking on the icon this will automatically set the b2 dimension to 150mm as shown above left.
The beam is positioned at Grid B/1-6 by left clicking and dragging from the start of Grid B/1 and releasing when your cursor is at Grid B/6 so that 4 beams are entered as shown below.
Now enter some more beams in the following order of same size at the following locations: I / Shear Area / hf / bf and E – These will all be calculated automatically based on the Material Properties / Beam Size and the connecting slabs for the calculation of the flanges.
Note:
Like the columns the beams are automatically labelled based on the storey and numbered sequentially as they are entered.
From To Beam Size D/1 D/6 300 x 600 E/1 E/5 300 x 600 2/A 2/C 300 x 600 4/A 4/F 300 x 600 1/A 1/F 300 x 600 5/A 5/F 300 x 600 6/B 6/D 300 x 600
Note: A beam will not be placed where a wall already exists. A beam was not placed at Grid D/2-3 because of this.
The perimeter beams along the top and bottom edges are only 250mm wide and 800 deep. Enter them as indicated in the table below ensuring they are placed centrally on the grid:
From To Beam Size
F/1 F/5 250 x 800
A *** Slender Section*** warning message should appear, click on OK to accept and your screen should look as follows.
Delete the perimeter beam along the bottom edge and then re-enter it as 3 separate beams as indicated in the table below:
From To Beam Size
A/1 A/2 250 x 800
A/2 A/4 250 x 800
A/4 A/5 250 x 800
so your screen should now look as follows.
Note: The perimeter beam at Grid A/1-5 has been created as a single beam spanning > 17m and supporting the vertical beams along grids 2 and 4. It is possible to redefine this part of the model so that the beams along grids 2 and 4 become cantilevers that support the perimeter beam.
Hint:
Have you missed out any of the beams? Take a look at the
Structure Tree - It should indicate 37 beams. Define the rest of the 1st storey beams centrally on the grid (with the b2 dimension half of
the b dimension) as follows:
From To Beam Size
2/D 2/E 300 x 600
3/E 3/F 300 x 600
C/3 C/5 250 x 600
3/C 3/D 200 x 500
Now your screen should look as shown below:
2.6 Creating Slabs
2.6.1 Exercise Aims
• Creating 1 & 2 way spanning Slabs • Creating Cantilever Slabs
• Creating Slab Openings
2.6.2 Creating 1 & 2 Way Spanning Slabs
For Beam and Column construction slabs can be designed based off co-efficients methods in the code. Other methods of design are considered later.
Select the Slab icon or from Member/Slab. We will now enter the slabs at the 1st storey.
In the Slab Properties enter the slab thickness h to be 120 and the cover to be 25, all dimensions are in mm.
Then click on the Loadstab and enter an Additional Dead Loadof 1.2kN/m2 and in the Imp. Load box do a right
mouse click and select a value of 1.5kN/m2.
Enter the 1st slab by positioning the cursor between Grid A-B/1-2, then left click the mouse.
Your 1st slab 1S1 should appear as below including the yield line for the slab load distribution. Note – Current loading method assumed to be the Yield Line Method
Note: The self weight is calculated automatically depending on the slab thickness.
Returning to the General tab, click on the Type box and all the possible Slab Types will appear in pop up menu as shown below.
The slab type relates to table 3.14 in the code and is used to obtain correct reinforcement values, based on the coefficient method. For ease in creating this model we will initially leave the Slab Types as 1. Once all the slabs have been created the program can be made to automatically calculate the correct type for each slab.
Repeat this process to define two more 120 thk slabs as follows:
Region Thickness (mm) Dead Load (kN/m) Live Load (kN/m)
A/2 – B/4 120 1.2 1.5
A/4 – B/5 120 1.2 1.5
So now your screen should look as follows.
Now enter some 150 thk slabs which have the same Additional Dead Load as the existing ones but are to have an Imp. Load of 3kN/m2
Region Thickness (mm) Dead Load (kN/m) Live Load (kN/m)
C/3 – D/4 150 1.2 3.0
D/4 – E/5 150 1.2 3.0
E/3 – F/4 150 1.2 3.0
E/4 –F/5 150 1.2 3.0
B/5 – D/6 150 1.2 3.0
So now your screen should look as follows.
