Biomedical Polymers

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BIOMEDICAL POLYMERS

B.Sc. Project Report

by by

PAULAMI BOSE

Roll No: D10/CH-012

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

RAVENSHAW UNIVERSITY

CUTTACK

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BIOMEDICAL POLYMERS

A Project report A Project report

Submitted for the Partial Fulfillment of the Submitted for the Partial Fulfillment of the

DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

in in

CHEMISTRY

Submitted By Submitted By

PAULAMI BOSE

Under the supervision of Under the supervision of

DR. TUNGABIDYA MAHARANA DR. TUNGABIDYA MAHARANA

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

RAVENSHAW UNIVERSITY

CUTTACK

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CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the report entitled “

I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the report entitled “ BIOMEDICALBIOMEDICAL POLYMERS”

POLYMERS” in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Bachelor of in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Bachelor of Science and submitted in the Department of Chemistry

Science and submitted in the Department of Chemistry of the Ravenshaw University, Cuttack of the Ravenshaw University, Cuttack iis s aan n aauutthheennttiic c rereccoord rd oof f mmy y oowwn n wwoork rk ccaarrririeed d oouut t uunndder er tthhe e ssuuppeervrviisisioon n oof f Dr.

Dr. TunTungabgabidyidya a MahMaharanarana, a, LecLecturturer, er, DepDepartartmenment t of of CheChemistmistry, ry, RavRavenshenshaw aw UniUniverversitysity,, Cuttack

Cuttack

The matter presented in the report has not been submitted by me for the award of any other The matter presented in the report has not been submitted by me for the award of any other degree of this or any other Institute.

degree of this or any other Institute.

(PAULAMI BOSE) (PAULAMI BOSE)

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candida

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is te is correccorrect to t to the best of mythe best of my (our) knowledge.

(our) knowledge.

((DDrr. . TTUUNNGGAABBIIDDYYA A MMAAHHAARRAANNAA) ) ((DDrr. . SSMMRRUUTTI I PPRRAAVVA A DDAASS)) Supervisor

Supervisor HoD HoD ChemistryChemistry

Date: Date:

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

RAVENSHAW UNIVERSITY, CUTTACK

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I, hereby acknowledge that the project entitled ‘BIOMEDICAL POLYMER’ is done I, hereby acknowledge that the project entitled ‘BIOMEDICAL POLYMER’ is done under the supervised guidance of Dr. Tungabidya Maharana, Dept. of Chemistry, Ravenshaw under the supervised guidance of Dr. Tungabidya Maharana, Dept. of Chemistry, Ravenshaw University. I would also like to thank Dr. Smruti Prava Das, HoD Chemistry, Dr. Alekh University. I would also like to thank Dr. Smruti Prava Das, HoD Chemistry, Dr. Alekh Kumar Sutar and other faculties of the Dept. of Chemistry for their support and valuable time Kumar Sutar and other faculties of the Dept. of Chemistry for their support and valuable time in developing this project. Last but not the least I would also like thank my parents, family in developing this project. Last but not the least I would also like thank my parents, family and friends

and friends for their for their constant supconstant support.port.

(PAULAMI BOSE) (PAULAMI BOSE)

Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry,

Ravenshaw University, Cuttack Ravenshaw University, Cuttack

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Polymer scientists, working closely with those in the device and medical fields, have made Polymer scientists, working closely with those in the device and medical fields, have made tremendous advances over the past 30 years in the use of synthetic materials in the body. tremendous advances over the past 30 years in the use of synthetic materials in the body. A variety of polymers have been used for medical care including preventive medicine, A variety of polymers have been used for medical care including preventive medicine, clinical inspections, and surgical treatments of diseases. Among the polymers employed clinical inspections, and surgical treatments of diseases. Among the polymers employed fo

for r susuch ch memedidicacal l pupurprpososeses, , a a spspececififieied d grgrououp p of of popolylymemers rs arare e cacalllled ed popolylymemeriricc biomaterials when they are used in direct contact with living cells

biomaterials when they are used in direct contact with living cells of our body.of our body. Medica

Medical l practipractitionetioners rs today often seek to today often seek to cure ailments or cure ailments or improimprove a ve a patienpatient’s t’s qualiquality of ty of lifelife by replacing a

by replacing a defective body part defective body part with a with a substitute. But until substitute. But until quite recently, physicians quite recently, physicians werewere limited to using off-the-shelf supplies that weren’t designed for the application. Motivated by limited to using off-the-shelf supplies that weren’t designed for the application. Motivated by a need for custom-made materials for specific medical applications, materials scientists, a need for custom-made materials for specific medical applications, materials scientists, chemists, Chemical engineers, and researchers in other disciplines have turned their attention chemists, Chemical engineers, and researchers in other disciplines have turned their attention to creating high-performance biomaterials. Among the new crop of substances are novel to creating high-performance biomaterials. Among the new crop of substances are novel biodegradable polymers

biodegradable polymers and modified and modified natural substances natural substances designed for designed for use in use in a wide a wide range of range of impla

implantable ntable appliapplicationcations s incluincluding ding orthoorthopedic pedic and and dental devices, dental devices, drugdrug-deliv-delivery ery systemsystems,s, tissue engineering scaffolds, and other uses.

tissue engineering scaffolds, and other uses. Minimum requirements of Biomaterials: Minimum requirements of Biomaterials:

1.

1. NoNon-n-totoxixic c (b(bioiosasafefe))

They should be non-pyrogenic, Non-hemolytic, Chronically non-inflammative, They should be non-pyrogenic, Non-hemolytic, Chronically non-inflammative, Non-allergenic, Non-carcinogenic, Non-teratogenic, etc..

Non-allergenic, Non-carcinogenic, Non-teratogenic, etc.. 2.

2. EffectiveEffective The

They y shoshould uld be be effeeffectictive ve funfunctictionaonallylly, , shoshould uld havhave e googood d perperforformanmance,ce, durability,etc.

durability,etc. 3.

3. SteSterilrilizaizableble

They can be sterilizable by using Ethylene oxide, γ-Irradiation, Electron beams, They can be sterilizable by using Ethylene oxide, γ-Irradiation, Electron beams, Autoclave, Dry heating, etc

Autoclave, Dry heating, etc 4.

4. BioBiocomcompatpatibliblee

The most important one, for the use of any material in human body they should be The most important one, for the use of any material in human body they should be biocompatible interfacially, mechanically, and Biologically.

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A

A ThermorespThermoresponsive onsive polymerpolymer is is a a polpolymeymer r whiwhich ch undundergergoes oes a a phyphysicasical l chachange nge in in thethe presence

presence of of external external thermal thermal stimuli. stimuli. The The ability ability to to undergo undergo such such changes changes under under easilyeasily con

controtrollelled d conconditditionions s putputs s thithis s clasclass s of of polpolymeymers rs intinto o the the catcategoegory ry of of smasmart rt matmateriaerials.ls. Thermoresponsive polymers can be used for various biomedical applications including drug Thermoresponsive polymers can be used for various biomedical applications including drug delivery, tissue engineering and biofunctional molecular techniques for smarter behavior. delivery, tissue engineering and biofunctional molecular techniques for smarter behavior. Many developments have paved the way for ready-to-use applications using the fast and Many developments have paved the way for ready-to-use applications using the fast and pronounced phase transition of poly(N-isoprop

pronounced phase transition of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm).ylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm).

Graf

Graft t polympolymersers (e.g(e.g. . PolPoly y amiamino no aciacids) ds) are are brabranchnched ed copcopolyolymermers s whewhere re sidside e chachain in isis stru

structucturallrally y difdiffereferent nt frofrom m the the maimain n chachain. in. In In the the aboabove ve figfigureure, , gragraft ft polpolymeymer r beabearinringg hydro

hydrophobphobic ic and hydrophiland hydrophilic ic chainchains s undeundergo rgo self-agself-aggregagregation tion which in which in aqueoaqueous us mediumedium m atat proper

proper concentration concentration (Critical (Critical Aggregation Aggregation Concentration) Concentration) forms forms colloidal colloidal micelle micelle systemssystems ha

haviving ng hyhydrdropophohobibic c cocore re anand d hyhydrdropophihililic c shshelell. l. ThThen en ththese ese acactitive ve momolelecuculeles s can can bebe physically

physically or or chemically chemically linked linked to to the the other other amphiphilic amphiphilic copolymers. copolymers. Now Now the the dissolutiondissolution process

process or or hydrolysis hydrolysis allows allows the the release release of of active active substances substances and and that that can can be be tested tested withwith drugs.