Now enter some 200 thk slabs at the following locations:
Region Thickness (mm) Dead Load (kN/m) Live Load (kN/m)
B/1 – D/2 200 1.2 3.0
B/2 – C/4 200 1.2 3.0
D/1 – E/2 200 1.2 3.0
D/2 –E/4 200 1.2 3.0
E/1 – F/3 200 1.2 3.0
So now your screen should look as follows.
2.6.3 Setting Slab Types Automatically
To automatically set the slab types in accordance with table 3.14 proceed as follows:
Right mouse click on the Slabs folder in the Structure Tree and select Set Slab Types Automatically as shown below
The Slab Type Determination dialog appears as shown below.
Click on OK to proceed
Click on OK once more.
Note – For continuity of the slab type to be considered, the adjoining slab edge must be 70% or greater in length.
2.6.4 Creating Cantilever Slabs
Now we will enter a Cantilever slab
Select the Slab Type 12 and enter a thickness h of 150mm.
Enter the length of the cantilever slab to be1000 in the L-cant box. So your status bar should look as shown to the right.
If you click on theDisplay Slab Label iconso a cross goes through it.
The effect of this is to switch off the label for the slab on the drawing.
Before placing the slab click on the Loads tab. Ensure the Load values are as follows: Dead Load 1.2 kN/m, Imp. Load 3kN/m2
Tip: Click along the RHS of the beam. When clicking from intersection to intersection click in an anticlockwise direction.
With the cantilever slab properties still active, type the slab width in the b-slab box as 3000 Ensure that the cantilever length, L-cant, is still 1000
In the d box, type the distance from the grid where the slab is to be inserted as 4000. The slab thickness, h is 150 and the loading is the same as the other cantilever slabs. Note - Each cantilever slab can only be defined relative to one beam. Therefore to place a cantilever slab along the side of a building, you would be required to specify separate slabs for each of the beams along the edge. Also the insertion points for the beginning and end points of the slab should coincide with those of the beam to which it is adjacent.
Now click and drag from Grid 3/F to 1/F so the cantilever slab 1S16 is shown as below.
So you can see from this that b-slab controls the width of the cantilever and d controls how far from the grid line the cantilever slab is positioned. This then allows you to control the size of the cantilever slabs easily.
2.6.5 Additional information about slabs (for information)
Rel.Level – This allows a step in the slab, however if the relative difference in elevations will cause a separation in diaphragms, then try using plane definitions.
Hint?? Have you missed out any of the slabs?
2.7 Member Re-Labelling (for information)
2.7.1 Exercise Aims
• Re-label all the columns, beams and slabs in a more ordered sequence.
2.7.2 Changing the member labels
Currently the members have been labelled in the order in which they were created. It would be preferable to have them labelled to reflect their location on the plan.
From the Edit menu select Re-label Members.
2.8 Using Tables to Edit Multiple Members
2.8.1 Exercise Aims
• Changing properties of all selected members in one go by using the member tables
2.8.2 Changing Properties of all Selected Members
To demonstrate this function we shall change the slab thickness of all the slabs in the model. Clear any previous selections by clicking on the Clear Selection Set icon
Select all the slabs by placing a window around the model extents using the Pick icon. Right click and choose Member Tables > Slab Table
The Slabs Table should now appear as shown, containing all of the selected slabs. From here it is possible to change either the property of an individual member in the table or update a property of all the members at the same time.
Without clicking anywhere else, type the new required slab thickness, 200mm as shown.
Press Enter and the new thickness have been auto-applied to all the slabs in the table.
Note: When the slab thickness is changed the self weight is also automatically modified.
2.8.3 Changing Properties of One Member in the table only
Change the thickness of slab 1S16 to 180mm as shown below
Click on one of the other rows in the table to move the focus off 1S16 as shown
Click on Close
Note: If several members of different types are selected, you will not be able to right click and choose Properties. Instead you should right click and choose the required Member Table.