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2.

2. TYPES TYPES OF OF BIOMEDICAL BIOMEDICAL POYMERSPOYMERS

Examples Examples::

B

Biiooddeeggrraaddaabblle e PPoollyymmeerrss NNoonn--BBiiooddeeggrraaddaabblle e PPoollyymmeerrss

•

• Polyglycolic acidPolyglycolic acid

(polyglycolide) (polyglycolide)

•

• Polylactic acid (polylactide)Polylactic acid (polylactide) •

• Poly-3-hydroxybutyratePoly-3-hydroxybutyrate •

• PolydioxanonePolydioxanone •

• Linear polyaliphatic estersLinear polyaliphatic esters

•

• Polyethylene terephthalate (PET),Polyethylene terephthalate (PET),

Dacron Dacron • • Nylon 6,6 Nylon 6,6 • • PolyurethanesPolyurethanes •

• Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) •

• Polyethylene (low density and highPolyethylene (low density and high

density) plus UHMW density) plus UHMW

•

• Polysiloxanes (silicones)Polysiloxanes (silicones) • • Poly(methylmethacrylate)Poly(methylmethacrylate) BIOMEDICAL POLYMERS BIOMEDICAL POLYMERS N NOONN--BBIIOODDEEGGRRAADDAABBLLE E PPOOLLYYMMEERR BBIIOODDEEGGRRAADDAABBLLE E PPOOLLYYMMEER R

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2.1.

2.1. NON-BIODEGRADABLNON-BIODEGRADABLE E POLYMERSPOLYMERS

•

• Biomedical polymers with high molecular weight that do not degrade in the body can beBiomedical polymers with high molecular weight that do not degrade in the body can be

classified as

classified as BioinertBioinert or or Non-BiodegradNon-Biodegradable able Polymers.Polymers.

•

• Most problems that occur with the non-degradable polymers are when used for medicalMost problems that occur with the non-degradable polymers are when used for medical

applications are due to leaching of plasticisers and additives. applications are due to leaching of plasticisers and additives.

•

• It is It is imporimportant to characterise the grade of the tant to characterise the grade of the polypolymer in mer in use. What is sold as use. What is sold as polypolymer Xmer X

by

by one one manufacturer manufacturer may may be be very very different different from from polymer polymer X X sold sold by by another another due due to to thethe difference in purity and additives present.

difference in purity and additives present.

•

• Surface reactions and absorption of proteins can cause problems when non-degradableSurface reactions and absorption of proteins can cause problems when non-degradable

polymers

polymers are are used used in in human human body body as as a a permanent permanent substitute substitute for for various various medical/surgicalmedical/surgical reasons.

reasons.

•

• Surface texture and form of the polymer are important considerations when used as anSurface texture and form of the polymer are important considerations when used as an

implant

implant in human body.in human body.

Polyethylene Oxide (PEO) star molecules are used to terminate biomedical polymers. PEO Polyethylene Oxide (PEO) star molecules are used to terminate biomedical polymers. PEO surface modifies the end groups and forms a protective layer over the base polymer.

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2.2

2.2 BIODEGRADABLE BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERSPOLYMERS

Many opportunities exist for the application of

Many opportunities exist for the application of synthetic biodegradable polymerssynthetic biodegradable polymers in thein the biomedical

biomedical area area particularly particularly in in the the fields fields of of tissue tissue engineering engineering and and controlled controlled drug delivery.drug delivery. Degradation is important in biomedicine for many reasons. Degradation of the polymeric Degradation is important in biomedicine for many reasons. Degradation of the polymeric implant means surgical intervention may not

implant means surgical intervention may not be required in order to remove the be required in order to remove the implant at theimplant at the end of its functional life, eliminating the need for a second surgery. In tissue engineering, end of its functional life, eliminating the need for a second surgery. In tissue engineering, biodegradable

biodegradable polymers polymers can can be be designed designed such such to to approximate approximate tissues, tissues, providing providing a a polymer polymer scaffold that can withstand mechanical stresses, provide a suitable surface for cell attachment scaffold that can withstand mechanical stresses, provide a suitable surface for cell attachment and growth, and degrade at a rate that allows the load to be transferred to the new tissue. and growth, and degrade at a rate that allows the load to be transferred to the new tissue. Polymer degradation takes place mostly through scission of the main chains or side-chains of Polymer degradation takes place mostly through scission of the main chains or side-chains of polymer

polymer molecules, molecules, induced induced by by their their thermal thermal activation, activation, oxidation, photolysis, oxidation, photolysis, radiolysis, radiolysis, or or hydrolysis. Some polymers undergo degradation in biological

hydrolysis. Some polymers undergo degradation in biological environments when living cellsenvironments when living cells or microorgan

or microorganisms are isms are presenpresent t arounaround d the polymers. Such environmethe polymers. Such environments include nts include soils, seas,soils, seas, rivers, and lakes on the earth as well as the body of human beings and animals.

rivers, and lakes on the earth as well as the body of human beings and animals.

Biodegradable polymers are defined as those which are degraded in these biological Biodegradable polymers are defined as those which are degraded in these biological envi

environmronments ents not not throthrough ugh therthermal mal oxidaoxidation, tion, photphotolysiolysis, s, or or radioradiolysis lysis but but throthroughugh enzymatic or

enzymatic or non-enzymatnon-enzymatic ic hydrolysis.hydrolysis.

When investigating the

When investigating the selection of the polymer for biomedical applications, importantselection of the polymer for biomedical applications, important criteria

criteria to consider are;to consider are;

•

• The mechanical properties must match the application and remainThe mechanical properties must match the application and remain

sufficiently strong until the surrounding tissue has healed. sufficiently strong until the surrounding tissue has healed.

•

• The degradation time must match the time required.The degradation time must match the time required. •

• It does not invoke a toxic response.It does not invoke a toxic response. •

• It is metabolized in the body after fulfilling its purpose.It is metabolized in the body after fulfilling its purpose. •

• It is It is easily proceasily processable in the final product form with an acceptable shelf life andessable in the final product form with an acceptable shelf life and

easily sterilized. easily sterilized.

Mec

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temperatures and molecular weight. Each of these factors needs to be assessed on how they temperatures and molecular weight. Each of these factors needs to be assessed on how they af

affecfect t ththe e bibiododegegraradadatition on of of ththe e popolylymemer. r. BiBiododegegraradadatition on cacan n be be accaccomomplplishished ed byby syn

synthethesizisizing ng polpolymeymers rs witwith h hyhydrodrolytlyticalically ly unsunstabtable le linlinkagkages es in in the the bacbackbokbone. ne. ThiThis s isis commonly achieved by the use of chemical functional groups such as esters, anhydrides, commonly achieved by the use of chemical functional groups such as esters, anhydrides, orthoesters and amides.

orthoesters and amides.

Once implanted, a biodegradable device should maintain its mechanical properties until it is Once implanted, a biodegradable device should maintain its mechanical properties until it is no longer needed and then be absorbed by the body leaving no trace. The backbone of the no longer needed and then be absorbed by the body leaving no trace. The backbone of the polymer

polymer is is hydrolytically hydrolytically unstable. unstable. That That is, is, the the polymer polymer is is unstable unstable in in a a water water basedbased environment. This is the prevailing

environment. This is the prevailing mechanism for the polymers degradationmechanism for the polymers degradation. This occurs. This occurs in two stages:

in two stages:

•

• WaWateter r pepenenetrtrateates s ththe e bubulk lk of of ththe e dedevivice, ce, atattatackckining g ththe e chchememicical al bobondnds s in in ththee

amo

amorphrphous ous phaphase se and and conconververtinting g lonlong g polpolymeymer r chachains ins intinto o shoshorter rter watwater-ser-soluolubleble fragments. This causes a reduction in molecular weight without the loss of physical fragments. This causes a reduction in molecular weight without the loss of physical properties

properties as as the the polymer polymer is is still still held held together together by by the the crystalline crystalline regions. regions. Water Water penetrates the device leading to metabolization of the fragments and bulk erosion. penetrates the device leading to metabolization of the fragments and bulk erosion.