Alternatively you can have the Member Tables toolbar docked permanently on screen - This can be done by right clicking on any icon at the top of the screen to display the menu of available toolbars. If the Member Tables toolbar is not checked then click on it. The toolbar will be displayed and can be dragged to a suitable position.
2.9 Wall Loads and Additional Beam Loads
2.9.1 Exercise Aims
• Apply Beam Wall Loads • Apply Additional Beam Loads
2.9.2 Apply Beam Wall Loads
Select the beam at the right end of grid F and right click to display the right mouse click menu.
Choose Edit Beam Wall Load from the menu. To define the load click Select and choose
BRICK WALL (200 mm), then fill in the Wall Height as 3.4m as shown below.
Click on OK and the beam is shown hatched, indicating it has a brick wall load applied. (If you don’t see any hatching check that you have the Graphical Editor View Settings defined correctly).
Note: Beams will be loaded based off the Default Slab Load method. For this example currently Yield Line.
Right mouse click on the same beam again and this time choose Copy Beam Wall Load. Using the Pick icon, select the remaining perimeter beams, remembering to keep the CTRL
key held while selecting, so that each one is added to the existing selection set.
When the entire perimeter beams are selected, right click again and this time, choose Paste Copied Beam Loads from the menu.
The beams to which beam loads have been applied are clearly indicated for visual checking.
Hint?? If you have difficulty selecting the beams try this:
From the Layer Tool Bar at the left edge of the screen click on the Axis Layer Group icon. This will temporarily switch off the display of the grid lines.
Now use the Pick icon to select the beams
When all the beams are selected remember to switch the grid lines back on by clicking on the Axis Layer Group icon once more.
Note: If warned that the wall load will be replaced in the selected beams, as shown, choose Yes.
2.9.3 Apply Additional Beam Loads
Select beam 1B30 as shown. (If the indicated beam is not labelled 1B30 try re-labelling the members once more as described in Chapter 2.7.)
Right mouse click to display the Pop Up menu and choose Edit Member Loads.
The existing loads on the beam are displayed. T2 and T1 are the slab loads from left and right. The self weight of the beam is also displayed.
Click New Load
The three icons at the top of the Load Profile Editor allow you to add Uniformly Distributed Load, Partial Distributed Load and Point Loads respectively.
Click on the Partial Distributed Load icon and then click on the Load Generator button. Click on the partial uniform load icon as shown.
Enter the distance, x to the start of the load as 1m Enter the run of load, a as 2m
Enter the load intensity, P as G = 4kN/m and Q = 3kN/m
Click on OK
The load should be drawn as follows
If desired, type a label for the load then click on OK
This additional manually entered load is shown on the T0 diagram as below
Click on OK
Note: SolidBlue Lines denote the Dead Loads (G)
Dotted Grey Line Lines denote the Imposed Loads (Q)
To display the ‘Total Added Beam Loads’ go to the ‘View Options’
Left click to tick the box Print Total Added Loads. Click on OK
This will then display the loads added to each of the beams in the model after the Analysis has been performed.
2.10
Generating a 3D View of the Model and Creating
Additional Storeys
2.10.1
Exercise Aims
• Generate a 3D View of the Model • Inserting Additional Floors
• Copying Storey Data from one floor to another • Editing the Storey Height
The building currently consists of only one floor. To complete the analysis model we shall generate additional floors. To assist in this process a 3D view of the model can be created.
A 3D view of the model can be obtained which will allow you to choose different layouts of Plan view (P) and 3D view (3) windows. It is possible to create different 3D views in different windows.
From the Window menu select the Tile Vertical
Note: Alternatively, the Plan/3D View tab at the bottom of the screen can be used to cascade & tile the different windows
Left click on the 3D View window to make it active, and then right click to display the 3D View menu.
The 3D View can be manipulated in a number of ways:
The Wireframe/Shaded/Stick View icons produce different rendering of the 3D view. Reducing the level of rendering increases the speed of dynamic panning/zooming.
Filters enable different member types to be filtered at each storey.
3D View Options enables viewing from different directions and elevations.
Animation rotates the building about a vertical axis.
Click & drag right mouse allows spinning, click and hold on mouse roller allows Panning, and moving mouse roller allows zoom in/out.