•

• Surface erosion of the polymer occurs when the rate at which the water penetratingSurface erosion of the polymer occurs when the rate at which the water penetrating

the device is slower than the rate of conversion of the polymer into water soluble the device is slower than the rate of conversion of the polymer into water soluble materials. Biomedical engineers can tailor a polymer to slowly degrade and transfer materials. Biomedical engineers can tailor a polymer to slowly degrade and transfer stress at the appropriate rate to surrounding tissues as they heal by balancing the stress at the appropriate rate to surrounding tissues as they heal by balancing the chemical stability of the polymer backbone, the geometry of the device, and the chemical stability of the polymer backbone, the geometry of the device, and the presence

presence of of catalysts, catalysts, additives additives or or plasticisers. plasticisers. Polylactides, Polylactides, especially especially polyglycolide,polyglycolide, are readily hydrolyzed in our body to the respective monomers and oligomers that are are readily hydrolyzed in our body to the respective monomers and oligomers that are soluble in aqueous media. As a result, the whole mass of the polymers disappears, soluble in aqueous media. As a result, the whole mass of the polymers disappears, leaving no trace of remnants.

leaving no trace of remnants.

Generally, such a polymer that loses its weight over time in the living body is called an Generally, such a polymer that loses its weight over time in the living body is called an absorbable

absorbable,, resorbableresorbable, , or or bioabsorbable polymerbioabsorbable polymer as well as a biodegradable polymer,as well as a biodegradable polymer, regardless of its degradation mode.

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Work

Working ing PrinPrincipleciple:: PPololyymemer r is is tatakken en anand d shshapaped ed as as neneedededed, , ththen en seseededed ed wwitithh living cells and bathed with growth factors. Now the cell multiplies to fill up the scaffold and living cells and bathed with growth factors. Now the cell multiplies to fill up the scaffold and grows into three- dimensional tissue. Once implanted in the body cells recreate their tissue grows into three- dimensional tissue. Once implanted in the body cells recreate their tissue function followed by blood vessels attaching themselves. Then the scaffold dissolves and function followed by blood vessels attaching themselves. Then the scaffold dissolves and blends with the surroundings

blends with the surroundings

..

Specific applications of biodegradable polymers include : Specific applications of biodegradable polymers include :

•

• SuturesSutures •

• Dental devicesDental devices •

• Orthopedic fixation devicesOrthopedic fixation devices •

• Tissue engineering scaffoldsTissue engineering scaffolds •

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3.

3. IMAGES IMAGES OF OF BIOMEDICAL BIOMEDICAL POLYMERSPOLYMERS

Commercial Sutures Commercial Sutures

Braided

Braided Polyester Polyester Multifilament Multifilament Nylon Nylon PTFEPTFE

S

Schematic Diagram of an chematic Diagram of an Artificial Kidney (HOMODIALYSIS)Artificial Kidney (HOMODIALYSIS)

Schematic Diagr

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4.

4. APPLICATIONS APPLICATIONS OF OF BIOMEDICAL BIOMEDICAL POLYMERSPOLYMERS P

Poollyymmeerr AApppplliiccaattiioonnss PPoollyymmeerr AApppplliiccaattiioonnss

PDMS

PDMS CathetersCatheters Heart Valves

Heart Valves PolytetrafluoroethylenePolytetrafluoroethylene

Heart valves Heart valves Vascular grafts Vascular grafts Nerve repair Nerve repair Polyurethane

Polyurethane VVentricular entricular assistassist devices

devices PolyethylenePolyethylene

Catheters, hip, Catheters, hip, Prostheses Prostheses

PGA, PLA and PGA, PLA and PLGA PLGA Drug delivery Drug delivery devices devices Polymethylmethacrylate Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)

(PMMA) Fracture fixationFracture fixation

Cellophane

Cellophane DialysisDialysis membranes membranes

4.