2.10.2
Inserting Additional Floors
Now we will generate an additional 3 floors, so the model will become a 4 storey building. To construct a 4 storey model we need to insert firstly a floor at the 4th floor.
Right click on the Storeys in the Structure Tree to display the Storey Menu
The screen should now look as follows.
The 4th storey has now been inserted but as can be seen it does not contain any members in the plan view.
2.10.3
Copying Floor Data to Other Floors
Right click on Storeys in the Structure Tree to display the Storey Menu and select the option Generate storey (or from the Menu bar Building/Generate Storey) so the Storey Generate dialog box appears.
Highlight St01 as the Source Storey and then St04 as the Target Storey.
Then click on OK.
After generating select Close.
From the Structure Tree you will see that St04 has a circle mark next to it but St02 & St03 don’t have this mark. Floors without any mark automatically adopt the same member layout as the floor above. Hence storeys St02 & St03 are assumed to be identical to the4th
storey. Whatever changes are made to the 4th storey will be carried through to the 3rd & 2nd storey.
To make the 3rd storey different from the 4th storey, it would be necessary to first generate the similar member types from the 4th storey to the 3rd storey then modify the 3rd storey accordingly.
Because the 3rd storey would now have a mark next to it in the storey list the 2nd storey would be similar to the 3rd storey.
So we can do this as follows:
Right click on Storeys in the Structure Tree to display the Storey Menu and select the option Generate storey.
Ensure that the source storey is St04 and the Target Storey St03 then choose OK Then after generating choose Close.
From the Structure Tree you will see that St03 now has a circle mark next to it indicating that it is a unique and editable floor, as are St01 and St04.
St02 cannot be edited, as it is identical to St03.
2.10.4
Moving between Storeys
The current storey displayed in the plan view will be shown in bold on the Storey menu in the Structure Tree. To change to a different storey, simply double click on it in the Structure Tree.
If you are not currently viewing storey 4, double click on Storey: St04 so that it is shown in bold (as shown on the right)
2.10.5
Editing the Roof
Select the Slab icon or from the Pull Down menu select Member/Slab.
Then select the Slab Type to be 1 and ensure the thickness is 200mm and the cover 25mm.
Then enter the slab where the lift wall is at Grid 2-3/C-D So your screen should look as follows.
We will now edit the storey height as currently each floor is 3300mm high based on the 1st storey
generated earlier.
Select Edit Storey from the storey menu or by selecting from the Main Menu Building/Edit Storey so the Edit Storey dialog box appears as shown below.
To change a floor height: click in the cell for h(mm) at the desired storey, St01
Change the current value of 3300 to be 4000. Click outside the cell and you should notice the values in the Level column have changed as shown below.
1st Storey Bottom Level - The Number of Basements is only used for determining a factor used in earthquake analysis. (Not available in this version of Orion).
Foundation Level –This is the length of the column below the datum level (St00), by Default 1100m
2.10.7
Specifying Imposed Load Reductions for Each Floor
The Edit Storey dialog is used for this purpose.
Click on the button to apply the Imposed Load Reductions.
3 Building Analysis
3.1 Pre-Analysis
3.1.1 Exercise Aims
• Model Validity Checking
• Distribute Slab Loads & Beam Loads to all Beams • Run Building Analysis - Pre-Processor
• Run Building Analysis - Post-Processor • Viewing the Analysis Output Report
3.1.2 Pre-Analysis - Model Validity Checking
From the Run menu choose Building Analysis. This should then display the Analysis Form.
Click Load Combination Select and chose LC10, this will include the gravity load combinations (including pattern loads) and the NHF’s.
previously.
The Load Combination ‘Select’ and ‘Edit’ buttons can be used to view and if required modify the load combinations specified previously.
The Storey Loads Editor can be used to view and if required modify the lateral load cases applied at each storey. The notional lateral loads are calculated automatically once the Building Analysis is complete.
The Material section can be used to view the concrete and steel grades selected for each member group. The ‘Edit’ button can be used to change these settings.
Now click the Edit button so the following screen appears.
Click on the concrete grade button adjacent to Columnsand then choose Concrete Grade C40 and check the Apply to All Members Types box as shown below and then click OK
This will set all structural members to have Grade 40 Concrete.
Click on the steel grades button adjacent to Columnsand then choose Grade 500 (Type 2) and check the Apply to All Members Types box as shown below and then click OK
Note: Different Member Types are can have different concrete grades set globally in the Material Properties. However the grade can be varied from one member to the next within a Member Type.
Click the Bars button adjacent to Columns.
You will notice some bars have been selected by default. Bars can be unselected by clicking on them to remove the tick (similarly click to select).
Make sure the selected bars for today’s exercise are: H10 / H12 / H16 / H20 / H25 / H32
Click OK to go back to the materials tab, then review (and modify if desired) the bar diameters to be used for beams, slabs etc.
Note: You may prefer to modify the bars to select from. Some bars are only available in Europe and others in Asia. However, these training notes are based on the above bar sizes - if you make changes the member designs may differ from the manual. Also if you elect not to use certain bar diameters for column design, you should ensure that these bars are not referred to in the Column Design Settings later in the program. Similarly, bars not used for beam design should not be referred to in the Beam Design Settings.
3.2 Model Options
Click on the Model Options tabThe model options shown here are fully described in the Engineer’s Handbook, found from the Help Menu.
Automated generation of Rigid Zones (where beams frame in to columns/walls) is an advanced feature within Orion. Setting Rigid Zones to Maximum, or Reduced by 25% creates a more realistic model of the beam/column interface which reduces the design moments within the beams.
None – Centreline moments used for design. No Rigid Arms.
Reduced –Mom generated 25% from the perimeter of the section
Maximum – Moments at the face are used for the design. Rigid arms extend to the section perimeters (100%).
Diagram Shown with MAXIMUM Rigid Arms
On this page the engineer can globally adjust the properties to be used for each member type.
No changes will be made, click on Settings tab.
Total Hor. Drift Limit – This check is for the maximum total allowable displacement, which is checked at every storey level. 12000mm * 0.0014 = 16.8mm
Relative Hor. Drift Limit – This check is in accordance with BS 8110: Part 2 and is the maximum relative displacement between each storey. 4000mm * 0.002 = 8mm
These checks are performed for the NHF’s, Fx and Fy
Note: For flat slab models there is an option to use undecomposed slab loads for the notional horizontal load calculation. See later notes.
Note: The torsional stiffness factor has been set to 0.01 for the beams to prevent significant torsions from developing.
3.3 Performing the Analysis
Click on Building Model Validity Check.
This will check that the building is valid for those conditions indicated. Choose All Storeys and then click on the Check button.
Note:Even if this reports no errors, it doesn’t guarantee that the building is modelled correctly. There can be other problems in the model that are not picked up by the validity checking process.
Assuming that no errors are reported, close the dialog
During the Building Analysis, the Beam Load Calculations (All Storeys) are completed (based upon your loading method – currently Yield Line). The slab loads are distributed onto the supporting beams; all the load data is assessed; the weights and mass centres of each storey are calculated and any notional lateral loads are determined.
After analysis it is then possible to automatically perform Column/Wall Reinforcement Design and Beam Reinforcement Design for all members in the building.
Uncheck Column/Wall Reinforcement Design and Beam Reinforcement Design before clicking on Start to begin the batch analysis process.
The Beam Load Calculations commence and a warning message should be displayed.
3.3.1 Checking the notional lateral loads
Once the Building Analysis has been performed, the weights of each storey can be viewed and if lateral loads were specified in the Project Parameters they can be viewed and edited.
Return to Pre-Analysis and select Storey Loads Editor.
By clicking on each of the storey labels in the upper table, the Fx and Fy values for each storey can be viewed and edited if required, in the lower table.
Click on Cancel to leave the notional forces unchanged. Hint: By clicking ‘Yes’, in the above
process to mark the cantilever beams, a small red triangle is attached to each one detected. The user can override this automatic marking back in the graphic editor by selecting the beam, right clicking and choosing Mark Free End of Cantilever Beam as shown. This may be necessary where two cantilever beams meet. (EG beams B3 and B36). The marking does not affect the analysis, however it does affect the way the beams are subsequently detailed.