4.1.1. MEMEDIDICACAL L APAPPLPLICICATATIOIONS NS OF OF BIBIOAOABSBSORORBABALE LE POPOLYLYMEMERSRS

F

Fuunnccttiioonn PPuurrppoossee EExxaammpplleess

Bonding Bonding

Suturing

Suturing Vascular and intestinal anastomosisVascular and intestinal anastomosis F

Fiixxaattiioonn FFrraaccttuurreed d bboonne e ffiixxaattiioonn A

Addhheessiioonn SSuurrggiiccaal l aaddhheessiioonn

Closure

Closure CoveringCovering Wound cover, Local hemostasisWound cover, Local hemostasis Occlusion

Occlusion _{Vascular embolization}_{Vascular embolization} Separ

Separ ation

ation IIssoollaattiioonn OOrrggaan n pprrootteeccttiioonn Contact inhibition

Contact inhibition Adhesion preventionAdhesion prevention Scaffol

Scaffol d

d Cellular proliferationCellular proliferation

Skin reconstruction, Blood vessel Skin reconstruction, Blood vessel reconstruction

reconstruction T

Tiissssuue e gguuiiddee NNeerrvve e rreeuunniioonn C

Caappssuullaattiioonn CCoonnttrroolllleed d ddrruugg Delivery

Delivery Sustained drug releaseSustained drug release

4.2.

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•

• Biomedical polymers are used for a variety of reasons,Biomedical polymers are used for a variety of reasons, but the most basic begins with but the most basic begins with

the physician's simple desire: to have a device, which can be used as an implant and the physician's simple desire: to have a device, which can be used as an implant and will not necessitate a second surgical event for removal. In addition to not requiring a will not necessitate a second surgical event for removal. In addition to not requiring a second surgery, the biodegradation may offer other advantages.

second surgery, the biodegradation may offer other advantages.

•

• Another exciting application for which biodegradable polymers offer tremendousAnother exciting application for which biodegradable polymers offer tremendous

potential is the basis for drug delivery, either as a drug delivery system alone or in potential is the basis for drug delivery, either as a drug delivery system alone or in

conjunction to functioning as a medical device. conjunction to functioning as a medical device.

•

• The other reason for biodegradable polymers attracting much attention is that nobodyThe other reason for biodegradable polymers attracting much attention is that nobody

will want to carry foreign materials in the body as long-term implants, because one will want to carry foreign materials in the body as long-term implants, because one cannot deny a risk of infection eventually caused by the implants.

cannot deny a risk of infection eventually caused by the implants.

•

• Costly procedures have now been given new lower cost alternatives.Costly procedures have now been given new lower cost alternatives.

•

• Polymers will continue to improve medicine and if Polymers will continue to improve medicine and if the first fifty yearthe first fifty years of developments of development

is any

is any indicindicationation, the , the next fifty years will serve to next fifty years will serve to save many lives and help to save many lives and help to makemake procedures and applications safer and more efficient

procedures and applications safer and more efficient

Disadvantages: Disadvantages:

•

• Biocompatibility is highly desirable but not indispensable; most of the clinically usedBiocompatibility is highly desirable but not indispensable; most of the clinically used

biomaterials lack excellent biocompatibility, although many efforts have been devoted biomaterials lack excellent biocompatibility, although many efforts have been devoted

to

to ththe e dedevevelolopmpmenent t of of bibiococomompapatitible ble mamateteriarials ls by by bibiomomateateriarials ls sciscienentitists sts anandd engineers.

engineers.

•

• A A large unsolvelarge unsolved d probproblem of lem of biombiomaterials is aterials is this lack this lack of biocompatiof biocompatibilitybility, , especiaespeciallylly

when they are used not temporarily but permanently as implants in our body. when they are used not temporarily but permanently as implants in our body.

•

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6.

FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR BIOMEDICAL POLYMERSBIOMEDICAL POLYMERS

•

• Recently researches are been carried out for the development of biomaterials withRecently researches are been carried out for the development of biomaterials with

su

surfarface ce momodidifificatcatioion n tetechchniniquques es fofor r ththe e inincocorprpororatiation on of of lolow w susurfarface ce enenerergygy fluorocarbon containing surface modifying and bioactive agents.

fluorocarbon containing surface modifying and bioactive agents.

•

• TheThere re is is a a neeneed d for tailorfor tailoring the ing the comcompospositioition n of of polpolyuryurethethaneanes s for the for the stustudy of dy of

me

mechchananismisms s of of bibiododegegradradatiation on anand d momodedeliling ng ththe e bibiododegegraradadatition on prprococessesses es of of materials.

materials.