Point of Application Notional Horizontal Forces
CofG = Centre of Gravity CofG
Floor Plan Fy Fx Sheet Origin (0,0) 13.070m 15.333m
3.4 Post-Analysis
3.4.1 Cross Checking the Analysis Result
An important cross check on validity of the analysis is the Axial Load Comparison Report. This report sums all the dead and live loads applied at each storey level and then also displays the axial forces in the columns and shear walls. These values should equate to each other (within a few percent), if they do not the reason for the discrepancy should be investigated.
Go back to the Analysis tab
Select Axial Load Comparison Report
The total “SUM OF APPLIED LOADS (Using Un-Decomposed Slab Loads)” values should be similar to those from the Decomposed Slab Loads table.
Provided that any difference between the un-decomposed and the decomposed values can be accounted for, the Total Decomposed Applied Dead Load should be compared with the Total Delta G value from the “BUILDING ANALYSIS COLUMN/SHEARWALL AXIAL LOADS” table. Similarly, the Total Decomposed Live Load should then be compared with the Total Delta Q value.
Any significant differences in these values also have to be able to be accounted for.
If required the report can be printed, or it can be saved for later inclusion in a batch print out of all reports created by the program.
Click on Save Report
See following page for an example of the Axial Load Comparison report Summary – For Beam and Column Construction
CHECK 1
Sum of Undecomposed Slab Loads ~ Sum of Decomposed Slab Loads CHECK 2
Total Decomposed Applied Dead Load ~ Total Delta G CHECK 3
3.4.2 Model and Analysis Results Display
The Analysis results can be viewed graphically from here. Various effects can be displayed and the results can be filtered by axis and by storey.
Click Model and Analysis Results Display
If too many labels are displayed the screen can appear cluttered as shown above. However, using the various drop-down filter buttons and the view settings, you can create something more meaningful.
Click the various filter buttons to create different views. The menu’s can be dropped down to choose what you want to show, and then the button can be toggled on and off.
By clicking on the Filters button, located just to the left of the nodal points filter button, you can filter by storeys, axes and member type, as shown above.
You can also do a Search for specific nodes, frame elements or shell elements by clicking on the binoculars icon, to the left of the filters button, as shown below.
A large arrow will point at the item you have searched for.
There are further filtering and setting options found in the View Settings window, which can be accessed from the View menu:
Below is a view of the model showing the displacement, using the Displacements filter. The X values have also been displayed, and the displacement scale has been increased.
3.4.3 Analysis Output Reports (for information)
The next stage is to prepare a report of the analysis results.
Select Analysis Output Report Preparation so the following dialog box appears.
Expand Storey 1 and highlight Columns and Walls (by holding down the CTRL key) as shown.
Click on the button to transfer all the columns and walls to the right hand side.
Select the results to display as shown. Note that ‘i’ results are at the top of the members and ‘j’ results are at the bottom.
Change the output options to match those shown below.
Note:
Y – This denotes a Loadcase
Sign Convention
Positive Definition of Member Forces
Close the Report and then choose Exit which takes you back to the Analysis Form dialog box. From the Analysis Form a formatted version of the report could be generated by selecting “Structural Member Results” from the Output Reports drop down menu. This could then be printed directly or saved to a file using the commands on the File menu.
Apart from the Building Analysis Results, various other reports are also available. Click on the Reports tab.
As we have seen the analysis results report is available on the Post-Analysis tab, however all the other detailed output reports are available from here, For example:
Pre-analysis checks report: - a basic summary of the model input.
Post Analysis Checks Report: - the horizontal displacement (drift) checks (Total and Relative). Analysis Model Echo Report:- the full analysis input data file.
Storey Displacements Report: Orion calculates the displacements in the x and y directions and torsion for each load combination for each storey.
Column Bracing (Sway) Classification Report: This report is based upon ACI code
recommendations, and is not applicable if braced conditions have been manually amended. This option should only be used with cross reference to the ACI code.
Beam Load Analysis Report: contains the beam loads.
Each of these reports can be printed, or saved for later inclusion in a batch print out of all reports created by the program. They can also be exported to a variety of different file formats.