•

• There is a need for an extensive study on key mechanisms involved in saliva andThere is a need for an extensive study on key mechanisms involved in saliva and

bacteria interactions with Dental composites. bacteria interactions with Dental composites.

•

• Extensive study is still been carried out on the biodegradation of composites andExtensive study is still been carried out on the biodegradation of composites and

bonding of restorative resins to teeth/material interfaces. bonding of restorative resins to teeth/material interfaces.

•

• Research is in progress for the use of degradable polymers with porous calciumResearch is in progress for the use of degradable polymers with porous calcium

polyphosphates for

polyphosphates for soft soft connective connective tissue-to-bone tissue-to-bone attachment attachment and also and also on on degradabledegradable polymers for orthopaedic tissue regeneration applications.

polymers for orthopaedic tissue regeneration applications.

•

• Need for the detailed analysis of material blood compatibility by protein adsorption,Need for the detailed analysis of material blood compatibility by protein adsorption,

enzyme assays and platelet adhesion. enzyme assays and platelet adhesion.

•

• Still there is need for the development of antimicrobial materials for implantableStill there is need for the development of antimicrobial materials for implantable

me

medidical cal dedeviviceces s anand d alalso so fofor r ththe e dedevevelolopmpmenent t of of bibiododegegraradadablble e vavascusculalar r grgraftaft materials.

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7

7. . CCOONNCCLLUUSSIIOONN

Indeed, biomaterials have already made a huge impact on medical practices. But, the Indeed, biomaterials have already made a huge impact on medical practices. But, the opportunities that lie ahead of us are enormous. “Tissue engineering and related subjects opportunities that lie ahead of us are enormous. “Tissue engineering and related subjects have the potential to change paradigms” for treating diseases that today cannot be treated have the potential to change paradigms” for treating diseases that today cannot be treated effecti

effectively like vely like certaicertain n forms of forms of liver failure, paralysiliver failure, paralysis, and s, and certain disordcertain disorders. “Clearly weers. “Clearly we are faced with big ch

are faced with big challenges “. allenges “. But, the message I But, the message I try to get across to try to get across to everyone mostly toeveryone mostly to young students like us is that the field holds a tremendous promise.

young students like us is that the field holds a tremendous promise.

We expect that in the future, more and more surgeries will be available using biodegradable We expect that in the future, more and more surgeries will be available using biodegradable products that will speed up patient recovery and eliminate follow-up surgeries.

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REFERENCES REFERENCES

1.

1. BiBiomomatatereriaialsls, , ArArtitifificicial al OrOrgagans ns anand d TiTissssue ue EnEngigineneererining g by by Dr Dr RoRobebert rt HiHillll,, Imperial College, London.

Imperial College, London.

2.

2. BiBiododegegraradadablble e plplastasticics s a a yeyear in ar in revrevieiew w (h(httttp:p:/ / / / wwwww. cpiaw. cpia. . caca/ / anantiti-li-litttter/ pdfer/ pdf// BIODEGRADEABLE POLYMERS (A REVIEW 24 Nov. 2000. Final. PDF), BIODEGRADEABLE POLYMERS (A REVIEW 24 Nov. 2000. Final. PDF), Environment and Plastics Industry Council.

Environment and Plastics Industry Council.

3.

3. SySyntnthehetitic bc bioiodedegrgradadabable le popolylymemer.r. Source:

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4.

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Biomedical Polymers

BIOMEDICAL POLYMERS

BIOMEDICAL POLYMERS

B.Sc. Project Report

B.Sc. Project Report

PAULAMI BOSE

PAULAMI BOSE

Roll No: D10/CH-012

Roll No: D10/CH-012

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

RAVENSHAW UNIVERSITY

RAVENSHAW UNIVERSITY

CUTTACK

CUTTACK

BIOMEDICAL POLYMERS

BIOMEDICAL POLYMERS

DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

CHEMISTRY

CHEMISTRY

PAULAMI BOSE

PAULAMI BOSE

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

RAVENSHAW UNIVERSITY

RAVENSHAW UNIVERSITY

CUTTACK

CUTTACK

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

RAVENSHAW UNIVERSITY, CUTTACK

RAVENSHAW UNIVERSITY, CUTTACK

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Contents

Contents

..

4.2.

6.

6.